DOCSLIB.ORG

Copper Oxosulphates from Fumaroles of Tolbachik Volcano

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Copper Oxosulphates from Fumaroles of Tolbachik Volcano Eur. J. Mineral. 2017, 29, 499–510 Published online 10 January 2017 Copper oxosulphates from fumaroles of Tolbachik volcano: puninite, Na2Cu3O(SO4)3 – a new mineral species and structure refinements of kamchatkite and alumoklyuchevskite 1,* 1 2 1 OLEG I. SIIDRA ,EVGENII V. NAZARCHUK ,ANATOLY N. ZAITSEV ,EVGENIYA A. LUKINA , 1 3 4 1 EVGENIYA Y. AVDONTSEVA ,LIDIYA P. VERGASOVA ,NATALIA S. VLASENKO ,STANISLAV K. FILATOV , 5 3 RICK TURNER and GENNADY A. KARPOV 1 Department of Crystallography, St. Petersburg State University, University emb. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Mineralogy, St. Petersburg State University, University emb. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia 3 Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bulvar Piypa 9, 683006 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Russia 4 Research Park, Resource Centre Geomodel, St. Petersburg State University, University emb. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia 5 The Drey, Allington Track, Allington, Salisbury SP4 0DD, Wiltshire, UK Abstract: Typical characteristics of many anhydrous sulphates of exhalative origin at fumaroles at the Second scoria cone of the Northern Breakthrough of the Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption, Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Russia, are the presence of additional oxygen atoms (Oa) in the composition. Recent field works on the fumaroles of the Second scoria cone in 2014 and 2015 resulted in discovery of a new mineral species, puninite, and collection of fresh alumoklyuchevskite and kamchatkite samples which allowed the re-refinement of crystal structures. The crystal structure of kamchatkite, KCu3O(SO4)2Cl, was solved and refined in Pnma 3 space group (a = 9.755(2), b = 7.0152(15), c = 12.886(3) Å, V = 881.8(3) Å , R1 = 0.021), whereas alumoklyuchevskite, K3Cu3 AlO2(SO4)4, is triclinic, P1(a = 4.952(3), b = 11.978(6), c = 14.626(12) Å, a = 87.119(9), b = 80.251(9), g = 78.070(9)°, V = 836.3 3 (9) Å , R1 = 0.049) in contrast to previously reported data. The new mineral puninite, ideally Na2Cu3O(SO4)3, was found in sublimates of Glavnaya Tenoritovaya fumarole. The mineral is named in honor of the Russian crystallographer Yurii Olegovich Punin (1941–2014). Puninite is closely associated with lammerite-b, tenorite, hematite and anhydrite. Puninite is emerald-green in colour. It is biaxial, optically positive, a = 1.587(2), b = 1.611(2), g = 1.649(2), 2Vcalc =60°. The mineral is soluble in water. The empirical formula of puninite based on 13 O atoms is (Na1.76K0.08)S1.84(Cu2.97Zn0.04)S3.01(SO4)3.02O0.92. Puninite is the first Na-dominant copper oxosulfate mineral observed on Second scoria cone. It is monoclinic, C2/c, a = 17.41(1), b = 9.39(1), c = 14.40(1) Å, b = 112.04(7)°, V = 2183(2) Å3, Z = 8. The eight strongest lines of the X-ray powder diffraction pattern are (I-d-hkl): 100-8.058-200, 18.88-6.675- 002, 28.47-6.466- 202, 14.1-4.398-202, 17.37-4.247- 113, 33.89-3.839- 022, 29.15-2.854- 224, 14.95-2.724- 024. Puninite is structurally related to euchlorine, NaKCu3O (SO4)3 and to fedotovite, K2Cu3O(SO4)3. The unit-cell a parameter value is very sensitive to the K-Na ratio in “euchlorine group” 8þ minerals. The crystal structure of puninite (R1 = 0.035) is based on oxocentred [O2Cu6] dimers. Four sulphate tetrahedra are ‘face- to-face’ attached to the dimers, whereas the other sulphate tetrahedral groups provide their linkage in two dimensions. The structural architecture of all the copper-oxosulphate exhalative minerals described in this paper can be described as being organized via a “host– guest” principle. Key-words: puninite; new mineral; kamchatkite; alumoklyuchevskite; sulphates; oxocentred tetrahedra; volcanic exhalations; crystal structure; host–guest structures; Second scoria cone; Tolbachik. 