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L1TEKATUKE Keadlng • Tkltiking • Writing FIFTH EDITIOfsj ,. '/'J^.':. THE BEpfOKD£ INTKODUCTION T0 ; L1TEKATUKE Keadlng • TklTiking • Writing MicKaet Meyer University of Connecticut BEDFORD /ST. MARTIN'S Boston & New York Contents Resources for Writing about Literature Inside front cover Preface for Instructors vii Introduction: Reading Imaginative Literature The Nature of Literature i EMILY DICKINSON, A narrow Fellow in the Grass 2 The Value of Literature 3 The Changing Literary Canon 5 FICTION 1. Reading Fiction 9 Reading Fiction Responsively 9 KATE CHOPIN, The Story of an Hour 10 A Sample Paper: Differences in Responses to Kate Chopin's "The Story of an Hour" 14 Explorations and Formulas 18 A Composite of a Romance Tip Sheet 20 PHOTO: Romance Novel Cover 23 A Comparison of Two Stories 24 KAREN VAN DER ZEE, From A Secret Sorrow 25 GAIL GODWIN, A Sorrowful Woman 33 PERSPECTIVE: TANIA MODLESKI, The Popularity of Romance Novels 38 PERSPECTIVE: THOMAS JEFFERSON, On the Dangers of Reading Fiction 39 2. Writing about Fiction 40 From Reading to Writing 40 Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing 41 xix XX Contents A Sample Student Paper in Progress 43 First Response 43 Brainstorming 45 Revising: First and Second Drafts 45 Final Draft: Fulfillment or Failure? Marriage in A Secret Sorrow and "A Sorrowful Woman" 54 3. Plot 60 EDGAR RICE BURROUGHS, From Tarzan of the Apes 62 PERSPECTIVE: GORE VIDAL, The Popularity of the Tarzan Books 68 MARK HALLIDAY, Young Man on Sixth Avenue 70 WILLIAM FAULKNER, A Rose for Emily 72 PERSPECTIVE: WILLIAM FAULKNER, On "A Rose for Emily" 79 ANDRE DUBUS, Killings 81 PERSPECTIVE: THOMAS E. KENNEDY, On Morality and Revenge in "Killings" 94 PERSPECTIVE: A. L. BADER, Nothing Happens in Modern Short Stories 9$ 4. Character 97 CHARLES DICKENS, From Hard Times 98 BHARATI MUKHERJEE, The Tenant 102 HERMAN MELVILLE, Bartleby, the Scrivener 113 PERSPECTIVE: NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, On Herman Melville's Philosophic Stance 138 PERSPECTIVE: DAN McCALL, On the Lawyer's Character in "Bartleby, the Scrivener" 139 LEON ROOKE, Sweethearts 141 5. Setting 143 ERNEST HEMINGWAY, Soldier's Home 14s PERSPECTIVE: E. E. CUMMINGS, my sweet old etcetera 151 PERSPECTIVE: ERNEST HEMINGWAY, On What Every Writer Needs 152 FAY WELDON, IND AFF, or Out of Love in Sarajevo 153 PERSPECTIVE: FAY WELDON, On the Importance of Place in "IND AFF" 159 RUTH PRAWERJHABVALA, The Englishwoman 160 DAVID UPDIKE, Summer 169 6. Point of View 174 Third-Person Narrator 175 First-Person Narrator 177 TONI CADE BAMBARA, The Lesson 179 ANTON CHEKHOV, The Lady with the Pet Dog 185 PERSPECTIVE: TWO Additional Translations of the Final Paragraphs of Anton Chekhov's "The Lady with the Pet Dog" 197 Contents xxi ANTON CHEKHOV, From "The Lady and the Dog" (Translated by Constance Garnett) 197 ANTON CHEKHOV, From "A Lady with a Dog" (Translated by Ronald Hingley) 198 PERSPECTIVE: ANTON CHEKHOV, On Morality in Fiction 199 JOYCE CAROL OATES, The Lady with the Pet Dog soo PERSPECTIVE: MATTHEW C. BRENNAN, Point of View and Plotting in Chekhov's and Oates's "The Lady with the Pet Dog" 213 7. Symbolism 215 SANDRA CISNEROS, Barbie-Q 218 COLETTE [SIDONIE-GABRIELLE COLETTE], The Hand 220 RALPH ELLISON, Battle Royal 223 PERSPECTIVE: MORDECAI MARCUS, What Is an Initiation Story? 