Vol. 42, No. 1, Winter 2016 UAKER CONCERN Q Canadian Friends Service Committee/Secours Quaker Canadien Truth and Reconciliation: The Importance of Examining Genocide by Jennifer Preston and Paul Joffe econciliation is an ongoing process – not a point in time. R In order to achieve genuine reconciliation between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Canadians, the full truth must be determined. As part of Canadian Friends Service Committee (CFSC)’s commitment to the Calls to Action of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), we are exploring with partner organizations the significance of genocide. An increasing number of researchers and commentators have GENEVIEVE SINGLETON Paul Joffe and Jennifer Preston giving a presentation in November 2015 in Nanaimo, British concluded that genocide was Columbia, about Truth and Reconciliation. committed against Indigenous Peoples in , including through definition of genocide as contained in (c) Deliberately inflicting on the the Indian Residential Schools.1 the UN [Genocide] Convention. group conditions of life Confronting honestly and deeply such calculated to bring about its Justice Murray Sinclair, TRC Chair, realities of colonialism in Canada is physical destruction in whole and Stuart Murray, outgoing president one of our most important human or in part; of the Canadian Human Rights rights tasks.”2 (d) Imposing measures intended to Museum, have highlighted the need to prevent births within the The 1948 United Nations Convention include genocide in the discourse on group; on the Prevention and Punishment of colonization, “We need to take (e) Forcibly transferring children the Crime of Genocide [Genocide seriously the perspective that the of the group to another group. entire process of colonization in Convention] was the first UN treaty Canada would fall within the devoted to human rights. According to It is important to note that only one of the Genocide Convention, acts of the above five acts necessarily 1 E.g., Andrew Woolford, Jeff Benvenuto, and genocide and complicity in genocide involves “killing”. When we examine Alexander Laban Hinton (eds.), Colonial are criminal offences. Article 2 of the the colonization of Indigenous Genocide in Indigenous North America Genocide Convention provides: Peoples in Canada, we can see how (Durham and London: Duke University Press, genocide applies to the Indian 2014); and Hayden King and Erica Violet Lee, In the present Convention, “The truth is there. But reconciliation is residential school system and also to genocide means any of the deeply complicated”, Globe and Mail (16 the destruction of Indigenous December 2015), following acts committed with economic, social, political, and http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe- intent to destroy, in whole or in spiritual institutions. Viewed in debate/the-truth-is-there-but-reconciliation- part, a national, ethnical, racial or is-deeply-complicated/article27759105/. isolation, certain actions might not be 2 religious group, as such: Murray Sinclair and Stuart Murray, “Canada called genocide. The combined and must confront the truth”, Free Press (a) Killing members of the group; cumulative effect, however, creates an (1 November 2014) A13, (b) Causing serious bodily or http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/a on-going series of genocidal acts. nalysis/canada-must-confront-the-truth- mental harm to members of the 281166292.html. group; Continued on page 6 KEEPING UP WITH FRIENDS

Friends appalled at growing We were pleased to learn from have a look at Islamophobia members of Peterborough Monthly http://report.quakerservice.ca or Canadian Yearly Meeting and Meeting, a community where a contact our office to be mailed a paper Canadian Friends Service Committee Mosque was badly damaged by arson copy. have issued a joint statement which in late 2015, that the Meeting ran a suggests a number of steps to reverse version of this statement in the Calling on Canada to implement the deeply disturbing trend of Peterborough Examiner. FPIC scapegoating and marginalization of Canada has repeatedly approved Canadian Muslims. The statement Friends support refugees resource development projects - like also highlights commonalities Since the last issue of Quaker the Northern Gateway Pipeline and the between the Abrahmic Traditions and Concern, Canada has become very Site C dam in British Columbia - over the important fact that, “When human aware of the harrowing challenges the objections of Indigenous Peoples. rights are taken away for any refugees face, and many Canadians, Such actions run counter to the Canadians, rights are effectively including Quaker Meetings, have directions set by the Supreme Court of made vulnerable for all.” Read the stepped up to sponsor Syrian refugees Canada and violate Canada’s human statement at: in particular. Meetings that we know rights obligations. http://quakerservice.ca/Islamophobia of which are supporting refugees CFSC has joined 16 other include Coldstream, Halifax, organizations in writing to the Prime Hamilton, Ottawa, Thousand Islands, Minister calling for Canada to QUAKER CONCERN and Toronto and other Meetings and recognize and implement free, prior Canadian Friends Service