FIFTH EDITIOfsj ,. '/'J^.':. THE BEpfOKD£ INTKODUCTION T0 ; L1TEKATUKE Keadlng • TklTiking • Writing

MicKaet Meyer University of Connecticut

BEDFORD /ST. MARTIN'S Boston & New York Contents

Resources for Writing about Literature Inside front cover Preface for Instructors vii

Introduction: Reading Imaginative Literature The Nature of Literature i EMILY DICKINSON, A narrow Fellow in the Grass 2 The Value of Literature 3 The Changing Literary Canon 5

FICTION

1. Reading Fiction 9 Reading Fiction Responsively 9 KATE CHOPIN, The Story of an Hour 10 A Sample Paper: Differences in Responses to Kate Chopin's "The Story of an Hour" 14 Explorations and Formulas 18 A Composite of a Romance Tip Sheet 20 PHOTO: Romance Novel Cover 23 A Comparison of Two Stories 24 KAREN VAN DER ZEE, From A Secret Sorrow 25 GAIL GODWIN, A Sorrowful Woman 33 PERSPECTIVE: TANIA MODLESKI, The Popularity of Romance Novels 38 PERSPECTIVE: THOMAS JEFFERSON, On the Dangers of Reading Fiction 39

2. Writing about Fiction 40 From Reading to Writing 40 Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing 41

xix XX Contents

A Sample Student Paper in Progress 43 First Response 43 Brainstorming 45 Revising: First and Second Drafts 45 Final Draft: Fulfillment or Failure? Marriage in A Secret Sorrow and "A Sorrowful Woman" 54

3. Plot 60

EDGAR RICE BURROUGHS, From Tarzan of the Apes 62 PERSPECTIVE: GORE VIDAL, The Popularity of the Tarzan Books 68 MARK HALLIDAY, Young Man on Sixth Avenue 70 WILLIAM FAULKNER, A Rose for Emily 72 PERSPECTIVE: WILLIAM FAULKNER, On "A Rose for Emily" 79 ANDRE DUBUS, Killings 81 PERSPECTIVE: THOMAS E. KENNEDY, On Morality and Revenge in "Killings" 94 PERSPECTIVE: A. L. BADER, Nothing Happens in Modern Short Stories 9$

4. Character 97

CHARLES DICKENS, From Hard Times 98 BHARATI MUKHERJEE, The Tenant 102 HERMAN MELVILLE, Bartleby, the Scrivener 113 PERSPECTIVE: NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, On Herman Melville's Philosophic Stance 138 PERSPECTIVE: DAN McCALL, On the Lawyer's Character in "Bartleby, the Scrivener" 139 LEON ROOKE, Sweethearts 141

5. Setting 143

ERNEST HEMINGWAY, Soldier's Home 14s PERSPECTIVE: E. E. CUMMINGS, my sweet old etcetera 151 PERSPECTIVE: ERNEST HEMINGWAY, On What Every Writer Needs 152 FAY WELDON, IND AFF, or Out of Love in Sarajevo 153 PERSPECTIVE: FAY WELDON, On the Importance of Place in "IND AFF" 159 RUTH PRAWERJHABVALA, The Englishwoman 160 DAVID UPDIKE, Summer 169

6. Point of View 174 Third-Person Narrator 175 First-Person Narrator 177 TONI CADE BAMBARA, The Lesson 179 ANTON CHEKHOV, The Lady with the Pet Dog 185 PERSPECTIVE: TWO Additional Translations of the Final Paragraphs of Anton Chekhov's "The Lady with the Pet Dog" 197 Contents xxi

ANTON CHEKHOV, From "The Lady and the Dog" (Translated by Constance Garnett) 197 ANTON CHEKHOV, From "A Lady with a Dog" (Translated by Ronald Hingley) 198 PERSPECTIVE: ANTON CHEKHOV, On Morality in Fiction 199 JOYCE CAROL OATES, The Lady with the Pet Dog soo PERSPECTIVE: MATTHEW C. BRENNAN, Point of View and Plotting in Chekhov's and Oates's "The Lady with the Pet Dog" 213

7. Symbolism 215

SANDRA CISNEROS, Barbie-Q 218 COLETTE [SIDONIE-GABRIELLE COLETTE], The Hand 220 RALPH ELLISON, Battle Royal 223 PERSPECTIVE: MORDECAI MARCUS, What Is an Initiation Story? 234 FAE MYENNE NG, A Red Sweater 235

8. Theme 243

MARGARET ATWOOD, There Was Once 247 STEPHEN CRANE, The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky 2$o KATHERINE MANSFIELD, Miss Brill 258 PERSPECTIVE: EUDORA WELTY, On the Plots of "The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky" and "Miss Brill" 262 DAGOBERTO GILB, Love in L.A. 26s

9. Style, Tone, and Irony 268 Style 268 Tone 270 Irony 271 RAYMOND CARVER, Popular Mechanics 272 PERSPECTIVE: JOHN BARTH, On Minimalist Fiction 274 T. CORAGHESSAN BOYLE, Carnal Knowledge 276 SUSAN MINOT, Lust 290 GEORGE BOWERING, A Short Story 298

10. A Study of Three Authors: Nathaniel Hawthorne, Flannery O'Connor, and Alice Munro 306

Nathaniel Hawthorne 306 PHOTO: Nathaniel Hawthorne 307 Chronology 310 NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, Young Goodman Brown 310 NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, The Minister's Black Veil 320 xxii Contents

NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, The Birthmark 329 NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, Rappaccini's Daughter 341 Perspectives on Hawthorne 360 Hawthorne on Solitude 360 Hawthorne on the Power of the Writer's Imagination 362 Hawthorne on His Short Stories 363 HERMAN MELVILLE, On-Nathaniel Hawthorne's Tragic Vision 364 Two Complementary Critical Readings 365 JUDITH FETTERLEY, A Feminist Reading of "The Birthmark" 36$ JAMES QUINN and ROSS BALDESSARINI, A Psychological Reading of "The Birthmark" 366