234 FAE MYENNE NG, A Red Sweater 235 8. Theme 243 MARGARET ATWOOD, There Was Once 247 STEPHEN CRANE, The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky 2$o KATHERINE MANSFIELD, Miss Brill 258 PERSPECTIVE: EUDORA WELTY, On the Plots of "The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky" and "Miss Brill" 262 DAGOBERTO GILB, Love in L.A. 26s 9. Style, Tone, and Irony 268 Style 268 Tone 270 Irony 271 RAYMOND CARVER, Popular Mechanics 272 PERSPECTIVE: JOHN BARTH, On Minimalist Fiction 274 T. CORAGHESSAN BOYLE, Carnal Knowledge 276 SUSAN MINOT, Lust 290 GEORGE BOWERING, A Short Story 298 10. A Study of Three Authors: Nathaniel Hawthorne, Flannery O'Connor, and Alice Munro 306 Nathaniel Hawthorne 306 PHOTO: Nathaniel Hawthorne 307 Chronology 310 NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, Young Goodman Brown 310 NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, The Minister's Black Veil 320 xxii Contents NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, The Birthmark 329 NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, Rappaccini's Daughter 341 Perspectives on Hawthorne 360 Hawthorne on Solitude 360 Hawthorne on the Power of the Writer's Imagination 362 Hawthorne on His Short Stories 363 HERMAN MELVILLE, On-Nathaniel Hawthorne's Tragic Vision 364 Two Complementary Critical Readings 365 JUDITH FETTERLEY, A Feminist Reading of "The Birthmark" 36$ JAMES QUINN and ROSS BALDESSARINI, A Psychological Reading of "The Birthmark" 366 Flannery O'Connor 369 PHOTO: Flannery O'Connor 369 Chronology 372 FLANNERY O'CONNOR, The Turkey 373 FLANNERY O'CONNOR, A Good Man Is Hard to Find 381 FLANNERY O'CONNOR, Good Country People 392 FLANNERY O'CONNOR, Revelation 407 Perspectives on O'Connor 421 O'Connor on Faith 421 O'Connor on the Materials of Fiction 422 O'Connor on the Use of Exaggeration and Distortion 423 O'Connor on Theme and Symbol 423 JOSEPHINE HENDIN, On O'Connor's Refusal to "Do Pretty" 42$ CLAIRE KAHANE, The Function of Violence in O'Connor's Fiction 42s EDWARD KESSLER, On O'Connor's Use of History 426 Two Complementary Critical Readings 427 A. R. COULTHARD, On the Visionary Ending of "Revelation" 427 MARSHALL BRUCE GENTRY, On the Revised Ending of "Revelation" 429 Alice Munro 430 PHOTO: Alice Munro 430 Chronology 433 ALICE MUNRO, An Ounce of Cure 434 ALICE MUNRO, How I Met My Husband 442 ALICE MUNRO, Prue 454 ALICE MUNRO, Miles City, Montana 458 Perspectives on Munro 472 GRAEME GIBSON, An Interview with Munro on Writing 472 BENJAMIN DeMOTT, On Munro's Female Protagonists 474 CATHERINE SHELDRICK ROSS, On the Reader's Experience in Reading Munro's Stories 474 Contents xxiii W. R. MARTIN, On Prue's Suppressed Passions 47$ GEORGE WOODCOCK, On Symbolism in Munro's Fiction 476 ROBERT HAMPSON, On the Reader's Expectations in "How I Met My Husband" 477 Two Complementary Critical Readings 478 Munro on Narration in "An Ounce of Cure" 478 LORRAINE McMULLEN, On Munro's Ironic Humor in "An Ounce of Cure" 479 11. Critical Case Study: William Faulkner's "Barn Burning" 480 PHOTO: William Faulkner 481 WILLIAM FAULKNER, Barn Burning 481 Perspectives on Faulkner 494 JANE HILES, Blood Ties in "Barn Burning" 494 BENJAMIN DeMOTT, Abner Snopes as a Victim of Class 496 GAYLE EDWARD WILSON, Conflict in "Barn Burning" 497 JAMES FERGUSON, Narrative Strategy in "Barn Burning" 500 Questions for Writing: Incorporating the Critics 501 An Excerpt from a Sample Paper: The Fires of Class Conflict in "Barn Burning" 504 12. Cultural Case Study: James Joyce's "Eveline" 507 PHOTO: James Joyce in Paris $09 Chronology 511 JAMES JOYCE, Eveline 512 Documents 516 PHOTO: Poole Street, Dublin 516 Resources of Ireland (From the Alliance Temperance Almanack for 1910) $17 A Letter Home from an Irish Emigrant in Australia 520 A Plot Synopsis of The Bohemian Girl $21 13. A Collection of Stories 523 CHARLES JOHNSON, Exchange Value 523 FRANZ KAFKA, A Hunger Artist 528 JAMAICA KINCAID, Girl 534 STEPHEN KING, Suffer the Little Children 535 D. H. LAWRENCE, The Horse Dealer's Daughter 543 TIM O'BRIEN, How to Tell a True War Story 555 EDGAR ALLAN POE, The Purloined Letter 564 JOHN UPDIKE, A & P 576 XXIV Contents r AN ALBUM OF WORLD LITERATURE ISABEL ALLENDE (Chile), The Judge's Wife J& BESSIE HEAD (Botswana), The Prisoner Who Wore Glasses 587 NAGUIB MAHFOUZ (Egypt), The Answer Is No 591 YUKIO MISH1MA (Japan), Patriotism 593 BI SHUMIN (China), Broken Transformers 609 AN ALBUM OF CONTEMPORARY STORIES ALISON BAKER, Better Be Ready 'Bout Half Past Eight 617 RICHARD FORD, Bascombe, in Realty 632 GISH JEN, In the American Society 643 JOYCE CAROL OATES, The Night Nurse 653 TOBIAS WOLFF, Powder 66$ POETKY 669 14. Reading Poetry 671 Reading Poetry Responsively 671 MARGE PIERCY, The Secretary Chant 671 ROBERT HAYDEN, Those Winter Sundays 672 JOHN UPDIKE, Dog's Death 673 The Pleasure of Words 674 WILLIAM HATHAWAY, Oh, Oh 675 ROBERT FRANCIS, Catch 676 A Sample Analysis: Tossing Metaphors Together in "Catch" 678 WOLE SOYINKA, Telephone Conversation- 681 ELIZABETH BISHOP, The Fish 682 PHILIP LARKIN, A Study of Reading Habits 684 ROBERT MORGAN, Mountain Graveyard 686 E. E. CUMMINGS, l(a 687 ANONYMOUS, Western Wind 688 REGINA BARRECA, Nighttime Fires 688 Suggestions for Approaching Poetry 689 . Poetry in Popular Forms 691 HELEN FARRIES, Magic of Love 692 JOHN FREDERICK NIMS, Love Poem 693 BRUCE SPRINGSTEEN, Streets of Philadelphia 694 QUEEN LATIFAH, The Evil That Men Do 695 PERSPECTIVE: ROBERT FRANCIS, On "Hard" Poetry 697 Contents XXV Poems for Further Study 698 MICHAEL ONDAATJE, To a Sad Daughter 698 ALICE WALKER, a woman is not a potted plant 700 WYATT PRUNTY, Elderly Lady Crossing on Green 701 ALBERTO RIOS, Seniors 702 MARY JO SALTER, Welcome to Hiroshima 703 JOHN DONNE, The Sun Rising 70s LI HO, A Beautiful Girl Combs Her Hair 706 ROBERT HASS, Happiness 707 MILLER WILLIAMS, Excuse Me 708 15. Writing about Poetry 710 From Reading to Writing 710 Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing 711 ELIZABETH BISHOP, Manners 713 A Sample Analysis: Memory in Elizabeth Bishop's "Manners" 714 16. Word Choice, Word Order, and Tone 717 Diction 717 Denotations and Connotations 719 RANDALL JARRELL, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner 720 E. E. CUMMINGS, she being Brand 721 Word Order 723 Tone 723 DEREK WALCOTT, The Virgins 723 RUTH FAINLIGHT, Flower Feet 724 KATHARYN HOWD MACHAN, Hazel Tells LaVerne 72s MARTIN ESPADA, Latin Night at the Pawnshop 726 MAXINE KUMIN, Woodchucks 727 Diction and Tone in Four Love Poems 728 ROBERT HERRICK, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time 728 , ANDREW MARVELL, To His Coy Mistress 729 PERSPECTIVE: BERNARD DUYFHUIZEN, "To His Coy Mistress": On How a Female Might Respond 731 RICHARD WILBUR, A Late Aubade 732 DIANE ACKERMAN, A Fine, a Private Place 734 Poems for Further Study 737 MARGARET ATWOOD, Bored 737 THOMAS HARDY, The Convergence of the Twain 738 DAVID R.
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