DOCSLIB.ORG

Vertical Velocity and Turbulence Aspects During Mistral Events As Observed by UHF Wind Profilers Jean-Luc Caccia, V

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Vertical Velocity and Turbulence Aspects During Mistral Events As Observed by UHF Wind Profilers Jean-Luc Caccia, V Vertical velocity and turbulence aspects during Mistral events as observed by UHF wind profilers Jean-Luc Caccia, V. Guénard, B. Benech, Bernard Campistron, P. Drobinski To cite this version: Jean-Luc Caccia, V. Guénard, B. Benech, Bernard Campistron, P. Drobinski. Vertical velocity and turbulence aspects during Mistral events as observed by UHF wind profilers. Annales Geophysicae, European Geosciences Union, 2004, 22 (11), pp.3927-3936. hal-00329404 HAL Id: hal-00329404 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00329404 Submitted on 29 Nov 2004 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Annales Geophysicae (2004) 22: 3927–3936 SRef-ID: 1432-0576/ag/2004-22-3927 Annales © European Geosciences Union 2004 Geophysicae Vertical velocity and turbulence aspects during Mistral events as observed by UHF wind profilers J.-L. Caccia1, V. Guenard´ 1, B. Benech2, B. Campistron2, and P. Drobinski3 1LSEET, CNRS/Universite´ de Toulon, BP132, 83957 La Garde, France 2CRA/LA, CNRS/Obs. Midi-Pyren´ ees,´ 65300 Campistrous, France 3IPSL/SA, CNRS/Universite´ de Paris VI, Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France Received: 1 December 2003 – Revised: 26 April 2004 – Accepted: 12 May 2004 – Published: 29 November 2004 Part of Special Issue “10th International Workshop on Technical and Scientific Aspects of MST Radar (MST10)” Abstract. The general purpose of this paper is to exper- teristics. In addition, those vertical motions are found to be imentally study mesoscale dynamical aspects of the Mis- much less developed during the nighttimes because of the tral in the coastal area located at the exit of the Rhone-ˆ stabilization of the nocturnal planetary boundary layer due valley. The Mistral is a northerly low-level flow blowing to a ground cooling. The enhanced turbulent dissipation-rate in southern France along the Rhone-valleyˆ axis, located be- values found at lower levels during the afternoons of weak tween the French Alps and the Massif Central, towards the Mistral cases are consistent with the installation of the sum- Mediterranean Sea. The experimental data are obtained by mer convective boundary layer and show that, as expected UHF wind profilers deployed during two major field cam- in weaker Mistral events, the convection is the preponderant paigns, MAP (Mesoscale Alpine Program) in autumn 1999, factor for the turbulence generation. On the other hand, for and ESCOMPTE (Experience´ sur Site pour COntraindre stronger cases, such a convective boundary layer installation les Modeles` de Pollution atmospheriques´ et de Transports is perturbed by the Mistral. d’Emission) in summer 2001. Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics Thanks to the use of the time evolution of the vertical pro- (Mesoscale meteorology, turbulence) – Radio science file of the horizontal wind vector, recent works have shown (Instruments and techniques) that the dynamics of the Mistral is highly dependent on the season because of the occurrence of specific synoptic pat- terns. In addition, during summer, thermal forcing leads to a combination of sea breeze with Mistral and weaker Mistral 1 Introduction due to the enhanced friction while, during autumn, absence of convective turbulence leads to substantial acceleration as The Mistral is a northerly low-level, orography-induced, low-level jets are generated in the stably stratified planetary cold-air out-break over the Gulf of Lions, blowing off the boundary layer. At the exit of the Rhoneˆ valley, the gap flow shore of the south-eastern region of France at any season. dynamics dominates, whereas at the lee of the Alps, the dy- The climate of this area is under the influence of the Mistral namics is driven by the relative contribution of “flow around” which brings clear sky. It is frequently observed to extend and “flow over” mechanisms, upstream of the Alps. This pa- as far as a few hundreds of kilometers offshore and is one of per analyses vertical velocity