Flannery O'Connor 369 PHOTO: Flannery O'Connor 369 Chronology 372 FLANNERY O'CONNOR, The Turkey 373 FLANNERY O'CONNOR, A Good Man Is Hard to Find 381 FLANNERY O'CONNOR, Good Country People 392 FLANNERY O'CONNOR, Revelation 407 Perspectives on O'Connor 421 O'Connor on Faith 421 O'Connor on the Materials of Fiction 422 O'Connor on the Use of Exaggeration and Distortion 423 O'Connor on Theme and Symbol 423 JOSEPHINE HENDIN, On O'Connor's Refusal to "Do Pretty" 42$ CLAIRE KAHANE, The Function of Violence in O'Connor's Fiction 42s EDWARD KESSLER, On O'Connor's Use of History 426 Two Complementary Critical Readings 427 A. R. COULTHARD, On the Visionary Ending of "Revelation" 427 MARSHALL BRUCE GENTRY, On the Revised Ending of "Revelation" 429

Alice Munro 430 PHOTO: Alice Munro 430 Chronology 433 ALICE MUNRO, An Ounce of Cure 434 ALICE MUNRO, How I Met My Husband 442 ALICE MUNRO, Prue 454 ALICE MUNRO, Miles City, Montana 458 Perspectives on Munro 472 GRAEME GIBSON, An Interview with Munro on Writing 472 BENJAMIN DeMOTT, On Munro's Female Protagonists 474 CATHERINE SHELDRICK ROSS, On the Reader's Experience in Reading Munro's Stories 474 Contents xxiii

W. R. MARTIN, On Prue's Suppressed Passions 47$ GEORGE WOODCOCK, On Symbolism in Munro's Fiction 476 ROBERT HAMPSON, On the Reader's Expectations in "How I Met My Husband" 477 Two Complementary Critical Readings 478 Munro on Narration in "An Ounce of Cure" 478 LORRAINE McMULLEN, On Munro's Ironic Humor in "An Ounce of Cure" 479

11. Critical Case Study: William Faulkner's "Barn Burning" 480 PHOTO: William Faulkner 481 WILLIAM FAULKNER, Barn Burning 481 Perspectives on Faulkner 494 JANE HILES, Blood Ties in "Barn Burning" 494 BENJAMIN DeMOTT, Abner Snopes as a Victim of Class 496 GAYLE EDWARD WILSON, Conflict in "Barn Burning" 497 JAMES FERGUSON, Narrative Strategy in "Barn Burning" 500 Questions for Writing: Incorporating the Critics 501 An Excerpt from a Sample Paper: The Fires of Class Conflict in "Barn Burning" 504

12. Cultural Case Study: James Joyce's "Eveline" 507 PHOTO: James Joyce in Paris $09 Chronology 511 JAMES JOYCE, Eveline 512 Documents 516 PHOTO: Poole Street, Dublin 516 Resources of Ireland (From the Alliance Temperance Almanack for 1910) $17 A Letter Home from an Irish Emigrant in Australia 520 A Plot Synopsis of The Bohemian Girl $21

13. A Collection of Stories 523

CHARLES JOHNSON, Exchange Value 523 FRANZ KAFKA, A Hunger Artist 528 JAMAICA KINCAID, Girl 534 STEPHEN KING, Suffer the Little Children 535 D. H. LAWRENCE, The Horse Dealer's Daughter 543 TIM O'BRIEN, How to Tell a True War Story 555 EDGAR ALLAN POE, The Purloined Letter 564 JOHN UPDIKE, A & P 576 XXIV Contents

r AN ALBUM OF WORLD LITERATURE ISABEL ALLENDE (Chile), The Judge's Wife J& BESSIE HEAD (Botswana), The Prisoner Who Wore Glasses 587 NAGUIB MAHFOUZ (Egypt), The Answer Is No 591 YUKIO MISH1MA (Japan), Patriotism 593 BI SHUMIN (China), Broken Transformers 609

AN ALBUM OF CONTEMPORARY STORIES ALISON BAKER, Better Be Ready 'Bout Half Past Eight 617 RICHARD FORD, Bascombe, in Realty 632 GISH JEN, In the American Society 643 JOYCE CAROL OATES, The Night Nurse 653 TOBIAS WOLFF, Powder 66$

POETKY 669

14. Reading Poetry 671 Reading Poetry Responsively 671 MARGE PIERCY, The Secretary Chant 671 ROBERT HAYDEN, Those Winter Sundays 672 JOHN UPDIKE, Dog's Death 673 The Pleasure of Words 674 WILLIAM HATHAWAY, Oh, Oh 675 ROBERT FRANCIS, Catch 676 A Sample Analysis: Tossing Metaphors Together in "Catch" 678 WOLE SOYINKA, Telephone Conversation- 681 ELIZABETH BISHOP, The Fish 682 PHILIP LARKIN, A Study of Reading Habits 684 ROBERT MORGAN, Mountain Graveyard 686 E. E. CUMMINGS, l(a 687 ANONYMOUS, Western Wind 688 REGINA BARRECA, Nighttime Fires 688 Suggestions for Approaching Poetry 689 . Poetry in Popular Forms 691 HELEN FARRIES, Magic of Love 692 JOHN FREDERICK NIMS, Love Poem 693 BRUCE SPRINGSTEEN, Streets of Philadelphia 694 QUEEN LATIFAH, The Evil That Men Do 695 PERSPECTIVE: ROBERT FRANCIS, On "Hard" Poetry 697 Contents XXV

