Turbo Chrysostomus Linnaeus, 1758)

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Turbo Chrysostomus Linnaeus, 1758) Oseana, Volume XXXVUl, Nomor 3, Tabun 2013: 1-8 ISSN 0216-1877 PEMIJAHAN SIPUT MATA BULAN (Turbo chrysostomus Linnaeus, 1758) Oleh Dwi E.D. Setyono", Hollanda,A. Kusuma" dan Balqam F. BadP) ABSTRACT SPAWNINGOFYELWW-MOUTH TURBAN (1iIrbochrysostomus Linnaeus, 1758).Turbo chrysostomus is one of marine gastropods which commonlyfound in tropical areas. They are usually occupied in intertidal and shallow sublitoral waters with substrates of coral rubble. roclesand reefs. The snail is herbivorous, theyfeed on micro and macro-algae grown on the surface of coral, stone, and rocky substrates. This manuscript describes the process of spawning and development of the embryo of I. clu:ysostomus conducting in the Laboratory ofUPT Loka Pengembangan Bio Industri Laut MataramLIP/' P£NDAHUWAN kepala. Otot jalan atau kaki besar dan berbentuk Siput mata bulan (Turbo chrysostomusy bulat telur (ovate). Kelompok siput ini bersifat merupakan salah satu jenis gastropoda laut yang herbivora atau pemakan tumbuhan, memakan banyak ditemukan diwilayah dengan iklirn tropis. mikro- dan makro-algae yang tumbuh di Siput ini dikenal dengan nama internasional pennukaan karang, bam, dankoral mati (Setyono yellow-mouth turban atau gold-mouth turban. & Dwiono, 2005). Nama umum yang dikenal oleh masyarakat Siput ini termasuk dalam komoditas Indonesia adalah siput mata bulan (Ambon), konsumsi karena kandungan proteinnya yang sisok matan terata (sasak, Lombok), dansiput usel tinggi. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan digunakannya (pacitan dan Gunungkidul). siput inisebagai makanan masyarakat pesisir di Siput mata bulan termasuk kelompok selatan Jawa, Madura, NTB, dan Maluku gastropoda laut dari Famili Turbinidae. Famili (Komunikasi pribadi). Selain itu, siput inijuga Turbinidae inidicirikan dengan cangkang tunggal ditangkap karena cangkangnya sebagai bahan yang tebal dan berat, cangkang berbentuk spiral kerajinan tangan (souvenir)yangmahal. Namun kerucut (conica/), dan memiliki operkulum. Pada sayang siput ini tidak termasuk ke dalam objek ujung kepala terdapat dua lubang bidung yang pengelolaan tradisional "sasi" sehingga terpisah dengan sungut yang panjang dan populasinya di alam rendah (Dwiono & sepasang mata yang terletak pada bagian tepi luar Makatipu, 1997). I) Pusat Penelitian Oseanografi LIP) 2) Alumni IImu Teknik Kelautan IPB 3) UPT Loka Pengembangan Bio )ndustri Laut Mataram LIP) Siput mata bulan mempuoyai potensi Genus : Turbo yang sangat besar untuk dibudidayakan di Spesies :Turbochrysostomus Indonesia karena jenis siput ini mempuoyai Linnaeus,1758 (Worms, daya tahan yang tinggi terhadap perubahan 2012) lingkungan dan mudah dipelihara (Dwiono & Makatipu, 1997). Tulisan ioi bertujuan untuk Cangkang siput mata bulan menjelaskao proses pemijahan siput mata bulan (Gambar I)memiliki ukuraopanjang antero-pos• (T. chrysostomus) yang dilakukan di tenor (tinggi) yang lebih besar dari pada lebar, Laboratorium UPT Loka Pengembangan Bio berwama coklat muda diselingi jalur berwama Industri Laut Mataram. coklat dan hijau dengan spiral yang berduri. Ukuran cangkang dapat mencapai 6 em, KLASIFIKASI DAN MORFOLOGI operkulum