DOCSLIB.ORG

Conversations on Transatlanticism and Europe (CEURO) Grant Agreement: 2017-2780/001-001 Edited By: Kolja Raube, Gustavo G

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Conversations on Transatlanticism and Europe (CEURO) Grant Agreement: 2017-2780/001-001 Edited By: Kolja Raube, Gustavo G 1 Jean Monnet Project Conversations on Transatlanticism and Europe (CEURO) Grant Agreement: 2017-2780/001-001 Edited by: Kolja Raube, Gustavo G. Müller, Michael Francis (KU Leuven) Lucas Henry, Neil Vander Most (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) 2 Table of Contents General Introduction .................................................................................................................. 4 Part I - Perspectives on Transatlantic Relations ........................................................................ 6 Comparative Federalism in the United States and the European Union ................................ 7 Transatlantic Perspectives on Security and Defense ............................................................ 21 European and North American Perspectives on Refugees ................................................... 33 Transatlanticity and Contemporary Populism: European and American Perspectives ........ 47 Transatlantic Perspectives on the Welfare System .............................................................. 57 Part II - Transatlantic Radar ..................................................................................................... 80 NATO Burden Sharing Through the Lens of Former President Dwight D. Eisenhower .... 81 The Suez Canal Crisis: Leadership Dimension .................................................................... 88 Suez Crisis: Bipolarity of the Western Alliance in Divided World ..................................... 95 Does History repeat itself? Woodrow Wilson: A Portrait .................................................. 102 The transatlantic relationship and the rules-based international order ............................... 109 The Impact of West German Ostpolitik in the Transatlantic Relations ............................. 117 An Analytical Portrait of a Leader: Willy Brandt .............................................................. 124 Transatlantic Radar: The French Influence on the American Revolution ......................... 132 Al Gore: a portrait of leadership ........................................................................................ 140 American Invasion of Grenada: The Impact on Anglo-American Relations ..................... 148 Analytical portrait of leadership: Bill Clinton .................................................................... 155 Transatlanticity: disputes on Banana Wars ........................................................................ 164 Analytical portray of leadership: Cecilia Malmström (DG Trade) .................................... 172 3 General Introduction This e-volume is the product of a collective effort by students and for students. It explores transatlantic relations in an output of two-year collaboration project between the Centre of European Studies of the University of Leuven (Belgium) and the European Union Center at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (United States). Conversation on Transatlanticism and Europe (CEURO) is a Jean Monnet Project under the Erasmus Plus Programme (grant agreement 2017-2780/001-001) of the European Commission. The CEURO project has fostered a bottom-up student exchange across the Atlantic while also allowing a space for multidisciplinary debate on historic issues of transatlantic relations and its current trends. The e-book brings co-authored and single authored contributions from masters-level students enrolled in the CEURO course from both universities. This course was co-organized by the partner centres and benefited from the input of professors from both sides of the Atlantic via live video conference link. The CEURO project is unique because it facilitates a transatlantic dialogue on diverse policy areas ranging from foreign policy and external action, to internal policy and social welfare systems. Students have considered topics beyond institutional and political affairs, and have delved into phenomena common to both Europe and North America, such as the rise of populism and disinformation. In essence, this e-Book covers some of the challenges of our time from the perspective of our students and with guidance of the teaching staff of KU Leuven and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, from disciplinary voices as varied as political science, history, linguistics, and ethnomusicology. It explores how transatlantic issues are often rooted in transoceanic history that underpin modern divergences and convergences in policy and political action. This e-Book is divided into two parts. The first part offers chapters which are co- authored by students from masters programmes in European Studies. These chapters cover broad challenges and phenomena and the interlinkages and disconnects between both sides of the Atlantic. Contemporary issues such as security and defence policy, social protection systems, the rise of populism, and the erosion of multilateralism encapsulate how different approaches have risen. Ultimately, this allows for transfers of ‘best-practices’ as well as a deeper understanding of each other’s cultures and heritage and its present-day influence. The final products found in this section can truly be seen as transatlantic collaboration: they were 4 conceived, researched, written, and edited jointly by the students, who present balanced analysis and perspective. The second part of this e-Book contains ‘transatlantic radars’, which act as profiles and comparative analyses of European and North American key figures and events throughout history. Essentially, these profiles of figures and events show how influences crossed the Atlantic through economic, social and political means. This part includes profiles of Woodrow Wilson and Willy Brandt, as well as European involvement in the American War of Independence, and the influence of the US in the decline of British colonial power during the Suez Crisis. On the one hand, the radars map the interactions of both European nation-states and the early decades of the United States. On the other hand, the radars enable a comparative analysis how leadership and critical junctures shaped the interconnections between Europe and North America. 