Poems for Further Study 698 MICHAEL ONDAATJE, To a Sad Daughter 698 ALICE WALKER, a woman is not a potted plant 700 WYATT PRUNTY, Elderly Lady Crossing on Green 701 ALBERTO RIOS, Seniors 702 MARY JO SALTER, Welcome to Hiroshima 703 JOHN DONNE, The Sun Rising 70s LI HO, A Beautiful Girl Combs Her Hair 706 ROBERT HASS, Happiness 707 MILLER WILLIAMS, Excuse Me 708

15. Writing about Poetry 710 From Reading to Writing 710 Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing 711 ELIZABETH BISHOP, Manners 713 A Sample Analysis: Memory in Elizabeth Bishop's "Manners" 714

16. Word Choice, Word Order, and Tone 717 Diction 717 Denotations and Connotations 719 RANDALL JARRELL, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner 720 E. E. CUMMINGS, she being Brand 721 Word Order 723 Tone 723 DEREK WALCOTT, The Virgins 723 RUTH FAINLIGHT, Flower Feet 724 KATHARYN HOWD MACHAN, Hazel Tells LaVerne 72s MARTIN ESPADA, Latin Night at the Pawnshop 726 MAXINE KUMIN, Woodchucks 727 Diction and Tone in Four Love Poems 728 ROBERT HERRICK, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time 728 , ANDREW MARVELL, To His Coy Mistress 729 PERSPECTIVE: BERNARD DUYFHUIZEN, "To His Coy Mistress": On How a Female Might Respond 731 RICHARD WILBUR, A Late Aubade 732 DIANE ACKERMAN, A Fine, a Private Place 734 Poems for Further Study 737 MARGARET ATWOOD, Bored 737 THOMAS HARDY, The Convergence of the Twain 738 DAVID R. SLAVTTT, Titanic 739 SHARON OLDS, Sex without Love 740 xxvi Contents

JOHN KEATS, Ode on a Grecian Urn 741 GWENDOLYN BROOKS, We Real Cool 743 MARILYN BOWERING, Wishing Africa 743 D. H. LAWRENCE, The English Are So Nice! 74s LOUIS SIMPSON, In the Suburbs 746 A Note on Reading Translations 746 Two Translations of Neruda's "Juventud" 747 PABLO NERUDA, Juventud 747 PABLO NERUDA, Youth (Translated by Robert Bly) 748 PABLO NERUDA, Youth (Translated by Jack Schmitt) 748 Four Translations of a Poem by Sappho 748 SAPPHO, Immortal Aphrodite of the broidered throne (Translated by Henry T. Wharcon) 749 SAPPHO, Beautiful-throned, immortal Aphrodite (Translated by T. W. Higginson) 749 SAPPHO, Invocation to Aphrodite (Translated by Richard Lattimore) 750 SAPPHO, Artfully adorned Aphrodite, deathless (Translated by Jim Powell) 731

17. Images 752 Poetry's Appeal to the Senses 752 WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS, Poem 753 BONNIE JACOBSON, On Being Served Apples 753 WALT WHITMAN, Cavalry Crossing a Ford 754 DAVID SOLWAY, Windsurfing 755 THEODORE ROETHKE, Root Cellar 756 MATTHEW ARNOLD, Dover Beach 757 JIMMY SANTIAGO BACA, Green Chile 758 Poems for Further Study 760 SEAMUS HEANEY, The Pitchfork 760 H. D. [HILDA DOOLITTLE], Heat 761 TIMOTHY STEELE, An Aubade 761 WILLIAM BLAKE, London 762 WILFRED OWEN, Dulce et Decorum Est 763 MARGARET HOLLEY, Peepers 764 ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING, Grief 765 JAMES DICKEY, Deer Among Cattle 766 RAINER MARIA RILKE, The Panther 767 JANE KENYON, The Blue Bowl 768 SALLY CROFT, Home-Baked Bread 768 CAROLYN KIZER, Food for Love 769 JOHN KEATS, To Autumn 771 EZRA POUND, In a Station of the Metro 772 CATHY SONG, The White Porch 772 PERSPECTIVE: T. E. HULME, On the Differences between Poetry and Prose 774 Contents xxvii

18. Figures of Speech 775

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, From Macbeth (Act V, Scene v) 776 Simile and Metaphor 776 MARGARET ATWOOD,you fit into me 777 EMILY DICKINSON, Presentiment— is that long Shadow—on the lawn — 777 ANNE BRADSTREET, The Author to Her Book 778 ROSARIO CASTELLANOS, Chess 779 Other Figures 780 EDMUND CONTL Pragmatist 780 DYLAN THOMAS, The Hand That Signed the Paper 781 JANICE TOWNLEY MOORE, To a Wasp 782 J. PATRICK LEWIS, The Unkindest Cut 784 Poems for Further Study 784 MARGARET ATWOOD, February 784 SOPHIE CABOT BLACK, August 785 ERNEST SLYMAN, Lightning Bugs 786 SYLVIA PLATH, Mirror 786 WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, London, 1802 787 JIM STEVENS, Schizophrenia 788 WALT WHITMAN, A Noiseless Patient Spider 788 WALT WHITMAN, The Soul, reaching, throwing out for love 789 JOHN DONNE, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning 790 LINDA PASTAN, Marks 791 LUCILLE CLIFTON, come home from the movies 791 ELAINE MAGARRELL, Tfee Joy of Cooking 792 STEPHEN PERRY, Blue Spruce 793 ROBIN BECKER, Shopping 794 PERSPECTIVE: JOHN R. SEARLE, Figuring Out Metaphors 79s

19. Symbol, Allegory, and Irony 797 Symbol 797 ROBERT FROST, Acquainted with the Night 798 Allegory 799 EDGAR ALLAN POE, The Haunted Palace 800 Irony 802 EDWIN ARLINGTON ROBINSON, Richard Cory 802 KENNETH FEARING, AD 803 JANICE MIRIKITANI, Recipe 803 E. E. CUMMINGS, next to of course god america i 805 STEPHEN CRANE, A Man Said to the Universe 80s Poems for Further Study 806 JANE KENYON, Surprise 806 Contents