berwarna coklat-oranye atau hijau tua, sedangkan bibir luar berwama kuning Meourut Eisenberg (1981), Wilson keemasao. (1983) dan Abbott & Dance (1990), siput mata bulan diklasifikasikan sebagai berikut: BABITATDAN PENYEBARAN Kingdom : Animalia FIlum : Moluska Siput mata bulan biasanya hidup di Kelas : Gastropoda daerah pasaog surut dan sublitoral dangkaJ Sub Kelas : Vetigastropoda dengan substrat patahan karang, bebatuan dan Ordo : Archaeogastropoda karang mati (Abbot & Dance, 1990). Siput ini Super Family : Trochoidea ditemukan bersembunyi di sela-sela karaog mati Family : Turbinidae dan celah atau lubang batu (Gambar 2). Siput Sub Family : Turbininae ini berlindung dari pemangsa dengan menempelkao badaonya pada sela-sela karang dan lubang batu tersebut. .. Gambar 1. Turbochrysostomus 2 Gambar2. Kondisi habitat siput mata bulan (T. chrysostomus) di Teluk Kodek - Lombok Utara (a), tipe substrat (bdan c) dan tempat berlindung di celah batu karang (d) Siput mata bulan dijumpai di perairan Menurut Arifin (1994), kondisi pantai di wilayah Indo-Pasifik terrnasuk perairan lingkungan tempat berkembangnya siput mata pantai Samudera Hindia (Kenya, Seychelles, bulan adalah sebagai berikut: Chagos, Andaman dan kepulauan Nicobar), Asia 1.Topografi yang beragam dan kaya akan Tenggara (Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand dan mikroalga yang tumbub pada substrat batu Philipioa) dan Kepulauan Fiji di Pasifik Selatan. karang; Di PasifikBaratjenis siput inidijumpaidiperairan 2 Kemiringan pantai yang tidak terlaJu curam pesisir Kepulauan Ryukyu, Jepang (Yamaguchi, dengan kedalaman kurang dart 20 meter; 1993),perairan Melanesia Utara bingga selatan 3. Pergerakan air pada arus yang kuat, tanpa New Caledonia (Gambar 3) (FAO, 1998). adanya aliran sungai besar dan polusi. 3 .~ -HO .r-.---.....; ....,, o ,,---_..... .... .\, " I., • •: -2• Gambar 3. Daerah persebaran siput mata bulan (T. chrysostomusi (FAO, 1998) TEK:"iIK PEMUAIIAN 5. Pencmpatan induk siput pada bak permjahan. Teknik pernijahan adalah salah satu Pada sore had menje+ang matahari bcnluk rekayasa manusia agar biota dapat terbcnam, induk yang tclah dirangsang dipijahkan di laboratorium. Teknik pemijahan ditempatkan di dalarn bak pcmijahan yang mengacu pad a teknik yang dilakukan dengan telah diisi air laut segar dan bersih. bebcrapa modifikasi (Setyon0 2003; 2006a: 201l: 6. Pemantauan induk yang memijah. Setyono & Dwiono, 2011). Langkah-langkah Secara bcrkala (setiap jam) induk dicek pemijahan pada siput mala bulan dirangkumkan untuk melihat apabila terjadi pcmijahan. sebagai bcrikut: Apabila telah tcrjadi pernijahan, tclur dan 1. Pernbcrian acrasi kuat. sperm a diaduk pelan-pelan dan dibiarkan Induk siput dibcrikan acrasi kuat uotuk selama 30 mcnit. meningkatkan oksigcn terlarut (dtssolved 7. Penyaringan telur, oxygen)di dalam air laut sebagai rangsangan Tclur hasil pemijahan yang tclah dibuahi pcmijahan. sperma kemudian disaring menggunakan 2 Rangsangan mekanik. saringan bertingkat, yaitu saringan yang Induk yang telah diaerasi kuat selama ± 6jam disusun bertumpuk mulai dari bawah ke kcmudian digoyang-goyangkan di dalam atas dengan ukuran 40 urn, 80 urn, ] 00 j.lI11, jaring, dan 200 urn. Tclur yang diarnbil adalah yang 3. Dcsikasi tersaring pada saringan 80 