5 Part I - Perspectives on Transatlantic Relations 6 CHAPTER 1 Comparative Federalism in the United States and the European Union Can the United States’ Federalization Experience Serve as a Template to the European Union? Alberto M. Burgos-Rivera & Yurii Chipko I. Introduction It is all but impossible to discuss the historical dimension of transatlanticism without mentioning the idea behind the powers on both sides of the Atlantic. Federalism - the concept of a balance of powers between the lower and higher levels of governance that provides a fair representation for the states that comprise a federation but give enough power to a central government so that it can maintain such order - is such an idea (Knuepling, 2016). Federalism is a product of the Enlightenment, the idea that was first successfully realized in America and a number of European states in the 18th and 19th century and became an irreplaceable component of those states’ political identities (ibid.). These historical origins make it necessary to analyse the development of federalism through comparing and contrasting both European and American experiences. Those experiences with federalism have both similarities (some aspects of the EU were clearly modelled on the US, such as the role of the ECJ) and differences (for instance, different general competences of the central governments). It is, therefore, crucial to understand the way Europe and the United States deal with the evolving idea of federalism if we want to understand the underlying political trends of the transatlantic relations. This chapter will analyse the trajectories of the federalist developments in the EU and the US, as well as focus on discussing and comparing how political changes impacted the parallel levels of understanding of federalism in Europe and the United States. We will do so in different parts: first, we will provide an analysis of the key literature on the developments of federalism in Europe and/or the United States. Examining different authors’ perspectives on federalism helps to understand the dominant view on it in the discipline of political science. Second, we will focus on the historical developments in the United States that trace the 7 evolution of federalism in practice in that country. Similarly, the third section of this chapter is devoted to the historical developments in the European Union that are different in timeline but parallel in the gradual change of the federal ideas. Next, we will discuss the findings of the previous sections and analyse the differences and similarities between the EU and the US regarding federalism. Finally, we will conclude the chapter by summarizing all of our findings in regard to the subject. II. Literature Review on Federalism and Federalization in the US and the EU Literature on federalism as well as the federalization of both the US and the EU is not at all new. Despite the EU’s recent creation, its increased political competencies through the passage of subsequent treaties has led academics to establish comparisons with the US’s federalization experience and whether or not is serves as a viable template for the EU to follow suit (e.g. Glencross, 2009a; 2009b; Young, 2017). In his contributing chapter on federalism in America, Europe, and Africa, Broscheck bases his definition of federalism as a particular species in which neither the federal nor the constitutional
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Proquest Dissertations
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to loe removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI* Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 WASHINGTON IRVING CHAMBERS: INNOVATION, PROFESSIONALIZATION, AND THE NEW NAVY, 1872-1919 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctorof Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Stephen Kenneth Stein, B.A., M.A.
    [Show full text]
  • How Campaign Songs Sold the Image of Presidential Candidates
    University of Central Florida STARS Honors Undergraduate Theses UCF Theses and Dissertations 2019 Music and the Presidency: How Campaign Songs Sold the Image of Presidential Candidates Gary M. Bogers University of Central Florida Part of the Music Commons, and the United States History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the UCF Theses and Dissertations at STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Undergraduate Theses by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Bogers, Gary M., "Music and the Presidency: How Campaign Songs Sold the Image of Presidential Candidates" (2019). Honors Undergraduate Theses. 511. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses/511 MUSIC AND THE PRESIDENCY: HOW CAMPAIGN SONGS SOLD THE IMAGE OF PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES by GARY MICHAEL BOGERS JR. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Honors in the Major Program in Music Performance in the College of Arts and Humanities and in The Burnett Honors College at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term, 2019 Thesis Chair: Dr. Scott Warfield Co-chairs: Dr. Alexander Burtzos & Dr. Joe Gennaro ©2019 Gary Michael Bogers Jr. ii ABSTRACT In this thesis, I will discuss the importance of campaign songs and how they were used throughout three distinctly different U.S. presidential elections: the 1960 campaign of Senator John Fitzgerald Kennedy against Vice President Richard Milhouse Nixon, the 1984 reelection campaign of President Ronald Wilson Reagan against Vice President Walter Frederick Mondale, and the 2008 campaign of Senator Barack Hussein Obama against Senator John Sidney McCain.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of the Great War on Marines in Hispaniola, 1917-1919
    The Impact of the Great War on Marines in Hispaniola, 1917-1919 Temple University 2014 James A. Barnes Graduate Student History Conference Mark R. Folse, PhD. Student Department of History The University of Alabama [email protected] World War I dominates the history of American military institutions from 1917-1919. Scholarship on the U.S. Marine Corps is no different and many have argued that Marine actions in the spring and summer of 1918 against the last German offensive on the Western Front served as the coming of age story for Corps.1 Marines came out of the war with a new and improved force structure, a population of officers and men experienced in modern war, and, perhaps even more significantly, a sense of vindication. The opportunity to prove their worth to the other services and to the American people in a large war arrived and they succeeded. Relatively little scholarly attention, however, has been given to how the Great War affected Marines who did not fight in France, especially the ones deployed to Hispaniola. Therefore, the full extent of the Great War’s impact on the Marine Corps remains largely neglected. In several similar and significant ways the Great War affected, often negatively, the Marine missions in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. The war damaged morale among many Marines, especially among the brigade commanders like Smedley Butler and George C. Thorpe who preferred very much to transfer to France rather than remain at their posts in Haiti and Santo Domingo respectively. Once the war started the Department of the Navy pulled experienced 1 Allan R.