1. Introduction great variety of sulphate minerals. Most of these minerals are anhydrous, in contrast to the majority of known Fumarolic activity taking place after the Great Tolbachik sulphate minerals which contain additional water mole- Fissure eruption (GTFE) that occurred in 1975–1976 in cules or hydroxyl groups (Alpers et al., 2000). To date, Kamchatka peninsula, Russia (Fedotov and Markhinin, more than 20 sulphate mineral species have been 1983; Vergasova and Filatov, 2012) is characterized by the discovered in fumaroles of the Second scoria cone, eschweizerbart_xxx 0935-1221/17/0029-2619 $ 5.40 DOI: 10.1127/ejm/2017/0029-2619 © 2017 E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, D-70176 Stuttgart 500 O.I. Siidra et al. Northern Breakthrough, GTFE. Typical characteristics of The new mineral puninite, Na2Cu3O(SO4)3, was also many anhydrous sulphates of exhalative origin at this discovered in fresh samples collected by O.I.S. and E.A.L. locality are the presence of additional oxygen atoms in the Glavnaya Tenoritovaya fumarole in 2014. Puninite (Oa) in the composition: for example, piypite, K4Cu4 (Cyrillic: пун4н4т) is named in honour of Professor Yurii O2(SO4)4·(Na,Cu)Cl (Filatov & Vergasova, 1989); fedo- Olegovich Punin (Юр46 О:егов4ч Пун4н) (1941–2014), tovite, K2Cu3O(SO4)3, euchlorine, KNaCu3O(SO4)3 who worked for 45 years at Department of Crystallogra- (Vergasova et al., 1988a); kamchatkite, KCu3OCl(SO4)2 phy, St. Petersburg State University, Russia. Yurii Punin 3þ (Vergasova et al., 1988b); klyuchevskite, K3Cu3Fe O2 was an outstanding scientist in the field of Crystallography (SO4)4 (Vergasova et al., 1989); alumoklyuchevskite, and Crystal Growth. The mineral and mineral name have K3Cu3AlO2(SO4)4 (Gorskaya et al., 1995); dolerophanite, been approved by the Commission on New Minerals and Cu2O(SO4)(Effenberger, 1985); nabokoite, Cu7TeO4(SO4)5· Mineral Names of the International Mineralogical 3þ 3þ KCl (Popova et al.,1987); atlasovite, Cu6Fe Bi Association (2015-012). Type material is deposited in O4(SO4)5·KCl (Popova et al.,1987); vergasovaite, Cu3O the collections of the Mineralogical Museum, Department [(Mo,S)O4)](SO4)(Bykova et al.,1998); wulffite, K3NaCu4 of Mineralogy, St Petersburg State University, St O2(SO4)4, and parawulffite, K5Na3Cu8O4(SO4)8 (Pekov Petersburg, Russia, catalogue number 19638. et al.,2014); cryptochalcite, K2Cu5O(SO4)5 (Pekov et al., 2015c), which all contain O atoms that do not participate in 2À 2. Locality and occurrence strongly bonded (SO4) complexes. Volcanic gases of the GTFE are enriched in copper (Meniaylov et al.,1980) Puninite, kamchatkite and alumoklyuchevskite were and many of the sulphate minerals contain this metal as found in the Glavnaya Tenoritovaya fumarole (Pekov essential component, with consequent formation of et al., 2015a) on the Second scoria cone of the Northern unique mineral assemblages. The Oa atoms in the Breakthrough of the GTFE on Kamchatka peninsula, structures of such sulphate minerals are tetrahedrally Russia. The Second scoria cone is located 18 km SSW of coordinated by Cu, with formation of oxocentered OCu4 the active volcano Ploskiy Tolbachik. The temperature of tetrahedra (Krivovichev et al., 2013) polymerized into a gases in the sampling location was about 320 °C. Puninite variety of structural units with different dimensionality. occurs as crystalline crusts (Fig. 1), individual crystals up Note also that all of the copper oxosulphate minerals to 10 Â 30 Â 50 mm (usually from 5 to 20 mm in size) and listed above (except vergasovaite) contain alkali elements irregularly shaped grains. Puninite is closely associated (K and/or Na). Potassium dominates in the composition with lammerite-b, tenorite, hematite and anhydrite. The of these minerals, whereas Na is an essential component kamchatkite and alumokluchevskite used in this study in euchlorine, wulffite and parawulffite only. Euchlorine have the same macroscopic appearance as those described