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Developing New Natural Plant Products from the Spice Xylopia Aethiopica from Ghana and Liberia

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Developing New Natural Plant Products from the Spice Xylopia Aethiopica from Ghana and Liberia Journal of Medicinally Active Plants Volume 9 Issue 1 Vol 9 Issue 1 March 2020 Developing New Natural Plant Products from the Spice Xylopia aethiopica from Ghana and Liberia Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/jmap Part of the Plant Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Hwang, Larry; Laura Merja Merja; Jim Simon; and Hector R. Juliani. 2020. "Developing New Natural Plant Products from the Spice Xylopia aethiopica from Ghana and Liberia." Journal of Medicinally Active Plants 9, (1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.7275/dyvk-nz78 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/jmap/vol9/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Medicinally Active Plants by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Hwang et al.: Developing New Natural Plant Products from the Spice <em>Xylopia Developing New Natural Plant Products from the Spice Xylopia aethiopica from Ghana and Liberia Larry Hwang1, Laura Merja2, Jim Simon2, and H. Rodolfo Juliani2* 1College of Agriculture and Sustainable Development, Cuttington University, Bong County, Liberia. 2Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 59 Dudley Rd., New Brunswick, NJ., USA. *Corresponding author: [email protected] Manuscript received: March 24, 2020 Keywords: essential oils, 1,8 cineole, seed, spice, quality standards ABSTRACT diameter of 60cm it can reach 30m height with a The objective of this study was to assess the straight stem and smooth bark and branched crown. Its fruits are curved pods, containing about 15 quality and chemistry of Xylopia aethiopica pods, carpels, which are arranged in bouquets of 12-20 seeds and capsules from both Liberia and bacciferous capsules (Tairu et al., 1999). The tree Ghana. When the pods are crushed, the two flowers twice annually (March-July and October- main products include capsules and seeds, with December) while fruiting occurs in December- the seeds making up to 35% of the pods. Seeds March and June-September. The fruits are harvested are mostly black in color (68-77%) with some with the inflorescence and sun-dried for 4-7 days brown (32-23%) indicative of varying (Orwa et at., 2009). The fruits are highly aromatic, maturation within seed pods during fruit and used to spice and flavor foods as well as in ripening. Moisture of the pods was higher in the cosmetics and personal hygiene products such as samples from Ghana (10.4%) than in Liberia face creams (Ayedoun et al., 1996). The fixed oil (8.3%). Pods and seeds were low in ashes, from the seeds have been used to create shampoos protein, and fats showing low nutritional due to its high saponification value (Ajiwe et al., properties. The aromatic volatiles components of 1998). Xylopia has been used in traditional the pods, capsules, and seeds were dominated by medicine in many West African countries, including a-pinene, b-pinene and 1,8 cineole. While the Ghana and Liberia, where according to the World ripe and dried fruits are often the product of Health Organization (WHO), 80% of the population commerce, by separating out the seeds, which in those countries still use plant preparations to treat a b contain lower amounts of - and - pinene and their illnesses (Choumessi et al., 2012). higher amounts of 1,8 cineole than the whole Grinding the xylopia pods release volatile pods, the seeds by themselves could be components, responsible for the refreshing aroma of commercialized as a seed spice providing a the spice; the pods also contain other non-volatile different overall sensory profile characterized by secondary metabolites including polyphenols, less spice and pungency and more fresh notes. flavonoids, tannins, and saponins; and sterols such INTRODUCTION as sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol Xylopia, Xylopia aethiopica, one of 150 species (Ezekwesili et al., 2010). in the Annonaceae family, is native to savanna The essential oil of xylopia is known to contain zones of West Africa and now naturalized across more than 100 different aromatic volatiles. In one North Africa. As a medium-sized tree with a trunk study, the aroma volatiles in the oil from the pods 14 Journal of Medicinally Active Plants Vol. 9, Iss. 1 [2020] contained principally β-pinene (18%), terpinen-4-ol Liberia. Botanical authentication was conducted by (8.9%), sabinene (7.2%), α-terpineol (4.1%), 1, 8- local botanical experts. Pods were cracked manually cineole (2.5%), mytenol (2.4%), and kaurane with the help of a mortar, pods were weighed before derivatives (4.2%) (El-Kamali and Adam, 2009). the analysis, then the parts (seeds and capsules) Samples from Ghana showed a similar composition were weighed to determine