MOLLY PEACOCK, Desire 883 MARK JARMAN, Unholy Sonnet 884 Villanelle 884 DYLAN THOMAS, Do not go gentle into that goad night 88s JULIA ALVAREZ, Woman's Work 886

Sestina 886 ELIZABETH BISHOP, Sestina 887 FLORENCE CASSEN MAYERS, All-American Sestina 888 Epigram 889 SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE, What Is an Epigram ? 889 A. R. AMMONS, Coward 890 DAVID McCORJD, Epitaph on a Waiter 890 PAUL LAURENCE DUNBAR, Theology 890

Limerick 890 ANONYMOUS, There was a young lady named Bright 890 LAURENCE PERRINE, The limerick's never averse 891 Haiku 891 MATSUQ BASHO, Under cherry trees 891 ETHERIDGE KNIGHT, Eastern Guard Tower 892

Elegy 892 SEAMUS HEANEY, Mid-term Break 892 ANDREW HUDGINS, Elegy for My Father, Who Is Not Dead 893

Ode 894 PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY, Ode to the West Wind 894

Picture Poem 896

MICHAEL McFEE, In Medias Res 897 Parody 897 PETER DE VRIES, To His Importunate Mistress 898 X. J. KENNEDY, A Visit from St. Sigmund 899 PERSPECTIVE: ROBERT MORGAN, On the Shape of a Poem 900 PERSPECTIVE: ELAINE MITCHELL, Form 901

23. Open Form 902

E. E. CUMMINGS, in Just- 902 WALT WHITMAN, From "I Sing the Body Electric" 903 PERSPECTIVE: WALT WHITMAN, On Rhyme and Meter 904 GALWAY KINNELL, After Making Love We Hear Footsteps 905 WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS, The Red Wheelbarrow 906 DENISE LEVERTOV, Gathered at the River 907 PERSPECTIVE: DENISE LEVERTOV, On "Gathered at the River" 909 Contents xxxi

MARILYN NELSON WANIEK, Emily Dickinson's Defunct 912 JIM DANIELS, Short-order Cook 913 CAROLYN FORCHE, The Colonel 914 SHARON OLDS, Rite of Passage 915 CAROLYNN HOY, In the Summer Kitchen 916 ALLEN GINSBERG, First Party at Ken Kesey's with Hell's Angels 917 ANONYMOUS, The Frog 918 TATO LAVIERA, AmeRican 918 THOM WARD, Vasectomy 920 JOSEPH BRUCHAC, Ellis Island 921 PETER MEINKE, The ABC of Aerobics 922 GARY SOTO, Mexicans Begin Jogging 923 Found Poem 923 DONALD JUSTICE, Order in the Streets 924

24. A Study of Three Poets: Emily Dickinson, Robert Frost, and Langston Hughes 925

Emily Dickinson 925 PHOTO: Emily Dickinson 92$ PHOTO: Facsimile of manuscript page, "What Soft—Cherubic Creatures—" 928 EMILY DICKINSON, If I can stop one Heart from breaking 929 EMILY DICKINSON, /// shouldn't be alive 929 EMILY DICKINSON, The Thought beneath so slight a film — 931 EMILY DICKINSON, To. make a prairie it takes a clover and one bee 931 Chronology 932 EMILY DICKINSON, Success is counted sweetest 932 EMILY DICKINSON, Water, is taught by thirst 933 EMILY DICKINSON, Safe in their Alabaster Chambers— (1859 version) 933 EMILY DICKINSON, Safe in their Alabaster Chambers—(1861 version) 934 EMILY DICKINSON, Portraits are to daily faces 934 EMILY DICKINSON, Some keep the Sabbath going to Church— 93s EMILY DICKINSON, I taste a liquor never brewed— 936 EMILY DICKINSON, "Heaven"—is what I cannot reach! 936 EMILY DICKINSON, OfBronze-and Blaze— 937 EMILY DICKINSON, I like a look of Agony, 938 EMILY DICKINSON, I'm Nobody! Who are'you? 938 EMILY DICKINSON, Wild Nights - Wild Nights! 939 EMILY DICKINSON, I cannot dance upon my Toes— 940 EMILY DICKINSON, What Soft-Cherubic Creatures- 940 EMILY DICKINSON, The Soul selects her own Society — 941 EMILY DICKINSON, This is my letter to the World 942 EMILY DICKINSON, Much Madness is divinest Sense- 942 EMILY DICKINSON, I dwell in Possibility- 943 xxxn Contents

EMILY DICKINSON, This was a Poet-It is That 943 - EMILY DICKINSON, I read my sentence—steadily— 944 EMILY DICKINSON, The Grass so little has to do- 94s EMILY DICKINSON, After great pain, a formal feeling comes — 946 EMILY DICKINSON, I heard a Fly buzz—when I died— 946 EMILY DICKINSON, One need not be a Chamber—to be Haunted— 947 EMILY DICKINSON, Because I could not stop for Death —948 EMILY DICKINSON, A Light exists in Spring 949 EMILY DICKINSON, I felt a Cleaving in my Mind— 9S0 EMILY DICKINSON, The Bustle in a House 950 ' EMILY DICKINSON, Tell all the Truth but tell it slant— 951 EMILY DICKINSON, From all the Jails the Boys and Girls 951 Perspectives on Dickinson 952 Dickinson's Description of Herself 9S2 THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON, On Meeting Dickinson for the First Time 9S3 MABEL LOOMIS TODD, The Character of Amherst 9$4 RICHARD WILBUR, On Dickinson's Sense of Privation 9S4 SANDRA M. GILBERT and SUSAN GUBAR, On Dickinson's White Dress 9SS KARL KELLER, Robert Frost on Dickinson 956 CYNTHIA GRIFFIN WOLFF, On the Many Voices in Dickinson's Poetry 958 PAULA BENNETT, On "I heard a Fly buzz—when I died— " 959 JOAN KIRKBY, On the Fragility of Language in Dickinson's Poetry 960 GALWAY KINNELL, The Deconstruction of Emily Dickinson 961 Two Complementary Critical Readings 963 CHARLES R. ANDERSON, Eroticism in "Wild Nights—Wild Nights!" 963 DAVID S. REYNOLDS, Popular Literature and "Wild Nights—Wild Nights!" 964 Questions for Writing about an Author in Depth 965 A Sample In-Depth Study: Religious Faith in Four Poems by Emily Dickinson 966 EMILY DICKINSON, "Faith" is a fine invention 966 EMILY DICKINSON, / know that He exists 967 EMILY DICKINSON, I never saw a Moor— 967 EMILY DICKINSON, Apparently with no surprise 967