is one of the most abundant minerals in fumaroles of the by Vergasova et al. (1988b) and Gorskaya et al. (1995). Second scoria cone (GTFE) and Naboko scoria cone, Kamchatkite occurs in association with chalcocyanite, Tolbachik Fissure eruption in 2012–2013 (TFE) (Voly- coparsite, and unidentified Cs-Cu-Cl selenite and Cu-Cl nets et al.,2013). The presence of the oxocentered OCu4 arsenate (Fig. 2). tetrahedra in the structures of exhalative minerals from fumaroles of the Second scoria cone suggested a mechanism of metal (mainly copper) transport by 3. Experimental procedure volcanic gases in the form of similar tetrahedral 3.1. Physical and optical properties of puninite complexes (Filatov et al., 1992). Kamchatkite, KCu3O(SO4)2Cl (Vergasova et al., 1988b) Puninite is emerald-green in colour, has a greenish streak was discovered in the exhalative sulphate assemblages of the and vitreous lustre. The mineral is brittle with uneven Yadovitaya (Poisonous) Fumarole. The crystal structure of fracture and perfect cleavage on {100}. Hardness fi kamchatkite was re ned in the non-centrosymmetric Pna21 corresponds to 2–3 on the Mohs' scale. The density could space group to R1 = 0.055 (Varaksina et al., 1990). not be measured due to sample paucity, but it has been À3 Alumoklyuchevskite, K3Cu3AlO2(SO4)4 is isotypic to calculated as 3.284 g cm using structural data and the 3þ klyuchevskite, K3Cu3Fe O2(SO4)4 (Vergasova et al., empirical formula. No fluorescence is detected. Under 1989) and was discovered in 1995 (Gorskaya et al.,1995) the microscope, puninite is pale green with very weak in the samples collected earlier, soon after eruption in 1976– pleochroism. It is biaxial, optically positive, a = 1.562(2), 1977; however, the only structural information available to b = 1.591(2), g = 1.634(2) (589 nm), 2V (meas.) moder- date for both minerals is of rather poor quality (R1 =13%: ately large, 2Vcalc = 80.7°. The mineral is soluble in water. Krivovichev et al., 2009). Kamchatkite and alumoklyu- Compatibility, 1 – (Kp/Kc)=À0.035, is excellent (Man- chevskite are unstable in open air at ambient conditions and darino, 1981).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • IMA Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC)
    Mineralogical Magazine, August 2015, Vol. 79(4), pp. 941À947 CNMNC Newsletter IMA Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) NEWSLETTER 26 New minerals and nomenclature modifications approved in 2015 1 2 3 U. HA˚ LENIUS (Chairman, CNMNC), F. HATERT (Vice-Chairman, CNMNC), M. PASERO (Vice-Chairman, 4 CNMNC) AND S. J. MILLS (Secretary, CNMNC) 1 Department of Mineralogy, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden – [email protected] 2 Laboratoire de Mine´ralogie, Universite´ de Lie`ge, B-4000 Lie`ge, Belgium À [email protected] 3 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universita` degli Studi di Pisa, Via Santa Maria 53, I-56126 Pisa, Italy À [email protected] 4 Geosciences, Museum Victoria, PO Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia À [email protected] The information given here is provided by the IMA Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification for comparative purposes and as a service to mineralogists working on new species. Each mineral is described in the following format: Mineral name, if the authors agree on its release prior to the full description appearing in press Chemical formula Type locality Full authorship of proposal E-mail address of corresponding author Relationship to other minerals Crystal system, Space group; Structure determined, yes or no Unit-cell parameters Strongest lines in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern Type specimen repository and specimen number Citation details for the mineral prior to publication of full description Citation details concern the fact that this information will be published in the Mineralogical Magazine on a routine basis, as well as being added month by month to the Commission’s web site.
