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Efficacy of Aqueous Extract of Xylopia Aethiopica Whole Fruits on Experimental Ascaridia Galli Infection in Guinea Fowl Keets (Numida Meleagris Galeata Palas)

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Efficacy of Aqueous Extract of Xylopia Aethiopica Whole Fruits on Experimental Ascaridia Galli Infection in Guinea Fowl Keets (Numida Meleagris Galeata Palas) EFFICACY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF XYLOPIA AETHIOPICA WHOLE FRUITS ON EXPERIMENTAL ASCARIDIA GALLI INFECTION IN GUINEA FOWL KEETS (NUMIDA MELEAGRIS GALEATA PALAS) BY NIZAM IKIRA MUSTAPHA DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA AUGUST, 2016 i ii EFFICACY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF XYLOPIA AETHIOPICA WHOLE FRUITS ON EXPERIMENTAL ASCARIDIA GALLI INFECTION IN GUINEA FOWL KEETS (NUMIDA MELEAGRIS GALEATAPALAS) BY Nizam Ikira MUSTAPHA, DVM (UDUS) 2009 (M.Sc/Vet-Med/27768/2012-2013) A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFULMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A MASTER DEGREE IN AVIAN MEDICINE. DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA AUGUST, 2016 iii DECLARATION I declare that the work in this Dissertation entiltled “Efficacy of Aqueous Extract of Xylopia aethiopica Whole Fruits on Experimental Ascaridia galli Infection in Guinea Fowl Keets (Numida meleagris galeataPalas)” has been performed by me in the Department of Veterinary Medicine. The information derived from the literature has been duly acknowledged in the text and a list of references provided. No part of this Dissertation was previously presented for another degree or diploma at this or any other Institution. Nizam Ikira MUSTAPHA ……………………….. …….………………… Signature Date iv CERTIFICATION This Dissertation entitled “EFFICACY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF XYLOPIA AETHIOPICA WHOLE FRUITS ON EXPERIMENTAL ASCARIDIA GALLI INFECTION IN GUINEA FOWL KEETS (NUMIDA MELEAGRIS GALEATAPALAS)”by Ikira Nizam MUSTAPHA meets the regulations governing the award of the degree of Master of Science of Ahamadu Bello University, and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. Dr. A. M. Wakawa Chairman, Supervisory Committee Signature Date Professor L. Sai‟du Member, Supervisory Committee Signature Date Professor S. B. Oladele Member, Supervisory Committee Signature Date Professor L. B. Tekdek ______ Head of Department Signature Date Professor K. Bala ______ Dean, School of Postgraduates Studies Signature Date v ACKNOWLEDEMENTS All praise and glory be to Allah (S.W.A), for giving me the life, health and courage to carry out this research work. May His bountiful mercies be upon the holy prophet Muhammad (S.A.W). My profound gratitude goes to my supervisors, Dr. A. M. Wakawa, Professors L. Sai‟du and S. B. Oladele for their relentless professional and moral support towards the actualization of this research. May the God almighty increase their knowledge, wisdom and good health. I am highly indebted to my beloved wife Asma‟u Ahmad Balarabe and my son Ahmad Nizam for their support and patience during the course of this study. May Allah (S.W.A) bless them abundantly. My special gratitude goes to my beloved parents and all my siblings for their kind prayers, patience and support during the course of this research. May Allah (S.W.A) out of His bountiful mercies bless them abundantly. I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the Head of Departments and Technical Staff of Departments of Parasitology and Entomology and Phamacology and Toxicology, of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ahmadu Bello University Zaria and to all the Technical Staff of Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. I also wish to acknowledge Dr. K.H. Yusuf for all the technical assistance she gave to me during the course of this research. My gratitude also goes for all the technical support they gave me during the research. I wish to also express my sincere gratitude to all the staff of Livestock Section, Samaru College of Agriculture, Division of Agricultural Colleges, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, for their prayers. I sincerely acknowledge the contributions of all those who in one way or the other played a role in the successful completion of this work whose names have not been specifically mentioned. vi ABSTRACT The major control strategy adopted against helminth parasites in Nigeria is the use of conventional anthelminthics. However, the high cost of modern anthelminthics has limited their use in rural areas, coupled with the emergence of resistant strains of pathogenic helminthes. It was against this background that the desire to search for alternative additional chemotherapeutic agents that this study was initiated; to evaluate the effects of Xylopia aethiopica (Xa) whole fruit extract on anthelminthic efficacy, haematological and biochemical parameters in guinea fowl keets experimentally infected with Ascaridia galli. One hundred guinea