Committee/Secours Quaker Canadien individual Friends have been and informed consent (FPIC) generously supportive of refugees as standards. The letter explains how Quaker Concern is the newsletter of well. CFSC issued a public statement Canadian Friends Service Committee FPIC is used internationally and how in September expressing concerns Canada is lagging behind. FPIC (Quakers). Published three-times a year, it over the world's growing refugee crisis features articles on CFSC projects and derives from the right of self- and ways we are taking action determination, a right of all peoples, concerns of Friends. http://quakerservice.ca/RefugeeCrisis CFSC’s Annual Report and Appeal is sent including Indigenous Peoples, under to all donors in late autumn. Seeing through the bars international law http://quakerservice.ca/FPICLetter Canadian Friends Service Committee, The Church Council on Justice and founded in 1931, exists to unify and Corrections, of which CFSC is a Get updates from our Youth expand the concerns of Friends in member, has posted a series of talks on empathy and the impacts of crime on Justice Knowledge Hub Canada. Our work is carried out by three Innovative, quality research and good program committees (Quaker Indigenous all involved. As part of the series, CFSC associate member Kate Johnson practices on issues related to criminal Rights Committee, Quakers Fostering justice is out there. However, most Justice, Quaker Peace Committee). delivered a fascinating speech about her experiences offering programs in people working in the field or Donations are received with gratitude. men's prisons concerned about the issues are We rely on the support of individuals to http://bit.ly/SeeingThroughBars unaware of it. CFSC has now made our carry out our work. CFSC issues tax electronic clearing house of receipts for donations over $10. Annual Accountability Report information, the Youth Justice 2014-2015 Knowledge Hub, publicly accessible! We've released our Annual To keep people in the loop when new CFSC, 60 Lowther Ave., Toronto ON M5R 1C7 information is added, we've also tel. (416) 920-5213, fax (416) 920-5214 Accountability Report, full of brief snapshots of what happened last year: created a low traffic email list. To sign Facebook: http://quakerservice.ca/Facebook up to receive these updates visit Twitter: @CFSCQuakers program work, individual grants, work representing Friends in coalitions - all http://quakerservice.ca/YouthJustice. www.quakerservice.ca done thanks to the generosity of To see the first email sent visit Charitable number: 13214 6549 RR0001 individual donors. We invite you to http://bit.ly/1XUQtay E-mail directory: Clerk of CFSC: [email protected] Acting General Secretary: STAY CONNECTED TO CFSC! [email protected] Finance/Indigenous Rights: E-Newsletter for once a month updates on projects and [email protected] Quakers Fostering Justice: actions. Email [email protected] to sign up. [email protected] Save the trees and postage! Switch your Quaker Concern Peace : [email protected] General enquiries: [email protected] to email, contact [email protected]

2 • Quaker Concern Revenge By Sharon Wright The day before yesterday they broke on the wheel the fiddler who had started the dance and the stealing of stamped paper; he was quartered . . . and his limbs exposed at the four corners of the town. . . . They have taken sixty townsmen and will start hanging them tomorrow. This province is a good example to the others, teaching them especially to respect the governors and their wives. . . and never to throw stones into their gardens. . . . Madame de Tarente was here yesterday in the woods in delightful weather. - from the Diary of Madame de Sévigné, 1675 his passage from the PUBLIC DOMAIN/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS seventeenth-century daybook of Punishment of William de Marisco by drawing, 13th century. TMme de Sévigné captures well criminal law, a law English speaking the feud. the casual way in which many people Canadians as well as Americans Over the centuries, the idea that the of the comfortable classes in her day inherited. We all know this Exodus understood punishment, vengeance, Crown must take the place of the blood passage, even if we don’t know the avenger found its way readily into and the threat to social order. Someone chapter and verse: eye for eye, tooth who does something wrong deserves English criminal law. The Crown for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot. provided peace and dispensed to be punished in a way that deters This is the law of the talion. other criminals from doing something vengeance or justice on behalf of the similar. At the present time in Canada Although there are many other injured party. we have the luxury of being repulsed passages which negate this expression Of course, this is oversimplified, but by the rank inequality made evident by of tit-for-tat vengeance-based justice, not wrong in broad terms. Controlling Mme de Sévigné’s enjoyment of the the simplicity of “eye for an eye” is justice was profitable. The Crown delightful weather in the woods with part of its power. If you harm you courts made a lot of money dispensing her friend, described so closely upon should be harmed. This simple