    [Show full text]
  • New Mineral Names*,†
    American Mineralogist, Volume 104, pages 625–629, 2019 New Mineral Names*,† DMITRIY I. BELAKOVSKIY1 AND FERNANDO CÁMARA2 1Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 18 korp. 2, Moscow 119071, Russia 2Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra “Ardito Desio”, Universitá di degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli, 34, 20133 Milano, Italy IN THIS ISSUE This New Mineral Names has entries for 8 new minerals, including fengchengite, ferriperbøeite-(Ce), genplesite, heyerdahlite, millsite, saranchinaite, siudaite, vymazalováite and new data on lavinskyite-1M. FENGCHENGITE* X-ray diffraction pattern [d Å (I%; hkl)] are: 7.186 (55; 110), 5.761 (44; 113), 4.187 (53; 123), 3.201 (47; 028), 2.978 (61; 135). 2.857 (100; 044), G. Shen, J. Xu, P. Yao, and G. Li (2017) Fengchengite: A new species with 2.146 (30; 336), 1.771 (36; 24.11). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data the Na-poor but vacancy-dominante N(5) site in the eudialyte group. shows the mineral is trigonal, space group R3m, a = 14.2467 (6), c = Acta Mineralogica Sinica, 37 (1/2), 140–151. 30.033(2) Å, V = 5279.08 Å3, Z = 3. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined to R = 0.043 for all unique I > 2σ(I) reflections. Fengchengite (IMA 2007-018a), Na Ca (Fe3+,) Zr Si (Si O ) 12 3 6 3 3 25 73 Fenchengite is the Fe3+ analog of eudialyte with a structural difference (H O) (OH) , trigonal, is a new eudialyte-group mineral discovered in 2 3 2 in vacancy dominant N5 site and splitting its Na site N1 into N1a and the agpaitic nepheline syenites and its pegmatite facies near the Saima N1b sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Euchlorine Knacu3o(SO4)3 C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
    Euchlorine KNaCu3O(SO4)3 c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2/m. As crystals, tabular on {001}, with rectangular outline, to 2 mm; typically as an incrustation. Physical Properties: Cleavage: In two directions. Hardness = n.d. D(meas.) = 3.27 D(calc.) = 3.28 Soluble in H2O. Optical Properties: Semitransparent. Color: Emerald-green; emerald-green in transmitted light. Optical Class: Biaxial (+). Pleochroism: X = pale grass-green; Y = grass-green; Z = bright yellow-green. α = 1.580 β = 1.605 γ = 1.644 2V(meas.) = Moderately large. Cell Data: Space Group: C2/a. a = 18.41(5) b = 9.43(3) c = 14.21(5) β = 113.7(3)◦ Z=8 X-ray Powder Pattern: Vesuvius, Italy. 8.44 (100), 2.816 (47), 2.544 (45), 2.843 (40), 2.852 (37), 3.475 (30), 3.237 (25) Chemistry: (1) (2) SO3 41.41 43.13 Al2O3 0.06 CuO 43.69 42.85 MgO 0.17 CaO 0.07 Na2O 6.35 5.56 K2O 8.25 8.46 Total [100.00] 100.00 (1) Vesuvius, Italy; by electron microprobe, average of seven analyses, recalculated to 100% 2− from an original total of 101.86%, (SO4) shown present by IR; corresponds to K1.01Na1.18 Mg0.02Ca0.01Cu3.15O1.27(SO4)3. (2) KNaCu3O(SO4)3. Occurrence: A rare sublimate around volcanic fumaroles. Association: Dolerophanite, eriochalcite, chalcocyanite, melanothallite (Vesuvius, Italy); stoiberite, fingerite, ziesite, th´enardite,mcbirneyite (Izalco volcano, El Salvador); eriochalcite, melanothallite, fedotovite, vergasovaite, chalcocyanite, dolerophanite, tenorite, cuprian anglesite, gold (Tolbachik volcano, Russia).
    [Show full text]
  • Vasilseverginite, Cu9o4(Aso4)2(SO4)2, a New Fumarolic Mineral with a Hybrid Structure
    This is the peer-reviewed, final accepted version for American Mineralogist, published by the Mineralogical Society of America. The published version is subject to change. Cite as Authors (Year) Title. American Mineralogist, in press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7611. http://www.minsocam.org/ 1 Revision 2 2 3 Vasilseverginite, Cu9O4(AsO4)2(SO4)2, a new fumarolic mineral with a hybrid structure 4 containing novel anion-centered tetrahedral structural units 5 6 Igor V. Pekov1*, Sergey N. Britvin2,3, Sergey V. Krivovichev3,2, Vasiliy O. Yapaskurt1, Marina F. 7 Vigasina1, Anna G. Turchkova1 and Evgeny G. Sidorov4 8 9 1Faculty of Geology, Moscow State University, Vorobievy Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia 10 2Department of Crystallography, St Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, 199034 11 St Petersburg, Russia 12 3Kola Science Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Fersman Str. 18, 184209 Apatity, Russia 13 4Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 14 Piip Boulevard 9, 683006 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia 15 16 *Corresponding author: [email protected] 17 18 1 Always consult and cite the final, published document. See http:/www.minsocam.org or GeoscienceWorld This is the peer-reviewed, final accepted version for American Mineralogist, published by the Mineralogical Society of America. The published version is subject to change. Cite as Authors (Year) Title. American Mineralogist, in press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7611. http://www.minsocam.org/ 19 ABSTRACT 20 21 The new mineral vasilseverginite, ideally Cu9O4(AsO4)2(SO4)2, was found in the 22 Arsenatnaya fumarole at the Second scoria cone of the Northern Breakthrough of the Great 23 Tolbachik Fissure Eruption, Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Russia.