fowl keets were randomly assigned to five groups (I, II, III, IV and V) of 20 birds each. Each Keet in groups I, II, III, and IV was inoculated with 700 infective A. galli eggs contained in 0.4 ml normal saline, while keets in group V were uninfected and untreated. Before administration, toxicity study was conducted on the Xa fruit extract. At 3 weeks post-infection and 3 days after first detection of A. galli, keets in groups I and II were treated with 2,000 mg/litre and 4,000 mg/litre of Xa, respectively, while those in group III were treated with 1,000mg/litre of piperazine (as reference standard) for three days. The efficacy of the Xa and piperazine were determined based on percentage deparasitization (postmortem worm count). Blood samples were collected through the wing vein of three keets from each group for haematological and serum biochemical analyses. Packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb)and erythrocyte count were determined by the microhaematocrit, cyanmethaemoglobin and haemocytometry methods respectively. Serum biochemical assay was carried out for Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase (AST) and total serum albumin (ALB)on samples from all groups. The LD50 of the Xa extract was above 5000 mg/kg. There was significant difference (p<0.05) in the egg per gram count between all groups post treatment. The percentage vii deparasitization observed in groups I, II and III were 25.5%, 44.4% and 100%, respectively. Increases in PCV and Hb concentration were observed post-treatment with aqueous extract of Xawhole fruit in A. galli-infected keets in groups I (38.7 ± 1.25 %) and II (38.2 ± 1.03 %) when compared to infected/untreated keets in group IV (34.3 ± 3.42 %). Decreases in serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels were also observed post-treatment of keets inA. galli-infected groups I (67.2 ± 7.12 u/l and 3.8 ± 0.37 u/l) and II (74.0 ± 9.13 u/l and 3.6 ± 0.24 u/l) when compared to the values in infected/untreated keets in group IV (81.6 ± 4.76 u/l and 4.4 ± 0.87 u/l), respectively.It was concluded that the XAwhole fruit aqueous extract used in this study has a dose-dependent anthelminthic effect on A. galli in guinea fowls and was able to reduce the severity of the effect of A. galli infection on the haematological and serum biochemical parameters.The use of aqueous extract of Xylopia aethiopica whole fruits as an anthelmintic remedy especially in rural poultry is recommended. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover Page……………………………………………………………………………. i Fly Page………………………………………………………………………………. ii Title Page……………………………………………………………………………… iii Declaration……………………………………………………………………………. iv Certification…………………………………………………………………………… v Acknowledgements..………………………………………………………………….. vi Abstract………………………………………………………………………………... vii Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………… ix List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………. xv List of Tables………………………………………………………………………….. xvi List of Plates…………………………………………………………………………… xvii List of Appendices……………………………………………………………………… xviii List of Abbreviations…………………………………………………..……………….. xix 1.0 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………....................... 1 1.1 Study Background………………………………………………………………… 1 1.2 Statement of Research Problems…………………………………………………. 3 1.3 Justification of the Study…………………………………………………………. 4 1.4 Aim of the Study………………………………………………………………….. 5 1.5 Objectives of the Study…………………………………………………………… 5 1.6 Research Questions………………………………………………………………… 5 ix 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………… 6 2.1 The Guinea Fowl………………………………………………………………..….. 6 2.1.1 General Introduction……………………………………………………………... 6 2.1.2Origin and Distribution……………………………………………………………. 8 2.1.3Advantages of Guinea Fowl over Chickens……………………………………… 8 2.1.4Breeds of Guinea Fowls…………………………………………………………... 10 2.1.4.1 Pearl variety……………………………………………………………………… 10 2.1.4.2 The white-breasted variety………………………………………………………. 11 2.1.4.3 The lavender variety…………………………………………………………….. 11 2.1.4.4 The crested and plumed guinea fowl…………………………………………… 12 2.1.4.5 The plumed variety……………………………………………………………… 12 2.1.4.6 The white variety………………………………………………………………… 12 2.1.4.7 The vulturine guinea fowl……………………………………………………….. 13 2.1.5 Production Systems of Guinea Fowls…………………………………………… 13 2.1.5.1 Extensive (free range) system…………………………………………………… 14 2.1.5.2 Semi intensive system…………………………………………………………… 14 2.1.5.3 Intensive system…………………………………………………………………. 15 2.1.6 Sexing of Guinea Fowls…………………………………………………………. 16 2.1.7 Breeding of Guinea fowls……………………………………………………….. 17 2.1.8 Egg Production………………………………………………………………….. 18 2.1.8.1 Egg Incubation………………………………………………………………….. 18 2.1.8.1.1 Natural incubation………………………………………………………. 18 2.1.8.1.2 Artificial incubation…………………………………………………….. 19 x 2.1.9 Keets Brooding…………………………………………………………………. 19 2.1.9.1 Natural brooding of keets………………………………………………………. 20 2.1.9.2
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