    [Show full text]
  • General Assembly Distr.: Middle School Eleventh Session XX March 2018 Original: English
    Montessori Model United Nations A/C.6/12/BG-79 General Assembly Distr.: Middle School Eleventh Session XX March 2018 Original: English Sixth Committee – Legal This group focuses on legal questions. The UN wants all states to agree to international laws. This can happen if they make them together. They also want to make sure people know the laws. This can happen if they are written down and published. This makes it easier for states to work together. It also stops wars from happening. They also ask states to make laws to protect citizens. Every year the General Assembly gives this group a discussion list. If the legal question is difficult or complex this group asks for help from the International Law Commission. This committee has a tradition of consensus. States reach agreement without having to take a vote. This makes sense because if you want everybody to follow a law they should agree it is a good idea. This group works closely with the International Law Commission. They passed resolutions on international terrorism, human cloning, and taking hostages. Agenda Item 79 – Diplomatic Protection A lot of people confuse Diplomatic Protection with Diplomatic Immunity. Diplomatic Immunity is given to diplomats of a government who enter (with permission) into another country in order to do work for their own country. An ambassador or anybody who is sent from their home country to work at an embassy has Diplomatic Immunity. This law allows diplomats to do their Jobs in safety. They do not have to fear being Jailed or mistreated by the country they are working in.
    [Show full text]
  • Migration, Sustainability and a Marshall Plan with Africa
    Special Edition Migration, Sustainability and a Marshall Plan with Africa A Memorandum for the European Commission, the European Parliament, and the Governments of the EU Member States Bert Beyers Joachim von Braun Estelle Herlyn Klaus Leisinger Graeme Maxton Franz Josef Radermacher Thomas Straubhaar Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker Coordination Franz Josef Radermacher and the project team of FAW/n employees and the University of Ulm Download The document "Migration, Sustainability and a Marshall Plan with Africa – A Memorandum for the Federal Gov- ernment", a short version, and the associated material are available as PDF files at http://www.faw-neu-ulm.de http://www.senat-deutschland.de/, http://www.senatsinstitut.de/, http://www.clubofrome.de/ and http://www.clubofrome.org/. Picture credits title page • Evening, Djemaa El Fna square, Marrakech, Morocco - © Pavliha http://www.istockphoto.com/de/foto/abend-djemaa-el-fna-platz-marrakesch-marokko-gm499468399- 42845306?st=_p_pavliha%20El%20Fna • Photovoltaic Micro-plants by Isofoton (Morocco) by Isofoton.es (Creative Commons) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isofoton_Marruecos.JPG • Panorama of Cairo. Taken from Cairo Citadel by kallerna (Creative Commons) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:View_over_Cairo_from_Citadel.jpg Table of Contents Editorial .................................................................................................... 3 Summary and orientation ............................................................................ 9 I. Mare Nostrum – The history
    [Show full text]
  • 100000 Stolen Votes in Chicago
    No. 23 April 16, 2008 Where There’s Smoke, There’s Fire: 100,000 Stolen Votes in Chicago Hans A. von Spakovsky Where Chairman Mao believed that all power comes from the barrel of the gun, the late Mayor Richard J. Daley believed that all Talking Points power comes from the barrel into which • Chicago’s political machine directed an precinct totals have been tossed. enormous, decades-long voting-fraud effort —David Nyhan, responsible for at least 100,000 fraudulent The Boston Globe, votes——one-tenth of all votes cast in the December 16, 1982 city——in the hotly contested 1982 Illinois gubernatorial election. The “Truth About Voter Fraud,” according to activ- • This fraud was accomplished by stealing ist groups like the Brennan Center, is that “many of the votes of the disabled and elderly, imper- the claims of voter fraud amount to a great deal of sonating absent voters, stuffing voter regis- smoke without much fire…. The allegations simply tration rolls with fake or ineligible voters, do not pan out.”1 registering illegal aliens, casting fraudulent Chicago, however, is known for its fires, and there absentee ballots, altering vote counts, and the outright purchasing of votes. was a roaring one there in 1982 that resulted in one of the largest voter fraud prosecutions ever conducted • These techniques are not confined to by the U.S. Department of Justice. The telltale smoke machine-era Chicago. The same tactics have come to light in recent elections in Philadel- arose out of one of the closest governor’s races in Illi- phia and in the states of Wisconsin and nois history; and as for the fire, the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Small Wars Manual: a Lasting Legacy in Today’S Counter- Insurgency Warfare