belief, justice. Even better, people who her unfeeling statement that 60 which can be found in many other threatened the social order could be townsmen were to be hung for ancient laws, such as the Code of treated as personal enemies of the throwing rocks and the horrific Hammurabi, was profoundly Crown. Traitors have always been execution of “the fiddler” – as if the complicated in historical terms by the singled out for the most horrible of two events of her week held the same need to control the spread of violence public executions because the power weight. and feud within communities. of the state had to be demonstrated Although we do not draw and quarter Vengeance destabilises communities. upon their bodies for all to see. Until our criminals in Canada, we need not Unstable communities are hard to recently, most judicially mandated feel smug about our advanced dealings govern. Therefore, those who wish to corporal punishment was public for with prisoners in comparison to the govern need to control the use of the same reason. seventeenth century. Much of the vengeance and punishment. It goes without saying that the attitude expressed by Mme de Sévigné Very early in the history of English Canadian criminal code is different remains constant among Canadians, government, controlling the blood than the medieval and early modern even some Quakers. This, I believe, is feud meant you controlled the peace in law out of which it arose. However, the due to the encoding of vengeance your kingdom. Peace was necessary at desire to make an example through practices in our criminal law and in our home to maintain war abroad, because punishment, no matter how much it is opinion, both of which have been war was expensive and peaceful concealed by words like “corrections,” shaped by biblical teachings and subjects paid taxes more predictably. is surely at the bottom of statements longstanding common practice. King Edmund’s code (Anglo-Saxon like Saskatchewan Premier Brad Exodus (especially 21:24) was 10th c.) allowed blood avengers to kill Wall's about Regina prisoners on a frequently quoted in medieval and someone who murdered a member of hunger strike, “If you really don't like early modern English legal their family, but the blood avenger the prison food, there's one way to commentaries in a way that both had to be designated and no other avoid it and that's don't go to prison.” justified and fashioned British family member was allowed to pursue Continued on page 5 Quaker Concern • 3 Quaker Wisdom and Synthetic Biology by Fred Bass and Matthew Legge we can. Most articles hange can be scary. It can also are enthusiastic about be healthy. It may bring great SB, how interesting it Cdevelopments. Or catastrophe. is from a scientific Much depends on how we steward perspective, and how change. As the pace of technology- useful its medical driven change in our world applications, like accelerates, one field promising editing cells to remove particularly radical transformation is genetically inherited synthetic biology (SB). A few of its diseases, may prove to proposed applications include: a be. Some articles offer winter jacket made from engineered a cautionary note on spider webs, “de-extinction” of the potentially negative woolly mammoth, “living” shoes that consequences. repair themselves, and art composed But little of the of microorganisms edited to change coverage mentions colours like the pixels of a TV. (See that corporate profit is our brief updates about many other the main driver applications of SB at advancing this field. http://www.quakerservice.ca/ While so much SyntheticBiology). attention focuses on At the cutting edge of weird, SB uses a possible medical MATTHEW LEGGE MATTHEW suite of techniques with which many benefits, other SB An ad spotted in Toronto’s Pearson Airport seems to suggest proponents believe they can treat applications are not that humans will soon perfectly and predictably control living organisms as biological discussed to the same nature through advanced technologies. Is this the type of machines. Thus, the claim is that life degree. For example, change we want as a society? What might be the social, itself can be neatly hacked like multiple SB companies ecological, and spiritual impacts? What might go wrong? computer code to mix traits together in are working to produce new ways. But is the public's only role living organisms for interchangeable components. to accept this claim? release into the natural world to Many SB enthusiasts take pride in CFSC associate member Anne help the oil industry extract feelings of superiority and Mitchell chairs the Biotechnology currently stranded reserves. separation from natural systems. Reference Group of the Canadian In 2013, Monthly Meeting SB This is a faith-based perspective Council of Churches, bringing study groups noted the danger that that goes largely unquestioned. together several denominations who advances in SB are not motivated Any discussion of SB should share common concerns about SB. by concern for the common good. include consideration of the field’s Quakers are among the few faith Without full and comprehensive fundamental assumptions, which communities actively following public discussion, how can these also play