Robert Frost 971 PHOTO: Robert Frost 972 PHOTO: Facsimile of manuscript page, "Neither Out Far nor In Deep" 974 ROBERT FROST, The Road Not Taken 976 ROBERT FROST, The Pasture 978 Chronology 978 ROBERT FROST, Mending Wall 979 ROBERT FROST, Home Burial 980 ROBERT FROST, After Apple-Picking 983 ROBERT FROST, The Wood-Pile 984 Contents xxxiii

ROBERT FROST, Birches 986 ROBERT FROST, "Out, Out— " 987 ROBERT FROST, Fire and Ice 988 ROBERT FROST, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 989 ' ROBERT FROST, Nothing Gold Can Stay 989 ROBERT FROST, Once by the Pacific 990 ROBERT FROST, Two Tramps in Mud Time 991 ROBERT FROST, Design 993 ROBERT FROST, Neither Out Far nor In Deep 993 ROBERT FROST, Come In 994 ROBERT FROST, The Silken Tent 99s ROBERT FROST, The Most of It 99s Perspectives on Frost 996 "In White": Frost's Early Version of "Design" 996 Frost on the Living Part of a Poem 997 AMY LOWELL, On Frost's Realistic Technique 998 Frost on the Figure a Poem Makes 998 Frost on the Way to Read a Poem 1000 LIONEL TRILLING, On Frost as a Terrifying Poet 1001 HERBERT R. COURSEN JR., A Parodic Interpretation of "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" 1003 DONALD J. GREINER, On What Comes "After Apple-Picking" 1004 BLANCHE FARLEY, The Lover Not Taken 1005 DEREK WALCOTT, The Road Taken 1006 TVo Complementary Critical Readings 1007 RICHARD POIRIER, On Emotional Suffocation in "Home Burial" 1007 KATHERINE KEARNS, On the Symbolic Setting of "Home Burial" 1008

Langston Hughes 1009 PHOTO: Langston Hughes 1009 LANGSTON HUGHES, The Negro Speaks of Rivers 1010 PHOTO: Facsimile of manuscript page, "Old Walt" 1012 LANGSTON HUGHES, I, Too 1014 Chronology 1015 LANGSTON HUGHES, Negro 1016 LANGSTON HUGHES, Danse Africaine 1017 LANGSTON HUGHES, Jazzonia 1017 LANGSTON HUGHES, Dream Variations 1018 LANGSTON HUGHES, Johannesburg Mines 1019 LANGSTON HUGHES, The Weary Blues 1019 LANGSTON HUGHES, Cross 1020 LANGSTON HUGHES, Formula 1021 LANGSTON HUGHES, Lenox Avenue: Midnight 1022 LANGSTON HUGHES, Red Silk Stockings 1022 LANGSTON HUGHES, Rent-Party Shout: For a Lady Dancer 1023 xxxiv Contents

LANGSTON HUGHES, The English 1024 LANGSTON HUGHES, Note on Commercial Theatre 1024 LANGSTON HUGHES, Ballad of the Landlord 1025 LANGSTON HUGHES, Midnight Raffle 1026 LANGSTON HUGHES, Theme for English B 1027 LANGSTON HUGHES, Juke Box Love Song 1028 LANGSTON HUGHES, Dream Boogie 1029 LANGSTON HUGHES, Harlem 1030 LANGSTON HUGHES, Un-American Investigators 1030 LANGSTON HUGHES, Old Walt 1031 LANGSTON HUGHES, doorknobs 1032 LANGSTON HUGHES, Dinner Guest: Me 1033 LANGSTON HUGHES, Frederick Douglass: 1817-1895 1034 Perspectives on Hughes 1034 Hughes on Racial Shame and Pride 1034 Hughes on Harlem Rent Parties 103s DONALD B. GIBSON, The Essential Optimism of Hughes and Whitman 1036 JAMES A. EMANUEL, Hughes's Attitudes toward Religion 1037 RICHARD K. BARKSDALE, On Censoring "Ballad of the Landlord" 1038 STEVEN C. TRACY, A Reading of "The Weary Blues" 1039 DAVID CHINITZ, The Romanticization of Africa in the 1920s 1040 Two Complementary Critical Readings 1041 COUNTEE CULLEN, On Racial Poetry 1041 ONWUCHEKWA JEMIE, On Universal Poetry 1042

25. Critical Case Study: T. S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" 1044

PHOTO: T. S. Eliot 104s T. S. ELIOT, The Love Song ofj. Alfred Prufrock 104s Perspectives on Eliot 1049 ELISABETH SCHNEIDER, Hints of Eliot in Prufrock 1049 BARBARA EVERETT, The Problem of Tone in Prufrock ioso MICHAEL L. BAUMANN, The "Overwhelming Question" for Prufrock 1051 FREDERIK L. RUSCH, Society and Character in "The Love Song ofj. Alfred Prufrock" I0S3 ROBERT SWARD, A Personal Analysis of "The Love Song ofj. Alfred Prufrock" loss

26. Cultural Case Study: Julia Alvarez's "Queens, 1963" 1060

PHOTO: Julia Alvarez 1061 Chronology 1063 JULIA ALVAREZ, Queens, 1963 1063 Contents