and turbulence, i.e. turbulent the primary causes of storms over the northwestern Mediter- dissipation rate, with data obtained by the same UHF wind ranean. profilers during the same Mistral events. On meeting the Alpine range, a westerly to northerly syn- In autumn, the motions are found to be globally and signif- optic flow is deflected westward by the Coriolis force, as well icantly subsident, which is coherent for a dry, cold and stable as the pressure build up on the upstream edge of the range. flow approaching the sea, and the turbulence is found to be of As the flow experiences channelling in the Rhoneˆ valley sep- pure dynamical origin (wind shears and mountain/lee wave arating the French Alps, to the east, from the Massif Central, breaking), which is coherent with non-convective situations. to the west, by a gap of 200 km long and 40 km width (see In summer, due to the ground heating and to the interac- Figs. 1 and 2), it is substantially accelerated, giving birth to tions with thermal circulation, the vertical motions are less the Mistral (Pettre,´ 1982). pronounced and no longer have systematic subsident chara- Although some of the large-scale features of the Mistral are well understood, thus well forecasted, the mesoscale as- Correspondence to: J.-L. Caccia pects, such as the temporal, vertical and horizontal variabil- ([email protected]) ities, the exact onset and cessation times have still to be in- 3928Figure J.-L. 2 Caccia et al.: Vertical velocity and turbulence aspects Figure 1 Fig. 2. Area in southern France targeted by our Mistral study. The UHF wind profiler sites, St-Chamas (STC), Aix-les-Milles (AIX) and Toulon (TLN), are indicated. The lower contour line, for the mountainous areas, is at 500 m of altitude. The dotted line schemat- ically indicates the Rhone-valleyˆ axis. The distances between STC and AIX, and between STC and TLN, are 25 km and 90 km, respec- tively. its interactions with the ABL (Atmospheric Boundary Layer) and thermal circulations mainly due to the proximity of the sea. In this paper, we have chosen to present and analyse wind and turbulence data obtained by two UHF-wind profilers dur- ing three Mistral cases (a strong autumn case and a moder- Fig. 1. Map of surface wind and15 geopotential at 1000 hPa above ate and a weak summer case) among the seven cases that western Europe in a typical Mistral situation from ECMWF-model occurred during MAP (three cases)16 and ESCOMPTE (four analyses. The autumn case (see the text) is presented : (a) 6 Novem- cases). In addition to earlier papers on mesoscale modelling ber 1999, 12:00 UTC and (b) 7 November 1999, 12:00 UTC. The aspects related to the Mistral (e.g. Blondin and Bret, 1986), wind speed is indicated in color code and the direction by arrows. The thick and narrow lines show the shore lines and the topography a recent one (Caccia et al., 2001) has shown, for the first levels every 500 m, respectively, used by the model. time, direct comparisons between time-height diagrams of wind fields directly obtained by UHF-profilers and simu- lated by the Meso-NH (mesoscale non-hydrostatic) model vestigated. During MAP (Mesoscale Alpine Program, au- (Lafore et al., 1998), run over a 10-km resolution domain tumn 1999, see Bougeault et al., 2001) and ESCOMPTE nested in a 50-km resolution domain. These comparisons (Experience´ sur Site pour COntraindre les Modeles` de Pol- have been made during the strong autumn case. The Mis- lution atmospheriques´ et de Transport d’Emissions, summer tral onset phase is correctly reproduced by meso-NH but the 2001, see Cros et al., 2004) field experiments, an UHF-wind temporal variation of the wind vertical structure is not and profiler network has been deployed in the coastal region of the event duration is strongly overestimated. These discrep- south-eastern France to document the spatial and temporal ancies illustrate the difficulty for mesoscale models to cor- structure of the tropospheric flow and in particular during rectly describe the ABL dynamics when the topography is some Mistral events. Guenard´ et al. (2002) reported prelim- very variable (here valleys, mountains, hills and land-to-sea inary results from UHF-profiler data during several Mistral transition) and plays a very