a role in many global developments in this field and, with extreme genetic engineering problems such as over- our commitment to peace, integrity, techniques advance optimally? consumption, pollution, and climate change. equality, simplicity, and respect for all 2) Synthetic biology is faith-based. creation, we have important Many people engage in what can 3) Some SB may put us at risk. One perspectives to offer. perhaps be called the worship of Quaker Meeting put it this way, Increasingly, media attention has been technology. This technology has “When we change the biology of drawn to what the industry promises supposedly now separated itself life, we can’t know the will be the many benefits of SB. from the natural world over which consequences.” Another asked, Several potential problems also it claims dominion. As one “Are we smart enough not to kill warrant our attention: Monthly Meeting told us, “In ourselves?” 1) Media coverage does not represent nature there is a wisdom that has Friends have advocated a the reality of SB applications. unfolded beyond our capacity to precautionary approach1: that CFSC tracks as much SB news as grasp all its vital elements. We and proof of the safety of, and liability synthetic biology are not outside for, development of SB should rest nature but part of it.” Yet synthetic with those who stand to gain rather 1 See the Principles for the Oversight of Synthetic Biology, which Canadian Yearly biologists seem to operate than with the public. When the Meeting endorsed: primarily from a belief that, rather precautionary approach was raised http://www.synbioproject.org/process/assets/ than being a part of natural in 2015 online conversations files/6620/_draft/principles_for_the_oversig systems, we can reduce our world hosted by the United Nations’ ht_of_synthetic_biology.pdf to clean, predictable, and Convention on Biological

4 • Quaker Concern Continued on page 5 The next time you see an article about SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY editing human DNA or about SB Continued from page 4 PLANNED techniques like CRISPR, why not see Diversity, SB enthusiasts, if the issues raised above help you to GIVING including the government of consider and act in ways that ring true? Canada, replied that governments This rapidly-changing world, and must be careful not to stifle synthetic biology in particular, will innovation. benefit from Quaker input. We have seen little public Fred Bass, Vancouver Monthly discussion about the precautionary Meeting, is an associate member of principle. This is deeply troubling CFSC. Matthew Legge is program given that SB techniques are coordinator of CFSC’s newly renamed powerful enough to quickly Quaker Peace Committee. produce thousands of genetically edited organisms and structures, making sound regulation seemingly impossible if not done 2 Sarewitz, Daniel. “CRISPR: Science can't through a robust precautionary solve it”. Nature 522, 413–414 (25 June Giving approach. 2015). http://www.nature.com/news/crispr- “Why do we give? For most of us, it is a science-can-t-solve-it-1.17806 spiritual and moral imperative – Many inexpensive do-it-yourself and a pleasure.” (Is Your Money Working SB kits are available online. for the World?) Students and hobbyists not trying Friends donate thousands of voluntary hours to bring their work to market buy REVENGE to CFSC. Financial support – donations and such kits, so their activities go Continued from page 3 planned gifts – is equally vital to our work. unmonitored by government bodies that regulate SB products Modelling humanity to a system Make Monthly Donations seeking commercial approval. invented by medieval kings is the One of the best ways you can support While most SB organisms may be challenge we penal abolitionists face transformative justice and peace work is to harmless, how would we learn that now. There is nothing so powerful as become a Quaker Star Sustaining Donor – one is not? Even when SB the experience of being victimized and giving a donation to CFSC monthly (through organisms are deemed safe in the humiliated. It is incredibly difficult to your bank or by credit card). Many find laboratory, how can we predict move beyond the desire for revenge, to monthly contributions more manageable what would happen after accidental imagine a system of care for people (and simpler) than a larger annual gift. or deliberate environmental who harm. A system that helps them to Sustaining Donors offer CFSC the gift of release, when synthetic organisms be better people. It is even more ensuring that programs are consistently interact and evolve outside of difficult to create such a system when financed and can be delivered. Once set up, controlled conditions? it is not individuals but institutions sustaining donations cost less to administer – that perpetuate that revenge on behalf meaning more funds for the work. 4) More than experts are needed. SB of the victim. The process becomes may seem so technical that many Enrolling in the Quaker Star Sustaining focused on the offence, on the Donor Program is easy, safe, and secure. You feel unqualified to speak about it “offender” and on the vengeance without having a background in get one annual tax receipt (at year-end), and which