Documents 1066 MARNY REQUA, From an Interview with Julia Alvarez 1066 PHOTO: An Advertisement for Tudor Row Houses 1067 Queens: "The 'Fair' Borough" 1068 NORMAN LEAR, "Talkin' about Prejudice" in Queens (from Meet the Bunkers,) 1069 PHOTO: A Civil Rights Demonstration 1072

27. A Collection of Poems 1073

MAYA ANGELOU, Africa 1073 ANONYMOUS, Bonny Barbara Allan 1074 ANONYMOUS, Lord Randal 1075 ANONYMOUS, Scottsboro 1076 W. H. AUDEN, The Unknown Citizen 1076 MARGARET AVISON, Tennis 1077 AMIRI BARAKA, SOS 1077 WILLIAM BLAKE, The Garden of Love 1078 WILLIAM BLAKE, Ah Sun-flower 1078 ROBERT BLY, Snowfall in the Afternoon 1078 ROBERT BLY, Waking from Sleep 1079 ROO BORSON, Talk 1079 ANNE BRADSTREET, Before the Birth of One of Her Children 1080 ANNE BRADSTREET, To My Dear and Loving Husband 1080 GWENDOLYN BROOKS, The Mother 1081 ROBERT BROWNING, Meeting at Night 1082 ROBERT BROWNING, Parting at Morning 1082 GEORGE GORDON, LORD BYRON, She Walks in Beauty 1082 LUCILLE CLIFTON, for deLawd 1083 SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE, Kubla Khan: or, a Vision in a Dream 1083 . WILLIAM COWPER, Epitaph on a Hare 108s VICTOR HERNANDEZ CRUZ, Anonymous 1086 COUNTEE CULLEN, Yet Do I Marvel 1086 E. E. CUMMINGS, Buffalo Bill 's 1087 E. E. CUMMINGS, since feeling is first 1087 MARY di MICHELE, As in the Beginning 1087 GREGORY DJANIKIAN, When I First Saw Snow 1088 JOHN DONNE, The Apparition . 1089 JOHN DONNE, Batter My Heart 1089 JOHN DONNE, Death Be Not Proud 1090 JOHN DONNE, The Flea 1090 DAVID DONNELL, The Canadian Prairies View of Literature 1091 GEORGE ELIOT [MARY ANN EVANS], In a London Drawingroom 1092 LOUISE GLUCK, The School Children 1092 DONALD HALL, My Son, My Executioner 1093 THOMAS HARDY, Hap 1093 THOMAS HARDY, The Ruined Maid 1093 xxxvi Contents

JOY HARJO, Fishing 1094 MICHAEL S. HARPER, Grandfather 109s ANTHONY HECHT, The Dover Bitch 1096 GEORGE HERBERT, The Collar 1097 LINDA HOGAN, Song for My Name 1098 M. CARL HOLMAN, Mr. Z 1098 GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS, Pied Beauty 1099 GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS, The Windhover 1100 A. E. HOUSMAN, Is my team ploughing 1100 A. E. HOUSMAN, To an Athlete Dying Young 1101 BEN JONSON, On My First Son 1102 BEN JONSON, To Celia 1102 JOHN KEATS, When I have fears that I may cease to be 1103 JOHN KEATS, La Belle Dame sans Merci 1103 ETHERIDGE KNIGHT, A Watts Mother Mourns While Boiling Beans 1104 PHILIP LARKIN, This Be the Verse 110s LI-YOUNG LEE, Eating Together nos PHILIP LEVINE, The Simple Truth nos HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW, Snow-Flakes 1106 AUDRE LORDE, Hanging Fire 1107 ARCHIBALD MACLEISH, Ars Poetica 1107 CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love 1108 HERMAN MELVILLE, The Maldive Shark 1109 JOHN MILTON, On the Late Massacre in Piedmont 1109 JOHN MILTON, When I consider how my light is spent 1110 N. SCOTT MOMADAY, The Bear IIIO MARIANNE MOORE, Poetry nil WILFRED OWEN, Arms and The Boy 1112 MARGE PIERCY, Barbie Doll 1112 SYLVIA PLATH, Daddy 1113 SYLVIA PLATH, Metaphors HIS EDGAR ALLAN POE, Alone ins ADRIENNE RICH, Living in Sin ins CHRISTINA GEORGINA ROSSETTI, Some Ladies Dress in Muslin Full and White 1116 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, Not marble, nor the gilded monuments 1116 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, That time of year thou mayst in me behold 1117 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, When forty winters shall besiege thy brow 1117 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, When, in disgrace with Fortune and men's eyes 1118 PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY, Ozymandias 1118 SIR PHILIP SIDNEY, Loving in Truth, and Fain in Verse My Love to Show 1119 GARY SOTO, Black Hair 1119 WALLACE STEVENS, The Emperor of Ice-Cream 1120 ALFRED, LORD TENNYSON, Ulysses 1120 ROBERT WALLACE, The Double-Play 1122 EDMUND WALLER, Go, Lovely Rose 1123 WALT WHITMAN, One Hour to Madness and Joy 1123 WALT WHITMAN, One's-Selfl Sing 1124 Contents XXXVll

