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Towards Sustainable Development and Global Governance

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Towards Sustainable Development and Global Governance 3 Pavel Nováček Third Transition Towards Sustainable Development and Global Governance Olomouc 2001 4 Contents Introduction … 4 Sustainable Development … 7 The Development of Man … 7 Natural Factors Influencing the Biosphere … 9 The Roots of the Global Crisis … 10 The State of the World … 13 The Biosphere and the Environment of Man … 24 The Third Global Revolution … 26 Towards Sustainable Development … 32 Human Values … 33 Economic System … 36 Political System … 42 Legal System … 47 Key Sectors … 48 Back to Natural Cycles (Recycling) … 59 The Implementation of Sustainable Development … 60 Global Governance … 64 Global Governance – Precondition for Sustainable Development … 64 United Nations Reform … 66 Global Civic Values … 79 Global Civil Society … 75 Global Economic Governance … 79 Global Security … 88 The Care for the Global Commons … 97 Development Assistance and Co-operation … 99 Global Marshall Plan … 105 Conclusion … 112 Appendix … 116 Partnership for Sustainable Development – The Millennium Project … 116 Lookout Study – Questionnaires Partnership for Sustainable Development – Evaluation … 124 Bibliography … 128 5 Present-day futurologists are endangered by the pitfalls of laxity, alibism and self-satisfaction, which manifest themselves by describing the future rather than thinking about it. It is conditioned to a high degree by the demands of economists. Such an attitude is more futurography than futurology. Futurologists, the people dealing with the future, behave in a short-sighted way until they understand futurology more as a futurosophy, i.e. as a pondering on the future. However, to deal with it, it is necessary to have courage and a strong motivation, which is not possible without a firm hope. It is necessary to add to the present futurography a futurosophy with a prophetic aspect. The result has then to be something more than a series of scenarios, conclusively futurosophy has to help us discover the sense and the aim of our lives, our activity and tendencies, it has to give us a prospect of the final end of the human story of the Earth. A demand to know the sense and the aim of history is a principal demand of reason, thinking in a global way. Karel Skalický 6 Introduction We live in a special period, the period „at the turn of time“ (1). The 20th Centtury was not only a period of great scientific discoveries but also the period of the bloodiest wars in our history and emerging of problems which we can call, for the first time in history, indeed global. I believe we can distinguish at least five major groups of global issues: - Violence in the world (threats of regional nuclear conflict, terrorism, organized crime, contempt for human rights, militant religious fanatism, ethnic intolerance) - Population growths (mainly in developing regions) - The uneven and unfair distribution of wealth (escalating tensions in the developing countries and between the developing and developed countries) - Destruction of the environment (threats to biodiversity including cultural diversity, deforestation, desertification, water shortages, soil degradation, pollution of atmosphere and climate change) - The ineffectiveness of supranational political and economic tools and institutions What shall we do? In the same way as in history rulers made their countries build something which would transcend the present and its immediate purpose (such as Gothic cathedral for example), we need a vision which will help us transcend short-sighted consumer style of life (which can be considered as main cause of many global problems), after which there is nothing permanent left excluding waste and damaged life-support systems of the Earth. According to Gro Harlem Brundtland (2), the chairman of the World Commission on Environment and Development, sustainable development can become such positive vision. G. H. Brundtland composes the transformation to a sustainable development the neolithic and industrial revolutions. It would thus be the third most important transformation in the history of Mankind. The restoration of our relationship to the Earth, to our neighbours, including future generations, to the Nature is, above all, the point of sustainable development. But sustainable development is not achievable globally without some kind of effective global governance. As mentioned above, today global political and economic tools, represented mainly by U.N. are very ineffective. Therefore issues like U.N. reform, the global economy, the care for the global commons, development aid etc. are discussed in this study. Final part of the study is focussed at the idea set forth by Albert Gore in his book Earth in Balance (3) – the Global Marshall Plan. During the course of history there has appeared several times an idea which, when realized, became a catalyst for positive, far-reaching changes. Original Marshall Plan (Programme of European Revival) shows how grandiose vision can be successfully transformed into the shape of particular activity. Now there is chance to develop idea of new 7 „Global Marshall Plan“ which could help „to satisfy the needs of the present without threatening the need of future generations to satisfy their own needs“ (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). The Millennium Project (4) decided in February 2000 to develop the idea of the Global Marshall Plan through two rounds questionnaire and interviews. Over sixty people from seventeen countries participated and major findings are presented here. As the Marshall Plan was designed to rebuilding of Europe after World War II., goals of the new „global Marshall Plan“ are the achievement of reasonable and sustainable development and the elimination of poverty. Current economic and political situation is very different of the past WW II. Therefore we consider that „Partnership for Sustainable Development“ is better title than „global Marshall Plan“. There are many studies in the area of sustainable development and some studies in the field of global governance trying to formulate and develop these new challenges. But even greater challenge is to implement these ideas. Of course it is „long shot“, long term goal which will be achieved (hopefully) step by step. Implementation of sustainable development principles at local, national as well as global levels and implementation of global governance principles (U.N. reform above all) into real life is challenge and mission for public policy. Public policy is interdisciplinary discipline using knowledge of economy, politology, law, sociology, anthropology and other disciplines to analyze process of formulation and implementation differentiated public interests. (5) Active public policy is attempting to anticipate potential threats as well as development opportunities to influence in advance supposed development. Here public policy is close to forecasting oriented at studying possible and desirable futures. It is indeed very important whether transition from industrial development towards sustainable development will be evolutionary or revolutionary. K. Popper (6) distinquishes closed socieaty and open society. For closed society typical changes are revolutionary, accompanied by chaos, violence and radical changes in the very short time period. For open society more typical are gradual reforms made step by step. This evolutionary process is much more „friendly“ but needs also more time, ability to anticipate and accepting active public policy. According to K. Popper there is no chance to secure happines for each man, but it is possible to create reasonable conditions for development of human skills and potential. The goal of social development is not maximization of well-being for maximum of people but the goal is minimization of human misfortune and suffering. To achieve this goal for people in industrialized, developed North as well as for majority of people in nonindustrialized, developing South, the transition to sustainable development and global governance is, I believe, necessary. Results presented here should be considered as inspiration and stimulation for further effort to formulate better one of the greatest challenges at the dawn of the third millennium – „third transition“ which I understand as transition of industrial society towards sustainable development and global governance. 8 References: 1) Kysučan, L. (1997): Na zlomu času. (At the Turn of Time) Vydavatelství Univerzity Palackého. Olomouc (In Czech) 2) The World Commission on Environment and Development (1987): Our Common Future. Oxford University Press. Oxford 3) Gore, A. (1994): Země na misce vah. (Earth in Balance) Argo. Praha (In Czech) 4) The Millennium Project is an international utility to provide an ongoing capacity as a geographically and institutionally dispersed think tank, to improve and continuously update humanity´s thinking about the future and to make that thinking available through a variety of media. The Millennium Project was initiated by the United Nations University, The Futures Group International, and the Smithsonian Institution, coordintated by The American Council for the United Nations University. It is and international network of over 600 futurists, scholars, business planners, scientists, and policy makers from over 50 countries who work for international organizations, corporations, governments, universities, and NGOs. 5) Potůček, M. (1996): Veřejná politika jako sociální praxe a jako vědní disciplína.(Public Policy as Social Practice and Scientific Discipline) In: Damohorský, M., Petrášek, F., Potůček, M., Purkrábek, M.,
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