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Phytotherapic Potentials of Xylopia Aethiopica Dried Fruits (Grains of Selim) As Additive in Broiler Production

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Phytotherapic Potentials of Xylopia Aethiopica Dried Fruits (Grains of Selim) As Additive in Broiler Production Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A 5 (2015) 122-129 doi: 10.17265/2161-6256/2015.02.006 D DAVID PUBLISHING Phytotherapic Potentials of Xylopia aethiopica Dried Fruits (Grains of Selim) as Additive in Broiler Production Jonathan Ogagaoghene Isikwenu and John Ewomazino Udomah Department of Animal Science, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Asaba 320001, Nigeria Abstract: Xylopia aethiopica dried fruits (grains of selim) as an additive in starter broilers production was investigated. For this purpose, a total of 195-day old broiler chicks (Arbor acres) were randomly allocated into five treatments groups with 39 chicks and three replicates of 13 chicks in each. Blended grains of selim was given through drinking water on treatments T2, T3, T4 and T5 at concentrations of 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 g/L, while chicks on treatment T1 (control) received antibiotics (Doxy-gen 20/20 WSP: Doxycycline hyclate 200 mg and Gentamicine sulfate 200 mg) at 0.3 g/L of water. All the experimental chicks were fed ad libitum with diet containing 23% crude protein and 2,851.55 kcal/kg metabolizable energy for 28 d. The results revealed that there were similarities (P > 0.05) in final body weight, total weight gain, daily weight gain, total feed intake, daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio among the treatments. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences in the microbial count of faeces before the birds received antibiotics and grains of selim, but count were similar (P > 0.05) after grains of selim and antibiotics were administered. Cost of total feed consumed, cost of per kg feed and cost of per kg weight were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in treatment T1, but cost differential and relative cost benefit were similar (P > 0.05). Results indicate that grains of selim have antimicrobial and anthelminthic properties, and promote growth in broiler chickens. Key words: Anthelminthic, antibiotics, antimicrobial, broiler chicks, growth promoters, phytotherapic, Xylopia aethiopica dried fruits (grains of selim). 1. Introduction used in animal production, there is now increased interest in poultry production without using antibiotics Xylopia aethiopica is a slim, tall, evergreen, and other drugs [3]. It is becoming evident that in aromatic tree, growing up to 20 m high and belonging raising animals, a more nutrition-based health strategy to the order Magnoliales and family Annonaceae. It is must now be used in future development of animal widely cultivated in West, Central and Southern of production [3]. It has been found that some herbs, Africa. In West of Africa, the trees flower twice spices and extracts stimulate feed intake and annually (March-July and October-December), while endogenous secretions, or possess antimicrobial, fruiting occurs in December-March and coccidiostatic or anthelminthic properties [3, 4]. Many June-September [1]. The dried fruits of Xylopia herbal products and their extracts have enhanced aethiopica (grains of selim) have long been used as a broiler performance and resulted in growth-promoting spice in food and as herbal medicine. Nowadays, effects [4]. It has been opined that herbes, spices and poultry scientists are becoming more concern on the their extracts could serve as important natural residual effect of synthetic antibiotics in broiler alternatives to the antibiotic growth promoters products. It has been reported that in modern day currently in use [5]. The increasing price of antibiotics consumers are now paying much more attention to the and other drugs in addition to the residual effects of quality and safety of poultry products they eat [2]. As their use has made poultry scientist to go into research a result of reports on residual effects of antibiotics to find out natural herbal plant, which could serve as Corresponding author: Jonathan Ogagaoghene Isikwenu, cheap and good alternative to synthetic antibiotics. Ph.D., associate professor, research field: animal nutrition. This study is designed to investigate the effect of E-mail: [email protected]. Phytotherapic Potentials of Xylopia aethiopica Dried Fruits (Grains of Selim) as Additive in Broiler 123 Production Xylopia aethiopic dried fruits (grains of selim) as an pestled, milled, homogenized and then passed through additive in starter broiler production. a standard 2 mm sieve to remove any fibre material. Graded weights of 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 g grains of 2. Materials and Methods selim were dissolved in 1 L of water each for more 2.1 Experimental Location than 10 h and then given to chicks in treatments T2, T3, T4 and T5 as their drinking water; while chicks in This research work was performed in the Poultry treatment T1 (control) were given antibiotics Research Unit, Department of Animal Science, Delta (Doxy-gen 20/20 WSP: Doxycycline hyclate 200 mg State University, Asaba Campus, Nigeria. and Gentamicine sulfate 200 mg) in their water (0.3 g/L). 