important role. In summer, an events, and Drobinski et al. (2003) reported combined and encreased difficulty is expected due to the thermal forcings complementary observations of the wind field made by air- (convection and land/sea-breezes). borne Doppler Lidar (WIND) and UHF-wind profilers in a In addition to those numerical model aspects, very recent Mistral situation. The networking approach, combined with experimental work on some of those Mistral events, for dif- the high vertical (75 m) and time (5 min) resolutions of the ferent purposes have been made. Drobinski et al. (2003) UHF-wind profilers, enables the study of the mesoscale inho- investigated some 3-D aspects of the wind field obtained mogeneity and unsteadiness aspects of the Mistral, as well as during several legs of WIND. Druilhet et al. (2002) stud- J.-L. Caccia et al.: Vertical velocity and turbulence aspects 3929 Table 1. Characteristics of the three Mistral events reported in the present study. Marignane maximum surface wind Toulon maximum surface wind Field Campaign Period Duration (h) Speed (m/s) Direction (◦) Speed (m/s) Direction (◦) MAP 6–8 November 1999 43 20 350 16 310 ESCOMPTE 21–23 June 2001 72 8 340 12 270 ESCOMPTE 30 June–1 July 2001 30 14 340 10 280 ied Mistral-induced wind and temperature fluctuations us- to thermal circulations.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mistral and Tramontane Wind Speed and Wind Direction Patterns In
    Mistral and Tramontane wind speed and wind direction patterns in regional climate simulations Anika Obermann, Sophie Bastin, Sophie Belamari, Dario Conte, Miguel Angel Gaertner, Laurent Li, Bodo Ahrens To cite this version: Anika Obermann, Sophie Bastin, Sophie Belamari, Dario Conte, Miguel Angel Gaertner, et al.. Mistral and Tramontane wind speed and wind direction patterns in regional climate simulations. Climate Dynamics, Springer Verlag, 2018, 51 (3), pp.1059-1076. 10.1007/s00382-016-3053-3. hal-01289330 HAL Id: hal-01289330 https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01289330 Submitted on 16 Mar 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Clim Dyn DOI 10.1007/s00382-016-3053-3 Mistral and Tramontane wind speed and wind direction patterns in regional climate simulations Anika Obermann1 · Sophie Bastin2 · Sophie Belamari3 · Dario Conte4 · Miguel Angel Gaertner5 · Laurent Li6 · Bodo Ahrens1 Received: 1 September 2015 / Accepted: 18 February 2016 © The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The Mistral and Tramontane are important disentangle the results from large-scale error sources in wind phenomena that occur over southern France and the Mistral and Tramontane simulations, only days with well northwestern Mediterranean Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Direction In
    What is meant by Direction ? Direction is the information contained in the relative position of one point with respect to another point without the distance information. Directions may be either relative to some indicated reference, or absolute . Direction is often indicated manually by an extended index finger or written as an arrow. On a vertically oriented sign representing a horizontal plane, such as a road sign, "forward" is usually indicated by an upward arrow. ASKING FOR ? DIRECTIONS How do I get to...? How can I get to...? Can you tell me the way to...? Where is...? GIVING DIRECTIONS Go straight on Turn left/right (into … street). Go along /up / down … street Take the first/second road on the left/right It's on the left/right. GIVING DIRECTIONS opposite near next to between at the end (of) on/at/ around the corner behind in front of IIPA , New Delhi We Are Here Near By Location of IIPA WHAT WORDS ARE MISSING? GO _______ GO ON TURN THE STREET GO ____ THE _______ STREET _________ TURN _______ TAKE THE TAKE THE TURN_____ FIRST ON FIRST ON THE _______ THE ________ WHAT WORDS ARE MISSING? Check your answers GO Stright THE Pass through GO UPTHE TURN Around STREET Narrow Bridge STREET TAKE THE TAKE THE TURN right TURN left FIRST ON FIRST ON THE left THE right FILL THE GAPS WITH THE WORDS : A- Excuse me, how Can I get to the castle? B- Go ________ this road, then ________ left and continue for about 100 metres. Then take the second turn on the _________.
