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From Bush Yams to Kola Nuts: the Role of Non-Timber Forest Products (Ntfps) in Rural Livelihoods Around the Gola Rainforest National Park, Sierra Leone

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From Bush Yams to Kola Nuts: the Role of Non-Timber Forest Products (Ntfps) in Rural Livelihoods Around the Gola Rainforest National Park, Sierra Leone From Bush Yams to Kola Nuts: The Role of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Rural Livelihoods Around the Gola Rainforest National Park, Sierra Leone. Thomas Meijer | Wageningen University | April 2020 Master Thesis In partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master International Development Studies (MID) Development Economics Group (DEC) For Wageningen University and Research Title: From Bush Yams to Kola Nuts: The Role of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Rural Livelihoods Around the Gola Rainforest National Park, Sierra Leone. Cover photograph: taken by the author; “Fawei seed found in the forest in Malema chiefdom”. Date: 10 April 2020 By: Thomas Meijer Registration number: 950906-568-040 Course code: DEC-80436 Supervisors dr.ir. MJ (Maarten) Voors Associate Professor Development Economics Group Wageningen University and Research M (Mandy) Malan MSc PhD Candidate Development Economics Group Wageningen University and Research P (Paul) Hofman MSc PhD Candidate Development Economics Group Wageningen University and Research ii Abstract Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) have received a lot of attention from researchers and policymakers in the past three decades for their potential as a conservation and development tool. So too in Sierra Leone, where local communities living around the Gola Rainforest National Park (GRNP) frequently collect NTFPs. Yet, little is known about the exact role that these products play in local livelihoods. This thesis explores the function of NTFPs in consumption, income generation and as a social safety-net. The research employs mixed methods by primarily combining quantitative cross-sectional data from a random sample of households around the GRNP with qualitative data gathered during fieldwork and taken from secondary sources. The data are used to give an overview of the types of NTFPs, where they are found, who uses them and for what purpose. Next to this descriptive approach, multiple regression analysis is employed to find correlations between covariate and idiosyncratic shocks to households and the collection and sale of NTFPs. The results show that most households collected and consumed NTFPs as food, medicine and building materials, though there is a lot of heterogeneity in the use of different NTFPs and the frequency of their collection. A third of households sold NTFPs, indicating that the income generating function plays a mostly complementary role for only a subset of households. The regression analysis shows a negative correlation between covariate shocks and engagement with NTFPs. Only when considering NTFP categories separately, collection of certain NTFPs is significantly positively correlated idiosyncratic shocks, while the sales of some NTFPs is negatively correlated with these shocks. Overall, households tend to rely on borrowing money or selling assets to deal with shocks, with only a seemingly limited or no role for NTFPs. Keywords: non-timber forest products (NTFPs), livelihoods, consumption, income generation, social safety-net, covariate and idiosyncratic shocks, conservation, Gola Rainforest, Sierra Leone iii Table of contents List of tables................................................................................................................................................ vi List of figures ............................................................................................................................................. vii Table of appendices .................................................................................................................................. viii List of abbreviations .................................................................................................................................. ix Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................... x 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 11 2. Literature review .................................................................................................................................. 14 2.1 What are NTFPs? .............................................................................................................................. 14 2.2 Role of NTFPs in livelihoods............................................................................................................ 16 2.2.1 NTFPs for consumption ............................................................................................................. 16 2.2.2 NTFPs as a source of income ..................................................................................................... 17 2.2.3 NTFPs as a social safety-net ...................................................................................................... 17 2.3 Conservation ..................................................................................................................................... 19 2.4 Relevance .......................................................................................................................................... 20 3. Theoretical and conceptual framework .............................................................................................. 21 4. Context and Study Site ......................................................................................................................... 23 4.1 Background of the study and study site ............................................................................................ 23 4.2 NTFPs in the context of Gola Rainforest .......................................................................................... 25 4.2.1 Gathered foods ........................................................................................................................... 25 4.2.2 Building materials ...................................................................................................................... 26 4.2.3 Medicine .................................................................................................................................... 27 5. Descriptive analysis ............................................................................................................................... 28 5.1 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................... 28 5.1.1 Data used .................................................................................................................................... 28 5.1.2 Analysis strategy ........................................................................................................................ 30 5.2 Results ................................................................................................................................................... 32 5.1.1 Hunted or trapped food .............................................................................................................. 38 5.1.2 Vegetables .................................................................................................................................. 41 5.1.3 Fruit ............................................................................................................................................ 44 5.1.4 Building materials ...................................................................................................................... 47 5.1.4 Other gathered foods .................................................................................................................. 50 6. Correlation analysis .............................................................................................................................. 52 iv 6.1 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................... 52 6.1.1 Data used .................................................................................................................................... 52 6.1.2 Dependent variables ................................................................................................................... 52 6.1.3 Independent variables ................................................................................................................ 53 6.1.4 Hypotheses ................................................................................................................................. 56 6.1.5 Analysis strategy ............................................................................................................................ 57 6.2 Testing hypotheses on the social safety-net function ........................................................................ 60 6.2.1 Hypothesis 1: NTFP engagement and covariate and idiosyncratic shocks ................................ 62 6.2.2 Hypothesis 2: interaction effect between shocks and forest abundance .................................... 67 6.2.3 Hypothesis 3: interaction effect shocks and market access........................................................ 69 6.2.4 Hypothesis 4: interaction effect covariate and idiosyncratic shocks and assets......................... 71 7. Discussion and limitations ...................................................................................................................... 73
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