    [Show full text]
  • Thirty-Fourth List of New Mineral Names
    MINERALOGICAL MAGAZINE, DECEMBER 1986, VOL. 50, PP. 741-61 Thirty-fourth list of new mineral names E. E. FEJER Department of Mineralogy, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD THE present list contains 181 entries. Of these 148 are Alacranite. V. I. Popova, V. A. Popov, A. Clark, valid species, most of which have been approved by the V. O. Polyakov, and S. E. Borisovskii, 1986. Zap. IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names, 115, 360. First found at Alacran, Pampa Larga, 17 are misspellings or erroneous transliterations, 9 are Chile by A. H. Clark in 1970 (rejected by IMA names published without IMA approval, 4 are variety because of insufficient data), then in 1980 at the names, 2 are spelling corrections, and one is a name applied to gem material. As in previous lists, contractions caldera of Uzon volcano, Kamchatka, USSR, as are used for the names of frequently cited journals and yellowish orange equant crystals up to 0.5 ram, other publications are abbreviated in italic. sometimes flattened on {100} with {100}, {111}, {ill}, and {110} faces, adamantine to greasy Abhurite. J. J. Matzko, H. T. Evans Jr., M. E. Mrose, lustre, poor {100} cleavage, brittle, H 1 Mono- and P. Aruscavage, 1985. C.M. 23, 233. At a clinic, P2/c, a 9.89(2), b 9.73(2), c 9.13(1) A, depth c.35 m, in an arm of the Red Sea, known as fl 101.84(5) ~ Z = 2; Dobs. 3.43(5), D~alr 3.43; Sharm Abhur, c.30 km north of Jiddah, Saudi reflectances and microhardness given.
    [Show full text]
  • Nabokoite Cu7(Te4+O4)
    4+ Nabokoite Cu7(Te O4)(SO4)5 • KCl c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Tetragonal. Point Group: 4/m 2/m 2/m. Crystals are thin tabular on {001}, to 1 mm, showing {001}, {110}, {102}, {014}, in banded intergrowth with atlasovite. Physical Properties: Cleavage: Perfect on {001}. Hardness = 2–2.5 D(meas.) = 4.18(5) D(calc.) = 3.974 Optical Properties: Transparent. Color: Pale yellow-brown, yellow-brown. Streak: Yellow- brown. Luster: Vitreous. Optical Class: Uniaxial (–). ω = 1.778(3) = 1.773(3) Cell Data: Space Group: P 4/ncc. a = 9.833(1) c = 20.591(2) Z = 4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Tolbachik volcano, Russia. 10.35 (10), 2.439 (7), 3.421 (6), 2.881 (5), 4.57 (4), 3.56 (4), 1.972 (4) Chemistry: (1) (2) SO3 33.66 33.60 TeO2 13.78 13.40 V2O3 0.07 Bi2O3 0.49 Fe2O3 0.09 CuO 45.25 46.74 ZnO 1.26 PbO 0.28 K2O 3.94 3.95 Cs2O 0.11 Cl 2.92 2.98 −O=Cl2 0.66 0.67 Total 101.19 100.00 (1) Tolbachik volcano, Russia; by electron microprobe, corresponds to (Cu6.74Zn0.18)Σ=6.92 (Te1.02Bi0.02Pb0.01Fe0.01V0.01)Σ=1.07O4.10(SO4)4.98Cl0.98. (2) KCu7(TeO4)(SO4)5Cl. Polymorphism & Series: Forms a series with atlasovite. Occurrence: A rare sublimate formed in a volcanic fumarole. Association: Atlasovite, chalcocyanite, dolerophanite, chloroxiphite, euchlorine, piypite, atacamite, alarsite, fedotovite, lammerite, klyuchevskite, anglesite, langbeinite, hematite, tenorite. Distribution: From the Tolbachik fissure volcano, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia.