    [Show full text]
  • The Names of Wind -Summer 2009
    The Names of Wind ccording to the Western Abenaki of New England, the winds of their world Awere generated by a giant eagle that lived on a craggy peak and flapped its wings continuously. Various nomadic tribes of central Asia had a comparable myth. They believed that the wind originated from a vast hole in a mountain somewhere to the west. And the Inuit of Alaska thought that the winds issued forth from an opening in the sky. Here in the West, we believe that the wind is generated by the mother of all earthly things, our own star Sun. According to our legend, the sun beats down on the equatorial tropics, heating the air, which subsequently rises high into the stratosphere, creating a vacuum all along the equator. Because of the physical phenomenon known as the Coriolis effect, air from both the north and the south rushes in to fill the space, thereby creating, because of the rotation of the earth, the ever-reliable trade winds. This basic system is much complicated by landforms such as deserts and mountain ranges, which churn and blend the moving airs, creating a variety of local winds. Some of these such as the foehn are warm dry winds that flow down the lee side of the mountains. Some, such as the sirocco, are bred in deserts and drawn northward by low-pressure areas. Many of these local winds are notorious for their strength as well as their effect on the human psyche, and most of them are named, a fact that has added to the rich tapestry of languages.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalog 2020-2023 2 | East-West University | Catalog 2020-2023 EAST-WEST UNIVERSITY CHICAGO | ILLINOIS CATALOG 2020-2023
    Catalog 2020-2023 2 | East-West University | Catalog 2020-2023 EAST-WEST UNIVERSITY CHICAGO | ILLINOIS CATALOG 2020-2023 East-West University | Catalog 2020-2023 | 3 The University Mission Pursuit of excellence by all and easier access to East-West University’s main web pages. Students are encouraged to through relevant, effective and meet with their academic adviser at least once convenient education. each term and reference the catalog under which they enroll as degree-seeking. Equal educational opportunity The online academic catalog will be for all racial, ethnic and socio- published annually, allowing changes to economic groups. programs and courses in order to be more visible for each new academic year. The current schedule of classes is available on Program offerings of liberal East-West University’s main web page. arts and sciences along with The provisions of this catalog are not to be job and career related regarded as an irrevocable contract between professional education geared the University and the student, nor an offer to to the service economy of enter into a contract. While every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the modern times. information provided in this catalog, it must be understood that all courses, course Service to humankind with a descriptions, designations of instructors, curricular and degree requirements and other global, multi-cultural and academic information described herein are future-oriented perspective. subject to change or elimination at any time without notice or published amendment to this catalog. The University reserves the right PURPOSE AND STATUS to change any provision or requirement at This online academic catalog is the official any time.
    [Show full text]
  • Cannibals. Eurocentric Worldviews Appeared in Place Names, Such As New Spain Or New
    The Occasional Papers Series No. 9 A Philip Lee Phillips Map Society Publication From Alterity to Allegory: Depictions of Cannibalism on Early European Maps of the New World James Walker i The Occasional Papers A Philip Lee Phillips Map Society Publication Editorial Staff: Ralph E. Ehrenberg Managing Editor Ryan Moore Chief Editor, Design and Layout Michael Klein Editor Anthony Mullan Editor David Ducey Copy Editor Geography and Map Division Library of Congress Washington, D.C. Summer 2015 From Alterity to Allegory: Depictions of Cannibalism on Early European Maps of the New World James Walker Foreword The Philip Lee Phillips Map Society of the Library of Congress is a national support group that has been established to stimulate interest in the Geography and Map Division’s car- tographic and geographic holdings and to further develop its collections through financial dona- tions, gifts, and bequests. The Phillips Map Society publishes a journal dedicated to the study of maps and collections held in the Division known as The Occasional Papers. This install- ment focuses on images of cannibals on early European maps of the New World. I heard Dr. James Walker, the author, deliver a version of this paper while attending a conference at the Society for the History of Discoveries in Tampa, Florida in 2013. I was im- pressed with his discussion of a wide range of cartographic sources, including a number of im- portant holdings in the Geography and Map Division of the Library of Congress. He synthe- sized an array of cartographic works and thoughtfully commented on how the imagery on the borders of the early European maps of the New World presented a false impression of both the land and people that was believed to be true by many Europeans.