2.2 Experimental Birds and Management Grains of selim and antibiotic were supplied to chicks for 5 d in drinking water. The proximate and A total of 195-day old broiler chicks (Arbor acres phytochemical compositions of Xylopia aethiopica dried strain), weighing from 84 g to 95 g after an adjustment fruits are presented in Table 1. The composition of the period of 3 d, were used in this study. The starter broiler chicks diet are presented in Table 2. experimental treatments were carried out for four weeks (28 d). The birds were managed in a deep litter 2.5 Measurements house of 15 experimental units with dimensions of The birds were weighed weekly on replicate basis 2.04 m 2.03 m per unit. Feed and water were to obtain body weight development and body weight provided ad libitum, while necessary vaccinations gain; while feed intake and mortality were also were given. recorded on replicate basis weekly. Feed conversion, 2.3 Experimental Design which is a ratio of feed consumed and the weight gained over a specific period, was also calculated. The broiler chicks were randomly allocated into Faecal samples were collected from each replicate for five treatment groups with three replicates on equal microbial identification and population count before weight basis in a completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment group was made up of 39 and after administering grains of selim and antibiotics. broiler chicks and 13 chicks per replicate. Faecal samples were collected on the 6th day after 5 d of administering antibiotics and grains of selim. Fresh 2.4 Experimental Diets faecal droppings were totally collected in each replicate All the experimental birds were fed on the same unit early in the morning and homogenized (wet) by isocaloric and isonitrogenous diet, containing 23% mixing. 1 g of the wet faecal samples from each crude protein and 2,851.55 kcal/kg metabolisable replicates were emulsified in a drop of normal saline on energy. Finely homogenized powder grains of selim a microscopic slide and covered with a cover slip. The was obtained, which was pulverized with mortar and samples were then examined with 10 objective lens Table 1 Proximate and phytochemical compositions of Xylopia aethiopica dried fruits. Proximate compositions Value (%) Phytochemical test Results Dry matter 87.95 Alkaloid ++ Ash 5.84 Flavonoid +++ Crude fibre 10.51 Tannin ++++ Crude protein 2.73 Steroid ++ Ether extract 9.9 Carbohydrate + Nitrogen free extract 58.97 Saponin + + = slightly present; ++ = moderately present; +++ = present; ++++ = strongly present. 124 Phytotherapic Potentials of Xylopia aethiopica Dried Fruits (Grains of Selim) as Additive in Broiler Production Table 2 Composition of experimental broiler starter diet. T1* T2** T3** T4** T5** Ingredients (Control) 0.4 g/L 0.6 g/L 0.8 g/L 1.0 g/L Maize 54.50 54.50 54.50 54.50 54.50 Soyabean cake 21.00 21.00 21.00 21.00 21.00 Groundnut cake 12.50 12.50 12.50 12.50 12.50 Fish meal 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 Wheat offal 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Bone meal 3.40 3.40 3.40 3.40 3.40 Oyster shell 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 Salt 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 Premix1 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Methionine 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 Lysine 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 Total 100 100 100 100 100 Calculated analysis (%) Crude protein 23.10 23.10 23.10 23.10 23.10 Crude fibre 3.64 3.64 3.64 3.64 3.64 Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg) 2,851.55 2,851.55 2,851.55 2,851.55 2,851.55 Determined analysis (%) Dry matter 89.92 89.92 89.92 89.92 89.92 Ash 10.73 10.73 10.73 10.73 10.73 Crude fibre 7.74 7.74 7.74 7.74 7.74 Crude protein 23.04 23.04 23.04 23.04 23.04 Ether extract 2.65 2.65 2.65 2.65 2.65 Nitrogen free extract 45.76 45.76 45.76 45.76 45.76 *Antibiotic (Doxy-gen 20/20 WSP: Doxycycline hyclate 200 mg and Gentamicine sulfate 200 mg); **grains of selim. 1Each 2.5 kg of starter vitamine-mineral premix (Bio-organic Nutrient Systems Limited, Nigeria) provided the following vitamins and minerals: VA, 10,000,000.00 µg; VD3, 2,000,000.00 µg; VE, 23,000.00 µg; VK3, 2,000.00 mg; VB1, 1,800.00 mg; VB2, 5,500.00 mg; niacin, 27,500.00 mg; pantothenic acid, 7,500.00 mg; VB6, 3,000.00 mg; VB12, 15.00 mg; folic acid, 750.00 mg; biotin, 60.00 mg; choline chloride, 300,000.00 mg; cobalt, 200.00 mg; Cu, 3,000.00 mg; I, 1,000.00 mg; Fe, 20 mg; Mn, 40,000.00 mg; Se, 200.00 mg; Zn, 30,000.00 mg; antioxidant, 1,250.00 mg.
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