WALT WHITMAN, When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer 1124 RICHARD WILBUR, Love Calls Us to the Things of This World 1124 MILLER WILLIAMS, Thinking About Bill, Dead of AIDS 1125 WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS, Spring and All 1126 WILLIAM CARLOS WILLIAMS, This Is Just to Say ' 1127 WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 1127 WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal 1128 WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, The Solitary Reaper 1128 JAMES WRIGHT, A Blessing 1129 MITSUYE YAMADA, A Bedtime Story 1129 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS, Adam's Curse 1130 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS, Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop 1131 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS, Leda and the Swan 1132 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS, Sailing to Byzantium 1132 WILLIAM BUTLER YEATS, The Second Coming 1133 DAVID ZIEROTH, Time over Earth 1134 r AN ALBUM OF WORLD LITERATURE ANNA AKHMATOVA (Russia), Dedication 113s CLARIBEL ALEGRIA (El Salvador), / Am Mirror 1136 KATERINA ANGHELAKI-ROOKE (Greece), Jealousy 1138 FAIZ AHMED FAIZ (Pakistan), If You Look at the City from Here 1139 XU GANG (China), Red Azalea on the Cliff 1140 PABLO NERUDA (Chile), Sweetness, Always 1141 OCTAVIO PAZ (Mexico), The Street 1143 INDIRA SANT (India), Household Fires 1144 WOLE SOYINKA (Nigeria), Future Plans 114s WISLAWA SZYMBORSKA (Poland), End and Beginning 1146 TOMAS TRANSTROMER (Sweden), April and Silence 1148

- AN ALBUM OF CONTEMPORARY POEMS

ELIZABETH ALEXANDER, Harlem Birthday Party 1148 CORNELIUS EADY, The Supremes 1150 MARTIN ESPADA, Coca-Cola and Coco Frio 1151 DEBORAH GARRISON, She Was Waiting to Be Told u$2 , . DONALD HALL, Letter with No Address IIS3 MARK HALLIDAY, Graded Paper 1156 ROBERT HASS, A Story About the Body IIS7 JUDY PAGE HEITZMAN, The Schoolroom on the Second Floor of the Knitting Mill 1158 JANE HIRSHFIELD, The Lives of the Heart 1159 LINDA HOGAN, Hunger 1160 YUSEF KOMUNYAKAA, Facing It 1162 JOAN MURRAY, Play-By-Play 1163 RONALD WALLACE, Dogs 1164 xxxviii Contents DKAMA

28. Reading Drama 1169 Reading Drama Responsively 1169 SUSAN GLASPELL, Trifles 1172 PERSPECTIVE: SUSAN GLASPELL, From the Short Story Version of Trifles 1182 Elements of Drama 1185 DAVID P7ES, Sure Thing 1189 Drama in Popular Forms 1196 LARRY DAVID, From "The Pitch," a Seinfeld Episode 1199 PERSPECTIVE: GEOFFREY O'BRIEN, On Seinfeld as Sitcom Moneymaker 1207

29. Writing about Drama 1210 From Reading to Writing 1210 Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing 1211 A Sample Paper: The Feminist Evidence in Trifles 1213

30. A Study of Sophocles 1217 PORTRAIT: Sophocles 1217 Chronology 1218 Theatrical Conventions of Greek Drama 1218 PHOTO: Drawing of a classical Greek theater 1220 Tragedy 1221 SOPHOCLES, Oedipus the King (Translated by Robert Fagles) 1224 SOPHOCLES, Antigone (Translated by Robert Fagles) 1267 Perspectives on Sophocles 1303 ARISTOTLE, On Tragic Character 1303 SIGMUND FREUD, On the Oedipus Complex 130s SOPHOCLES, Another Translation of a Scene from Oedipus the King 1306 MURIEL RUKEYSER, On Oedipus the King 1309 JEAN ANOUILH, A Scene from Antigone 1310 MAURICE SAGOFF, A Humorous Distillation of Antigone 1312 BERNARD KNOX, On Oedipus and Human Freedom 1313 Two Complementary Critical Readings 1314 R. G. A. BUXTON, The Major Critical Issue in Antigone 1314 CYNTHIA P. GARDINER, The Function of the Chorus in Antigone 131s

31. A Study of William Shakespeare 1316 PORTRAIT: William Shakespeare 1316 Chronology 1317 Contents xxxix

Shakespeare's Theater 1318 PHOTO: Drawing of the Globe Theatre 1321 The Range of Shakespeare's Drama: History, Comedy, and Tragedy 1322 A Note on Reading Shakespeare 1325 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, A Midsummer Night's Dream 1327 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark 1383 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, The Tempest 1483 Perspectives on Shakespeare 1543 Objections to the Elizabethan Theater by the Mayor of London 1S43 LISA JARDINE, On Boy Actors in Female Roles IS44 SAMUEL JOHNSON, On Shakespeare's Characters IS4S SIGMUND FREUD, On Repression in Hamlet 1546 JAN KOTT, On Producing Hamlet 1547 COPPELIA KAHN, On Cuckoldry in Hamlet 1548 RUSSELL JACKSON, A Film Diary of the Shooting of Kenneth Branagh's Hamlet 7550 LOUIS ADRIAN MONTROSE, On Amazonian Mythology in A Midsummer Night's Dream ISS2 JAMES KINCAID, On the Value of Comedy in the Face of Tragedy ISS3 Two Complementary Critical Readings 1555 G. WILSON KNIGHT, Prospero's Civilizing Influence isss ALDEN T. VAUGHAN, Caliban as a Sociopolitical Symbol 1556

32. Modern Drama 1559 Realism 1559 Naturalism 1561 Theatrical Conventions of Modern Drama 1562 HENRIK IBSEN, A Doll House (Translated by Rolf Fjelde) 1564 PERSPECTIVE: HENRIK IBSEN, Notes for A Doll House 1613 ANTON CHEKHOV, The Proposal: A Jest in One Act (Translated by Elisaveta Fen) 161s PERSPECTIVE: ANTON CHEKHOV, On What Artists Do Best 162$

33. Critical Case Study: Henrik Ibsen's A Doll House 1627

PHOTO: Henrik Ibsen 1627 Perspectives 1628 A Nineteenth-Century Husband's Letter to His Wife 1628 BARRY WITHAM and JOHN LUTTERBIE, A Marxist Approach to A Doll House 1630 CAROL STRONGIN TUFTS, A Psychoanalytic Reading of Nora 1632 JOAN TEMPLETON, Is A Doll House a Feminist Text? 163s Questions for Writing: Applying a Critical Strategy 1636 A Sample Paper: On the Other Side of the Slammed Door in A Doll House 1639 xl Contents