    [Show full text]
  • INDEX of NAMES (Pages Containing Biographical Notices Or Full Treatments Are in Heavy Type)
    INDEX OF NAMES (Pages containing biographical notices or full treatments are in heavy type) Abati,]. B. 123 Barner,]. 31 Abich, R. A. 493,618,636 Baron, H. T. 54, 57-8, 71-z, 236 Abilgaard, P. C. 554 Barron 508 Accum, F. C. 54 1, 8z7 Barth,]. 41 Achard, F.C. 325,458,S9Z-4,699,704 Bartholin, E. and T. 160 Adet, P. A. 107, 274, 482-3, 495 Basse 583 Aeneee 584 Basil Valentine 109 Afzelius, ]. 182, 198, zoo, 555, 57<)-80; P. Basso, S. 7 183 Bauderon, B. 8 Aikin, A. and C. R. 699;].9° Baudrimont, A. E. 698 Alberti, M. 59 Bauer,]. F. 172 Albertus Magnus 168, 177 Baume, A. 75, 80, 82, 86, 88, ~5, 96,99, Alcenius, G. 235 112, 230, 378-9, 383, 443, 462, 522, Alembert,]. Ie R. d' 117 568,607,636 Alexis ofPiedmont 4, 16 Baup,S.555 Algarotti, V. 23 Bayen, P. 73, 75, 83, 377, 394-eJ, 403-4, Allen, B. 49, 478; W. 43 1, 53 1, 699, 714, 419,539,614,617-18,648-9 822 Beale,]. T. 725 Alston, C. 136, 379 Bealey 561 Alstromer, ]. 175 Beaumont 109 Amontons, G. 426,771 Beccaria,]. B. 4°1, 546, 618 Anderson,]. 153,723; T. 707, 717 Becher, J. J. 51, 59, 77, 87, 9 1 , 98, 363, Andreae,]. G. R. 145 558-9,562,584,6°5,636 Andrade 554 Becket 254 Andre, F. 33 Beddoes,T·97,482,495,601,736,747 Anfrye 104 Beguin, J. 1-4,26 Anger, D. 594 Belchier, J. 7 I ApIigny-see Le Pi leur d'ApIigny Bellaing, Count de 507 Appleby 123 Belon, P.
    [Show full text]
  • High Temperature Sulfate Minerals Forming on the Burning Coal Dumps from Upper Silesia, Poland
    minerals Article High Temperature Sulfate Minerals Forming on the Burning Coal Dumps from Upper Silesia, Poland Jan Parafiniuk * and Rafał Siuda Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, Zwirki˙ i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: j.parafi[email protected] Abstract: The subject of this work is the assemblage of anhydrous sulfate minerals formed on burning coal-heaps. Three burning heaps located in the Upper Silesian coal basin in Czerwionka-Leszczyny, Radlin and Rydułtowy near Rybnik were selected for the research. The occurrence of godovikovite, millosevichite, steklite and an unnamed MgSO4, sometimes accompanied by subordinate admixtures of mikasaite, sabieite, efremovite, langbeinite and aphthitalite has been recorded from these locations. Occasionally they form monomineral aggregates, but usually occur as mixtures practically impossible to separate. The minerals form microcrystalline masses with a characteristic vesicular structure resembling a solidified foam or pumice. The sulfates crystallize from hot fire gases, similar to high temperature volcanic exhalations. The gases transport volatile components from the center of the fire but their chemical compositions are not yet known. Their cooling in the near-surface part of the heap results in condensation from the vapors as viscous liquid mass, from which the investigated minerals then crystallize. Their crystallization temperatures can be estimated from direct measurements of the temperatures of sulfate accumulation in the burning dumps and studies of their thermal ◦ decomposition. Millosevichite and steklite crystallize in the temperature range of 510–650 C, MgSO4 Citation: Parafiniuk, J.; Siuda, R. forms at 510–600 ◦C and godovikovite in the slightly lower range of 280–450 (546) ◦C.