must be fulfilled (even if we you can change your donation information at genetics. We are confident that this don’t call it that any more). The people any time – with our thanks and appreciation. should not be the case. In fact, involved in the conflict are less scientists should not, on their own, important than the principle. Donors receive Quaker Concern, our Annual shape the massive changes likely to Report, and the satisfaction that they are arise from SB. A 2015 article in CFSC’s criminal justice work focuses helping to positively transform communities. Nature, CRISPR: Science can’t on changing this punitive mindset. We What to do now? If you wish to give from solve it noted, seek systems that prevent, repair, and your bank account, mail CFSC a voided move beyond harm. Learn more on the cheque and let us know the amount you'd The idea that the risks, CFSC website and consider requesting benefits and ethical like to give. If you prefer to give via credit a CFSC member to visit your Meeting card, you can visit challenges of these emerging or other community group to discuss http://www.quakerservice.ca/support and technologies are something to issues of criminal justice and use the secure online form. All credit card be decided by experts is punishment. Contact donations are processed by wrong-headed, futile and [email protected] for more CanadaHelps.org (note: CanadaHelps self-defeating. It information. deducts a 3% administration free from your misunderstands the role of gift before sending it to CFSC). Sharon Wright is a member of Prairie science in public discussions For more information, or to receive our about technological risk.2 Monthly Meeting and serves on CFSC's Quakers Fostering Justice Planned Giving Kit, contact Jennifer Preston Many perspectives need to be heard to program committee. at 416-920-5213, or help society responsibly deal with the [email protected] vast implications of SB.

Quaker Concern • 5 GENOCIDE Continued from page 1 In order to prove genocide, one must The most glaring blemish on the Genocide must be assured an effective demonstrate that there was a specific Canadian historic record relates to legal remedy, including redress. Non- intent to destroy, in whole or in part, our treatment of the Indigenous governments have a Indigenous Peoples as such. that lived here at the time of responsibility to engage with Negligence or recklessness is not colonization. … Early laws forbade Indigenous Peoples in any future sufficient. treaty Indians from leaving decolonization process and to address allocated reservations. Starvation key unresolved issues repeatedly Specific intent to destroy Indigenous and disease were rampant. Indians raised by Indigenous Peoples. These Peoples as distinct peoples was were denied the right to vote. include affirmation of Indigenous expressed by Canada’s first Prime Religious and social traditions, like sovereignty, strengthening of Minister, John A. Macdonald, who the Potlach and the Sun Dance, Indigenous governments and other informed Parliament that a national were outlawed. Children were institutions, and revitalization of goal was, “to do away with the tribal taken from their parents and sent Indigenous cultures, languages and system and assimilate the Indian away to residential schools, where legal traditions. people in all respects with the they were forbidden to speak their inhabitants of the Dominion...”3 The factual and legal bases for native languages, forced to wear demonstrating genocide still require An Indian Affairs Department official white-man’s clothing, forced to significant research and reflection. As described the purpose of residential observe Christian religious we continue our journey towards schools, “Every effort should be practices, and not infrequently reconciliation, we must be willing to directed against anything calculated to subjected to sexual abuse…. honestly engage with the hard truths in keep fresh in the memories of children “Indianness” was not to be collaboration with Indigenous habits and associations which it is one tolerated; rather it must be Peoples. This is both a responsibility of the main objects… to obliterate eliminated. In the buzz-word of the and opportunity. It is up to all of us to [emphasis added].” day, assimilation; in the language open our hearts and minds to this of the 21st century, cultural crucial process. Specific intent is also found in the genocide. 6 1920 speech by Duncan Campbell Jennifer Preston is CFSC’s Indigenous Scott, deputy minister of Indian In its final report, the TRC raised Rights program coordinator. Paul Affairs, “I want to get rid of the Indian further concerns relating to genocide, Joffe is a lawyer who specializes in problem. … Our object is to continue “It is difficult to understand why the Indigenous Peoples’ domestic and until there is not a single Indian in forced assimilation of children through international human rights. Canada that has not been absorbed into removal from their families and 4 the body politic…” communities — to be placed with 3 Quoted in John S. Milloy, A National Crime: people of another race for the purpose The Canadian Government and the Residential In its Summary Report of the Final of destroying the race and culture from School System — 1879 to 1986 (Winnipeg, Recommendations, the TRC which the children come — is not a : Press. 