    [Show full text]
  • African Mythology a to Z
    African Mythology A to Z SECOND EDITION MYTHOLOGY A TO Z African Mythology A to Z Celtic Mythology A to Z Chinese Mythology A to Z Egyptian Mythology A to Z Greek and Roman Mythology A to Z Japanese Mythology A to Z Native American Mythology A to Z Norse Mythology A to Z South and Meso-American Mythology A to Z MYTHOLOGY A TO Z African Mythology A to Z SECOND EDITION 8 Patricia Ann Lynch Revised by Jeremy Roberts [ African Mythology A to Z, Second Edition Copyright © 2004, 2010 by Patricia Ann Lynch All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Chelsea House 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lynch, Patricia Ann. African mythology A to Z / Patricia Ann Lynch ; revised by Jeremy Roberts. — 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-60413-415-5 (hc : alk. paper) 1. Mythology—African. 2. Encyclopedias—juvenile. I. Roberts, Jeremy, 1956- II. Title. BL2400 .L96 2010 299.6' 11303—dc22 2009033612 Chelsea House books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Chelsea House on the World Wide Web at http://www.chelseahouse.com Text design by Lina Farinella Map design by Patricia Meschino Composition by Mary Susan Ryan-Flynn Cover printed by Bang Printing, Brainerd, MN Bood printed and bound by Bang Printing, Brainerd, MN Date printed: March 2010 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper.
    [Show full text]
  • The Greek Winds
    The Classical Review http://journals.cambridge.org/CAR Additional services for The Classical Review: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here The Greek Winds D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson The Classical Review / Volume 32 / Issue 3-4 / May 1918, pp 49 - 56 DOI: 10.1017/S0009840X00011276, Published online: 27 October 2009 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0009840X00011276 How to cite this article: D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson (1918). The Greek Winds. The Classical Review, 32, pp 49-56 doi:10.1017/S0009840X00011276 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/CAR, IP address: 130.179.16.201 on 16 Feb 2015 The Review MAY—JUNE, 1918 ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS THE GREEK WINDS. IN the orientation ot the Greek Caecias, Eurus, Lips, and Argestes Winds—that is to say, in the interpre- (Z, A, F, E) are (on this interpretation) tation of the Greek ' wind-rose,' or set midway between the four cardinal compass - card — there lies a pretty problem, which to my thinking is but little understood by scholars. The sub- K ject has been touched on of late by Sir Arthur Hort in his translation of Theo- phrastus De Signis, and by Mr. E. S. Forster in his Oxford translation of the Ps. Aristotelian Ventorum Situs et Appel- lationes. Both writers borrow their statements and their diagrams from W. Capelle's paper on the treatise De Mundo ('Die Schrift von der Welt,' Neue Jahrb. xv. 1905), as Capelle in turn had followed for the most part in the steps of Kaibel ('Antike Windrosen,' Hermes, xx.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Mariners Compass Stars Free Ebook
    MARINERS COMPASS STARS DOWNLOAD FREE BOOK Carol Doak | 114 pages | 30 Oct 2007 | C & T Publishing | 9781571204059 | English | Concord, United States Mariner's Compass Star Patterns and Quilts I quickly abandoned this method and devised an easier method for assembling the large pointed arcs which I'll talk about later. This meant I could layer and quilt each wedge individually which made things much easier. Comments Beautiful work! See below. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Philadelphia: University Museum, University of Philadelphia. Features see all. Cozy up with Sarah and her friends for more murder, quilting, and community. Brass Antique Maritime Compasses. When navigating in the Northern Hemispherespecial techniques can be used with Polaris to determine latitude or gyrocompass error. Only two of its point names OstroLibeccio Mariners Compass Stars Classical etymologies, the rest of the names seem to be autonomously derived. This suggests the mariner's rose was probably acquired Mariners Compass Stars southern Italian seafarers not from their classical Roman ancestors, but rather from Norman Sicily in the 11th to 12th centuries. Polaris [8]. Quilting Daily has the best resources for quilters including quilt patterns, how-to quilt videos, quilting magazines, and more. Footer My Guide Whatever you do, do your work heartily, as for the Lord rather than for men. Today, a form of compass rose is found on, or featured in, almost all navigation systems, including nautical chartsnon-directional beacons NDBVHF Mariners Compass Stars range VOR systems, global-positioning systems GPSand similar equipment. Nonetheless, both systems were gradually conflated, and wind names came eventually to denote cardinal directions as well.
    [Show full text]
  • US-China Strategic Competition in South and East China Seas
    U.S.-China Strategic Competition in South and East China Seas: Background and Issues for Congress Updated September 8, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42784 U.S.-China Strategic Competition in South and East China Seas Summary Over the past several years, the South China Sea (SCS) has emerged as an arena of U.S.-China strategic competition. China’s actions in the SCS—including extensive island-building and base- construction activities at sites that it occupies in the Spratly Islands, as well as actions by its maritime forces to assert China’s claims against competing claims by regional neighbors such as the Philippines and Vietnam—have heightened concerns among U.S. observers that China is gaining effective control of the SCS, an area of strategic, political, and economic importance to the United States and its allies and partners. Actions by China’s maritime forces at the Japan- administered Senkaku Islands in the East China Sea (ECS) are another concern for U.S. observers. Chinese domination of China’s near-seas region—meaning the SCS and ECS, along with the Yellow Sea—could substantially affect U.S. strategic, political, and economic interests in the Indo-Pacific region and elsewhere. Potential general U.S. goals for U.S.-China strategic competition in the SCS and ECS include but are not necessarily limited to the following: fulfilling U.S. security commitments in the Western Pacific, including treaty commitments to Japan and the Philippines; maintaining and enhancing the U.S.-led security architecture in the Western Pacific, including U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Every Creation Story
    Every Creation Story Creation from chaos Chaos (cosmogony) Enûma Eliš (Babylonian creation myth) Genesis creation myth (Judaism, Christianity and Islam) Greek cosmogonical myth Jamshid Korean creation narratives Kumulipo Leviathan (Book of Job 38–41 creation myth) Mandé creation myth Pangu Raven in Creation Serer creation myth Sumerian creation myth Tungusic creation myth Unkulunkulu Väinämöinen Viracocha Earth diver Earth-diver Ainu creation myth Cherokee creation myth Iroquois creation myth Väinämöinen Yoruba creation myth Ob-Ugric creation myth Emergence Emergence Hopi creation myth Maya creation of the world myth Diné Bahaneʼ (Navajo) Zuni creation myth ( creation of self ) Ex nihilo Debate between sheep and grain Barton cylinder Ancient Egyptian creation myths Kabezya-Mpungu Māori myths Mbombo Ngai Popol Vuh World parent World parent Coatlicue Enûma Eliš Greek cosmogonical myth Greek cosmogonical myth Heliopolis creation myth Hiranyagarbha creation myth Kumulipo Rangi and Papa Völuspá Divine twins Divine twins Proto-Indo-European creation myths Regional Africa Ancient Egyptian creation myths Fon creation myth Kaang creation story (Bushmen) Kintu myth (Bugandan) Mandé creation myth Mbombo (Kuba, Bakuba or Bushongo/Boshongo) Ngai (Kamba, Kikuyu and Maasai ) Serer creation myth (cosmogony of the Serer people of Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania) Unkulunkulu (Zulu) Yoruba creation Americas Mesoamerica Coatlicue (Aztec) Maya creation of the world myth Popol Vuh (Quiché Mayan) Mid North America Anishinaabeg creation stories Cherokee creation