    [Show full text]
  • Wulffite K3nacu4o2(SO4)4
    Wulffite K3NaCu4O2(SO4)4 Crystal Data: Orthorhombic. Point Group: mm2. As tabular prismatic crystals to 2 mm, elongated along [010] and with pitted faces; in aggregates to 1 cm. Physical Properties: Cleavage: Perfect, 2 directions parallel to elongation and a third || (010). Fracture: Stepped. Tenacity: Brittle. Hardness = 2.5 D(meas.) = 3.23(2) D(calc.) = 3.19 Soluble in H2O. Optical Properties: Transparent. Color: Dark green, deep emerald green, deep bluish green. Streak: Light green. Luster: Vitreous. Optical Class: Biaxial (+). α = 1.582(3) β = 1.610(3) γ = 1.715(3) 2V(calc.) = 58° Orientation: Z = b. Pleochroism: Strong; X = pale green, Y = green, Z = emerald green. Absorption: X < Y < Z. Cell Data: Space Group: Pn21a. a = 14.2810(6) b = 4.9478(2) c = 24.1127(11) Z = 4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Arsenatnaya fumarole, Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. 9.27 (100), 2.780 (33), 7.16 (22), 2.725 (20), 3.125 (16), 2.882 (16), 2.725 (14) Chemistry: (1) (2) Na2O 4.11 3.82 K2O 16.46 17.43 Rb2O 0.95 Cs2O 0.65 CuO 38.88 39.25 ZnO 0.15 SO3 39.11 39.50 Total 100.31 100.00 (1) Arsenatnaya fumarole, Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Russia; average of 6 electron microprobe analyses supplemented by IR spectroscopy; corresponding to Na2.95(K4.75Rb0.25Cs0.14)Σ=5.14(Cu7.95Zn0.04)Σ=7.99S7.99O36. (2) K3NaCu4O2(SO4)4. Occurrence: As sublimates at a fumarole as incrustations on the surface of basalt scoria or on tenorite or aphthitalite crusts. Association: Euchlorine, fedotovite, hematite, johillerite, fluoborite, langbeinite, calciolangbeinite, arcanite, krasheninnikovite, lammerite, lammerite-β, bradaczekite, urusovite, gahnite (Cu-bearing variety), orthoclase (As-bearing variety), fluorophlogopite.
    [Show full text]
  • Oxidizing-Type Fumaroles of the Tolbachik Volcano, a Mineralogical and Geochemical Unique
    Russian Geology and Geophysics © 2020, V.S. Sobolev IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS Vol. 61, No. 5-6, pp. 675–688, 2020 DOI:10.15372/RGG2019167 Geologiya i Geofizika Oxidizing-Type Fumaroles of the Tolbachik Volcano, a Mineralogical and Geochemical Unique I.V. Pekova,b, , A.A. Agakhanovс, N.V. Zubkovaa, N.N. Koshlyakovaa, N.V. Shchipalkinaa, F.D. Sandalova, V.O. Yapaskurta, A.G. Turchkovaa, E.G. Sidorovd a Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow, 119991, Russia b Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Kosygina 19, Moscow, 119991, Russia c Fersman Mineralogical Museum, Leninskii pr. 18/2, Moscow, 119071, Russia d Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, bul. Piipa 9, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, 683006, Russia Received 1 July 2019; accepted 28 August 2019 Abstract—We overview recent data on the mineralogy of oxidizing-type fumaroles of the Tolbachik Volcano (Kamchatka, Russia), with the main focus on the chemical specifics of the minerals. The active fumarole fields of Tolbachik are the most prominent mineral- forming exhalative system of this type in the world. About 350 mineral species, including 123 minerals first discovered here, are reliably identified in the Tolbachik fumaroles. The species diversity and the specifics of this mineralization are due to the unique combination of the physicochemical conditions and mechanisms of its formation: high temperatures, atmospheric pressure, superhigh oxygen fugacity, gas transport of most of chemical elements, and direct deposition of many high-temperature minerals from volcanic gases with a specific geo- chemical composition, including strong enrichment in alkaline metals and chalcophile (“ore”) elements.