percentage mass with high levels of a-pinene (8%), b-pinene (19%), distribution. Moisture, total ashes, total phenol, 1,8 cineole (12%), sabinol (5%) and mirtenol (7%). crude fats, and proteins were determined (Food The profile was dominated by monoterpenes Chemical Codex, 1996; Juliani et al., 2009), with a (>75%) with lower amounts of sesquiterpenes modification of a protocol to determine crude fats (<8%) (Juliani et al., 2008a). by hexane extraction using a soxhlet apparatus. Bulk density was determined by weighing a volume Xylopia extracts were reported to have potential of seeds in a graduated cylinder (10 mL), a applications in food preservation and considered to procedure based on a protocol developed for black be generally of low toxicity and environmentally pepper (IPC, 2020). safe (Fetse et al., 2016). Xylopia has been studied The composition of volatile oils was determined for its potential as an antioxidant in foods (Adegoke by static headspace using 20 mL vials with 100 mg et al., 2003). Studies on the fruits essential oil of of ground xylopia pod parts. One mL of the xylopia have shown a variety of mono-and headspace was injected into a gas chromatograph sesquiterpenes, with the main compounds varying (GC-2010 Plus) coupled to a mass spectrometer depending on the geographical location and time of (MS) (Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer harvest (Karioti et al., 2004). Studies confirmed that GCMS-TQ8040 System). Samples were injected essential oils from the dry fruit collected in Egypt, with an autosampler (AOC-6000 Series), at an Benin and Mali contained high levels of the injection temperature of 250 °C, in an SH-Rxi-5Sil monoterpenes β-pinene and 1,8-cineole (Karioti et MS Column (30 m × 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 µm film al., 2004). Dried fruits collected in Benin contain thickness). The heating temperature for the the monoterpene sabinene, while the fruits from headspace vial was 70 °C for 5 mins with agitation. Egypt are rich in the monoterpene 4-terpineol GC oven temperature program was set at 35°C, rate (Karioti et al., 2004). Other studies have also at 4 °C/min up to 220 °C, held for 5 min. Helium reported contents of diterpenes such as 13- constant flow was set at 1 ml/min. Individual peak epimanoyl oxide, kaur-16-ene (Elhassan et al., identifications were made by their mass spectra and 2010) and xylopic acid (Woode et al., 2012). An retention indices (Juliani et al., 2008b). ethnobotanical survey showed that xylopia is one of the most used Non-Timber Forest Products in Liberia (Juliani et al., 2012). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The objective of this study was to assess the The color of the pods of Xylopia aethiopica chemistry and quality of xylopia pods and their from Ghana and Liberia were typically dark to separated parts (e.g. seed and capsule), of samples black-brown, with both samples having spicy and coming from Liberia and Ghana. As volatiles from fresh notes. Traditionally, the whole pods of xylopia the seeds has been scarcely studied, this work is part are grounded and added to foods as a spice. To find of an endeavor to identify new uses and applications new uses and applications of this spice, the possibility of using only the seeds as a product was for African plant products such as xylopia, given a core objective. We observed that the seeds made that the chemical composition relates directly to the up to 34.7% in the pods from Ghana, while 24.7% aroma, taste, and bioactivity of a spice. in the pods from Liberia (Table 1), values were not MATERIALS AND METHODS significantly different from each other. We also Two sets of samples from Liberia and Ghana observed two types of seed color, black seeds were obtained from local markets in Ghana and (68.61% and 76.78%) being the highest amount of 15 Hwang et al.: Developing New Natural Plant Products from the Spice <em>Xylopia seeds compared to brown seeds (31.39% and particles (soil, sand and other unwanted materials) 23.28%) in samples from Liberia and Ghana, (1.5%) as compared to the Liberian samples respectively (Table 2). Foreign and fine particles (1.27%) (Table 2), though differences were not were assessed from the seeds (Table 1). Samples significant. from Ghana showed higher amounts of foreign Table 1. Mass percentage distribution of Xylopia aethiopica seeds in pods from Liberia and Ghana. Ghana Liberia P value Mass percentage (%, g/100g)1 (%, g/100g) Total amount of seeds (%) 34.72 ± 1.262 24.78 ± 1.77 0.19 Black seeds to whole fruit 26.63 ± 0.32 16.92 ± 0.09 0.03* Brown seeds to whole fruit 8.11 ± 0.92 7.86 ± 1.68 0.94 Black seeds to total amount of seeds 76.78 ± 1.86 68.61 ± 4.54 0.42 Brown seeds to total amount of seeds 23.28 ± 1.80 31.39 ± 4.54 0.42 Foreign particle 1.48 ± 0.96 1.27 ± 0.26 0.81 Fine particle 0.03 ± 0.01 0.008 ± 0.003 0.07 1Percentage, g/100 g dry weight 2Mean ± Standard error.
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