    [Show full text]
  • Compass Rose a Compass Rose Is a Tool That Is Found on Maps to Show Directions
    Compass Rose A compass rose is a tool that is found on maps to show directions. It contains cardinal directions, north, south, east, and west. You will see these abbreviated on the compass rose with the capital letters, N, S, E, and W. North will always point toward the North Pole and South points toward the South Pole. You may also see intermediate directions on a compass rose. These directions are northwest, northeast, southwest, and southeast. They are abbreviated NE, SE, NW, and SW. The intermediate directions are located between each of the cardinal directions as a way to be more specific. Cut out and glue each each direction onto the correct place on the compass rose. Then, color each section of the compass rose using the key below. KEY North – Red South – Blue East – Orange West – Purple Northeast – Pink Northwest – Gray Southeast – Yellow Southwest - Green NE W SW N E NW S SE Compass Rose QUIZ 1. Why is it important to include a compass rose on a map? _______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What are the cardinal directions? Please write the whole word. ____________________, ____________________, ____________________, ____________________ 3. What are the intermediate directions? Please write the whole word. ____________________, ____________________, ____________________, ____________________ 4. Label the compass wrote with both the cardinal and intermediate directions. You may use the abbreviations. using a Compass Rose Use the map and compass rose to answer the questions. N NW NE W E SW SE S 1. Which state is northeast of Oklahoma? ______________________________ 2. Which state is east of Illinois? ______________________________ 3. Which state is southwest of Wyoming? ______________________________ 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Aerosol Distribution Over the Western Mediterranean Basin During a Tramontane/Mistral Event
    Ann. Geophys., 25, 2271–2291, 2007 www.ann-geophys.net/25/2271/2007/ Annales © European Geosciences Union 2007 Geophysicae Aerosol distribution over the western Mediterranean basin during a Tramontane/Mistral event T. Salameh1, P. Drobinski2, L. Menut1, B. Bessagnet3, C. Flamant2, A. Hodzic4, and R. Vautard5 1Institut Pierre Simon Laplace/Laboratoire de Met´ eorologie´ Dynamique, Ecole´ Polytechnique/ENS/UPMC/CNRS, Palaiseau, France 2Institut Pierre Simon Laplace/Service d’Aeronomie,´ UPMC/UVSQ/CNRS, Paris, France 3Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, INERIS, Verneuil en Halatte, France 4National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA 5Institut Pierre Simon Laplace/Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA/UVSQ/CNRS, Gif sur Yvette, France Received: 23 April 2007 – Revised: 4 October 2007 – Accepted: 18 October 2007 – Published: 29 November 2007 Abstract. This paper investigates experimentally and numer- clone position): The Tramontane wind prevails in the morn- ically the time evolution of the spatial distribution of aerosols ing hours of 24 March, leaving room for the Mistral wind over the Western Mediterranean basin during the 24 March and an unusually strong Ligurian outflow in the afternoon. 1998 Mistral event documented during the FETCH experi- The Genoa surface low contributes to advect the aerosols ment. Mistral and Tramontane are very frequently northerly along a cyclonic trajectory that skirts the North African coast wind storms (5–15 days per month) accelerated along the and reaches Italy. The wakes trailing downstream the Massif Rhoneˆ and Aude valleys (France) that can transport natural Central and the Alps prevent any horizontal diffusion of the and anthropogenic aerosols offshore as far as a few hundred aerosols and can, at times, contribute to aerosol stagnation.
    [Show full text]