j.lI11 dan 100urn. Sctclah diberikan rangsangan rnckanik, induk 8. Penghitunganjumlah telur. kcmudian dibiarkan tanpa air sclama ± I jam. Telur yang tclah disaring ditempatkan pada Perlakuan ini ditujukan untuk memanipulasi wadah/kontainer plastik. Jumlah telur kondisi surut rendah yang terjadi di alamo ditentukan dengan mengambiJ bcberapa 4. Pengisian bak pemijaban dcngan air laut. sampel (3-5 kali) dengan volume sampel Bak pemijahan diisi dengan air laut segar masing-rnasing I ml. Jumlah telur dalam (fresh sea water) yang disaring rneng• wadah ditentukan dengan menghitung gunakan saringan kain ukuran 0,5 mikron. volume air bcrisi tclur(ml) dikaJikanjumlah rata-rata telur per ml. 4 9. Penempatan larva pada bale pemeliharaan 2003; 2005; 2006b). Pembelahan sel tahap satu larva. (dua sell terjadi pada 45 menit setelah terjadi Telur yang telah menetas menjadi larva ferlitilasi. Pembelahan menjadi empat sel terjadi ditempatkan di dalam bale larva yang telah 15 menit kemudian. Pembelahan delapan sel ditumbuhi pakan diatom. Pemindahan larva terjadi setelah 30 menit berikutnya. Stadium dari wadah penetasan ke dalam bak larva gastrula dicapai pada waktu I jam setelah dilakukan 12jam setelah pemijahan. stadium multisel. Stadium trochophore terjadi Secara ringkas teknik pemijahan siput dalam waktu yang lama dibandingkan dengan mata bulan di UPT LPBIL Mataram LIPI tahapan sebelumnya yaitu sekitar 5 jam setelah diilustrasikan pada Gambar 4 di bawah ini. gastrula. Trochophore bergerak aktif untuk keluar dari cangkang dan menjadi veliger 3 jam kemudian. Secara ringkas, tahapan Telur yang sudah dibuahi akan embriogenesis dan waktu yang diperlukan dapat mengalami proses embriogensis (Set yon 0, dilihat pada Gambar 5 dan Tabell. Peletakan induk di bak pemijaban Pengambilan sampel telur Penempatan larva di bak untuk dihitung peme Iiharaan larva Gambar 4. Alur kegiatan pemijahan siput mata bulan (T.chrysostomus)di UPT LPBILMataramLIPI 5 Stadiwngmstula Gambar 5. Proses embriogenesis pada siput mata bulan (T. chrysostomus) Tabel I. Tahapan embriogenesis siput mata bulan (T. chrysostomus) dan waktu yang diperlukan Waktu setelah No Tahapan Demiiahanlfertilisasi 1 Fertilisasi o jam 2 2 seI 45menit 3 4sel 60 menit (1 jam) 4 8 sel 1jam 30 menit 5 16 seI 1jam 45 menit 6 Multisel 2 jam 45 menit 7 Grastula 3 jam 45 menit 8 Trocbopbore 8 jam 45 menit 9 Veliger awal 11jam45 menit 6 PERKEMBANGANEMBRIOABNORMAL Pada pemijahan yang dilakukan di Laboratorium dijumpai beberapa telur yang mengalami perkembangan yang tidak normal. Beberapa perkembangan yang tidak normal tersebut (Gambar 6) antara lain sel telur yang belum matang, cangkang telur yang pecah dan sel telur yang rusak. Gambar 6. Perkembangan embrio abnormal (dan kiri ke kanan): sel telur yang belum matang, sel telur yang rusak karena tidak terbuahi, cangkang sel telur yang pecah, dan perkembangan embrio yang tidak normal, Dwiono, SA.P &PC, Makatipu. 1997.Percobaan Hasil kegiatan di UPT LPBIL Mataram Pembenihan Turbo chrysostomus. LIPI menunjukkan bahwa siput mata bulan Seminar Kelautan LIPI-UNHASAmbon dapat dipijahkan di laboratorium dengan 1997.Halarnan 115-120 rangsangan pemijahan berupa kombinasi aerasi kuat, rangsangan mekanik, dan desikasi.
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