1999), concluded, “For over a century, the at 6. civil wrong even though it can be 4 James R. Miller, Legal Legacy: Current Native central goals of Canada’s Aboriginal deemed an act of genocide under Controversies in Canada (Toronto: University of policy were to eliminate Aboriginal Article 2(e) of the United Nations Toronto Press, 2004) at 35. 5 Truth and Reconciliation Commission of governments; ignore Aboriginal 7 Convention on Genocide.” Canada, Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for rights; terminate the Treaties; and, the Future: Summary of the Final Report of the through a process of assimilation, Recognizing the role of genocide and Truth and Reconciliation Commission of cause Aboriginal peoples to cease to cultural genocide historically and to Canada, May 31, 2015, at 1. this day is part of the ongoing quest for 6 Rt. Hon. Beverley McLachlin, P.C., Chief exist as distinct legal, social, cultural, Justice of Canada, Reconciling Unity and religious, and racial entities in Canada. justice and reconciliation. Diversity in the Modern Era: Tolerance and The establishment and operation of Intergenerational trauma continues to Intolerance, Lecture, Aga Khan Museum, residential schools were a central be transmitted to successive Toronto, Ontario, May 28, 2015, http://www.pluralism.ca/images/PDF_docs/AP element of this policy, which can best generations of Indigenous Peoples with L2015/ be described as ‘cultural genocide.’”5 devastating consequences. Greater APL2015_ChiefJusticeBeverleyMcLachlin_Le understandings of past and ongoing cture.pdf, at 6. The Chief Justice of the Supreme genocidal actions could help clarify 7 Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Court of Canada, Beverley Canada, Canada’s Residential Schools: what remedial measures are necessary, Reconciliation, Final Report of the Truth and McLachlin, also concluded, including urgent fundamental reforms. Reconciliation Commission of Canada, (Montreal/Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2015), Volume 6, at 48. 6 • Quaker Concern Hope for war resisters by Rachel Singleton-Polster “While there may not be a light at the end of the tunnel, at least there’s now a tunnel.” This was the sentiment expressed by one attendee of a recent fundraiser and letter writing event in support of conscientious objectors, also called “war resisters.” It has been over twelve years since the first conscientious objectors to the Iraq war sought refuge in Canada. It is finally time that the federal government let them stay and put an end to the ever present fear of deportation to harsh punishment by US ALEX LISMAN military courts. L to R: Michelle Robidoux, Rachel Singleton-Polster, conscientious objector Phil McDowell, Trevor Chandler, Friends have been and Judy Gilbert at letter writing event, October 2015. engaging newly appointed Members of Parliament in much work to be done. In partnership pen or telephone and contacting your conversation on this issue, and we are with the Commission on Justice and MP. Our website has background hopeful that there is supportive Peace of the Canadian Council of information that will help you craft a dialogue underway. However, many Churches, CFSC is urging letter or form talking points for an in- of the war resisters may see their cases policymakers to take the necessary person meeting, check come to court in April, so there is still steps to let the war resisters stay. You http://www.quakerservice.ca/CO too can play a role by picking up your or contact our office.

Quaker Concern • 7 FRIENDS ON THE MOVE With many new Members of with the great array of work that must presentations on topics related to Parliament taking office following get done so CFSC can offer programs residential schools and the ongoing Canada’s 42nd federal election, this is that alleviate suffering and develop effects of colonization. One Meeting an excellent moment for all transformative and sustainable has held a community discussion Canadians to be on the move to build approaches to human rights, justice, about reconciliation, and others are relationships with their MPs and to and peace. Megan has a background seeking ways to move forward. CFSC raise issues of concern. CFSC has in education, including special has produced a booklet, entitled, Truth produced a simple double-sided education. You can contact her at and Reconciliation: A Guide for handout full of practical tips that will [email protected]. Canadian Friends, to help Meetings help you prepare for a Friendly Many local Meetings are taking and individuals along the path of meeting with your MP: action on the 94 Calls to Action reconciliation. You can read this guide http://www.quakerservice.ca/ issued by the Truth and at http://www.quakerservice.ca/ VisitingMPs Reconciliation Commission. TRCGuide or request a copy from the CFSC is pleased to welcome our new Friends are working towards CFSC office. Office Assistant Megan Shaw reconciliation by attending local (Toronto MM)! Megan will be educational events such as film working two days per week assisting screenings and community

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