34. Experimental Trends in Drama 1644 Beyond Realism 1644 SAMUEL BECKETT, Krapp's Last Tape 1649 PERSPECTIVE: MARTIN ESSLIN, On the Theater of the Absurd 1656 JANE MARTIN, Rodeo 1657 ANNA DEAVERE SMITH, From Twilight: Los Angeles, 1992 1661

35. Cultural Case Study: David Henry Hwang's M. Butterfly 1672 PHOTO: David Henry Hwang 1673 Chronology 1675 DAVID HENRY HWANG, M. Butterfly 167s Documents 1722 HAROLD ROSENTHAL and JOHN WARRACK, A Plot Synopsis o/Madame Butterfly 1722 RICHARD BERNSTEIN, The News Source for M. Butterfly 1723 PHOTO: Shi Pei Pu in The Story of the Butterfly 172s FRANK RICH, A Theater Review ofU. Butterfly 1721? DAVID SAVRAN, An Interview with David Henry Hwang 1727

Photos: Plays in Performance Between pages 1684 and 1685 A scene from Oedipus the King A scene from Antigone A scene from A Midsummer Night's Dream The "play within the play" scene fromHamle t Two scenes from The Tempest -Two scenes from A Doll House A scene fromKrapp' s Last Tape A scene from Rodeo Two scenes fromTwilight : Los Angeles, 1992 A scene fromM . Butterfly A scene from A Raisin in the Sun A scene fromDeat h of a Salesman A scene from The Glass Menagerie A scene from The Original Last Wish Baby A scene from The Piano Lesson

36. A Collection of Plays 1729

LORRAINE HANSBERRY, A Raisin in the Sun 1730 . PERSPECTIVE: THOMAS P. ADLER, The Political Basis of Lorraine Hansberry's Art 1793 Contents xli

ARTHUR MILLER, Death of a Salesman 179s . PERSPECTIVE: ARTHUR MILLER, Tragedy and the Common Man i860 PERSPECTIVE: ARTHUR MILLER, On Biff and Willy Loman 1863 TENNESSEE WILLIAMS, The Glass Menagerie 1864 PERSPECTIVE: TENNESSEE WILLIAMS, Production-Notes to The Glass Menagerie 1908 PERSPECTIVE: TENNESSEE WILLIAMS, On Theme 1910 r AN ALBUM OF WORLD LITERATURE :

BRIAN FRIEL (Ireland), From Molly Sweeney 1911 WOLE SOYINKA (Nigeria), The Strong Breed 1919 PERSPECTIVE: JAMES GIBB, Ritual Sacrifice in The Strong Breed 1942

1- AN ALBUM OF CONTEMPORARY PLAYS WILLIAM SEEBRING, The Original Last Wish Baby 1944 WENDY WASSERSTEIN, Tender Offer 1956 AUGUST WILSON, The Piano Lesson 1962

CRJT1CAL THINKING AND WRJT1NG 2019

37. Critical Strategies for Reading 2021 Critical Thinking 2021 The Literary Canon: Diversity and Controversy 2023 Formalist Strategies 2025 Biographical Strategies 2027 Psychological Strategies 2029 Historical Strategies 2031 Literary History Criticism 2032 Marxist Criticism 2033 New Historicist Criticism 2033 Cultural Criticism 2034 Gender Strategies 2035 Feminist Criticism 2036 Gay and Lesbian Criticism 2037 Mythological Strategies 2037 Reader-Response Strategies 2039 Deconstructionist Strategies 2041 Selected Bibliography 2043 Perspectives on Critical Reading 2048 SUSAN SONTAG, Against Interpretation 2048 JUDITH FETTERLEY, A Feminist Reading of "A Rose For Emily" 2048 xlii Contents

ANNETTE KOLODNY, On the Commitments of Feminist Criticism 2Ojo ANDREW P. DEBICKI, New Criticism and Deconstructionism: Two Attitudes in Teaching Poetry 2050 BROOK THOMAS, A New Historical Approach to Keats's "Ode on a Grecian Urn" 2053 PETER RABINOWITZ, On Close Readings 2055- HARRIET HAWKINS, Should We Study King Kong or King Lear? 2058 MORRIS DICKSTEIN, On the Social Responsibility of the Critic 2060 WENDY STEINER, On the Critics' Readership 2061

38. Reading and Writing 2063 The Purpose and Value of Writing about Literature 2063 Reading the Work Closely 2064 Annotating the Text and Journal Note Taking 2065 Choosing a Topic 2067 Developing a Thesis 2068 Arguing about Literature 2071 Organizing a Paper 2074 Writing a Draft 2075 Revising and Editing 2078 Manuscript Form 2080 Types of Writing Assignments 2081 EMILY DICKINSON, There's a certain Slant of light 2082 A Sample Explication: A Reading of Dickinson's "There's a certain Slant of light" 2084 A Sample Analysis: The A & P as a State of Mind 2089 A Sample Comparison: The Struggle for Women's Self-Definition in A Doll House and M. Butterfly 20514

39. The Literary Research Paper 2099 Choosing a Topic 2100 Finding Sources 2100 Annotated List of References 2100 Electronic Sources 2102 Evaluating Sources and Taking Notes 2103 Developing a Thesis and Organizing the Paper 2105 Revising 2105 Documenting Sources 2106 The List of Works Cited 2108 Parenthetical References 2111 Contents xliii

A Sample Research Paper: How the Narrator Cultivates a Rose for Emily 2113

40. Taking Essay Examinations 21*8 Preparing for an Essay Exam 2118 Types of Exams 2120 Strategies for Writing Essay Exams 2121

Glossary of Literary Terms 2123

Index of First Lines 2161 Index of Authors and Titles 2168 Index of Terms Inside back cover