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Scanned
    TH E A M EMC A N M I N ER,4,LOGI ST metasilicates of manganesereand calcium in which the ratio between manganeseand calcium seemsto vary from 1 :0 to 1 : 1. However, these minerals difier too much optically and crystallo- graphically2oto belong to an isomorphous seriesin the narrow sense of that term. The chief types thus far known are the following: MrxBnar Iionlttrle R.q.rro or Ca to Mn(*Fe*Ms) Pyroxmangite (Fe. Mn)SiOs tooor0tol Sobralite CaX4gFeeMn4(SiO3)s LOt Rhodonite CaMnr(SiOs)e to5 Fowlerite Ca(tr{n.Fe, Zn)r (SiOr)o to5 Vogtite Ca(Mn, Fe, NIS)z(SiO3)r to2 Bustamite CaMn(SiOa)z to1 Babingtonite probably belongs to this group, but its formula is still under discussion. THE MINERALS OF VESUVIUSI Ar,snnr Prr.r.oux, Uniaersi.tyoJ Genoa. The minerals that occur about Vesuvius, which now number more than one hundred and fifty species,may be arranged geneti- cally into four groups: I. Minerals that are found in the eiected limestone blocks of Monte Somma.2 II. Pneumatolytic minerals formed in cavities of leucotephrites and conglomeratic blocks ejected by Monte Somma and Vesuvius, or coating the walls of ancient lavas. le With or without iron and masnesium. 20As proved especiallyby their X-ray patterns: seeAm. f our. Sci,, CCX' 1925' o'1*f; ,0" preparation of this paper, r have consulted and taken considerable data from th! following importarit ivoiks on Vesuvianminerals: A. Scacchi. Catalogodei minerali vesuvianicon notizie della loro composizione which the 6rst vol. (1924)has beenissued. 2 Monte Sommais the'nameof an ancientcrater wall which forms asemicircular clifi to the north and eastof the moderncone.
    [Show full text]
  • Cu-680-Minerals-20160321
    Mineral Name IMA Chemistry (plain) 2+ 3+ Abswurmbachite Cu Mn 6O8(SiO4) 2+ 6+ Agaite Pb3Cu Te O5(OH)2(CO3) 2+ Agardite‐(Ce) Cu 6Ce(AsO4)3(OH)6∙3H2O 2+ Agardite‐(La) Cu 6La(AsO4)3(OH)6∙3H2O 2+ Agardite‐(Nd) Cu 6Nd(AsO4)3(OH)6∙3H2O 2+ Agardite‐(Y) Cu 6Y(AsO4)3(OH)6∙3H2O Aikinite CuPbBiS3 2+ Ajoite K3Cu 20Al3Si29O76(OH)16∙8H2O Aktashite Cu6Hg3As4S12 Aldridgeite (Cd,Ca)(Cu,Zn)4(SO4)2(OH)6∙3H2O Algodonite Cu1‐xAsx (x ~0.15) 1+ 2+ Allochalcoselite Cu Cu 5PbO2(SeO3)2Cl5 2+ Alpersite (Mg,Cu )SO4∙7H2O 2+ Alumoklyuchevskite K3Cu 3AlO2(SO4)4 Ammineite CuCl2(NH3)2 Andreadiniite CuHgAg7Pb7Sb24S48 2+ 6+ Andychristyite PbCu Te O5(H2O) Andyrobertsite KCdCu5(AsO4)4[As(OH)2O2]∙2H2O Ángelaite Cu2AgPbBiS4 Anilite Cu7S4 Annivite Cu10(Fe,Zn)2Bi4S13 Anthonyite Cu(OH)2∙3H2O Antipinite KNa3Cu2(C2O4)4 2+ Antlerite Cu 3SO4(OH)4 2+ Apachite Cu 9Si10O29∙11H2O Arcubisite Ag6CuBiS4 Argentotennantite Ag6Cu4(Fe,Zn)2As4S13 Arhbarite Cu2MgAsO4(OH)3 Arsentsumebite Pb2Cu(AsO4)(SO4)(OH) 3+ Arsmirandite Na18Cu12Fe O8(AsO4)8Cl5 3+ Arthurite CuFe 2(AsO4)2(OH)2∙4H2O Arzrunite Pb2Cu4SO4(OH)4Cl6∙2H2O Ashburtonite HPb4Cu4(Si4O12)(HCO3)4(OH)4Cl Astrocyanite‐(Ce) Cu2Ce2(UO2)(CO3)5(OH)2∙1.5H2O Atacamite Cu2Cl(OH)3 Athabascaite Cu5Se4 2+ 3+ 3+ Atlasovite Cu 6Fe Bi O4(SO4)5∙KCl Attikaite Ca3Cu2Al2(AsO4)4(OH)4∙2H2O 2+ Aubertite Cu Al(SO4)2Cl∙14H2O 3+ 2+ Auriacusite Fe Cu AsO4O 2+ Aurichalcite (Zn,Cu )5(CO3)2(OH)6 Auricupride Cu3Au Avdoninite K2Cu5Cl8(OH)4∙2H2O Averievite Cu5O2(VO4)2∙CuCl2 Azurite Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 Babánekite Cu3(AsO4)2∙8H2O 2+ 6+ Bairdite Pb2Cu 4Te 2O10(OH)2(SO4)∙H2O Balkanite
    [Show full text]