    The Small Wars Manual: A Lasting Legacy in Today’s Counter- insurgency Warfare Thomas Griffith ___________________________________________________________ August 1930—While New York Supreme Court judge Joseph Crater went missing in Manhattan, Betty Boop made her debut, and All Quiet on the Western Front premiered at theaters in Wilmington, North Carolina, the rainy season settled into the jungles of Nicaragua. A band of no more than 40 men, U.S. Marines and native Guardia Nacional troops, patrolled just outside of Malacate.1 Company M marched for days under orders to locate and destroy bandits following Augusto C. Sandino, a former Nicaraguan presidential candidate. They traveled by foot, averaging 18 to 30 miles a day, using only mules to haul their gear, which was packed lighter to avoid detection.2 Intelligence reached the unit describing a bandit troop of horse thieves, so they went on the pursuit. The mud was a thick slop and fatigued the men, but the situation was worse for the bandits. Their horses tired easily in the sludge and had to be rested every third day.3 By August 19, less than a week later, Company M caught up to the bandits, but they were already lying in an ambush. About 150 Sandinistas opened fire from the side of a hill. The company’s commander, Captain Lewis B. Puller, led his patrol through the kill zone then turned to flank the ambush at full speed; however, the bandits already started to retreat. The company only killed two of its quarry, but they captured stolen items including eighty horse, mules, saddles, and corn.4 Puller was recommended for his first Navy Cross, the Department of the Navy’s second highest decoration, preceded only by the Medal of Honor.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of the Cold War and the Second Red Scare on the 1952 American Presidential Election
    Eastern Kentucky University Encompass Online Theses and Dissertations Student Scholarship January 2019 The Impact of the Cold War and the Second Red Scare on the 1952 American Presidential Election Dana C. Johns Eastern Kentucky University Follow this and additional works at: https://encompass.eku.edu/etd Part of the Political History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Johns, Dana C., "The Impact of the Cold War and the Second Red Scare on the 1952 American Presidential Election" (2019). Online Theses and Dissertations. 594. https://encompass.eku.edu/etd/594 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at Encompass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Online Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Encompass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE In thispresenting thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Arts degree at Eastern Kentucky University, I agree that the Library shall make it available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this document are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgements of the source are made. Permission for extensive quotation from or reproduction of this document may be granted by my major professor. In [his/her] absence, by the Head oflnterlibrary Services when, in the opinion of either, the proposed use of the material is for scholarly purposes. Any copying or use of the material in this document for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Signature: X Date: q/ \ \ 9/ \ THE IMPACT OF THE COLD WAR AND THE SECOND RED SCARE ON THE 1952 AMERICAN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION BY DANA JOHNS Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Eastern Kentucky University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS 2019 © Copyright by DANA JOHNS 2019 All Rights Reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Tennessee, the Solid South, and the 1952 Presidential Election
    University of Mississippi eGrove Honors College (Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors Theses Honors College) Spring 5-9-2020 Y'all Like Ike: Tennessee, the Solid South, and the 1952 Presidential Election Cameron N. Regnery University of Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/hon_thesis Part of the American Politics Commons, Political History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Regnery, Cameron N., "Y'all Like Ike: Tennessee, the Solid South, and the 1952 Presidential Election" (2020). Honors Theses. 1338. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/hon_thesis/1338 This Undergraduate Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College (Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College) at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Y’ALL LIKE IKE: TENNESSEE, THE SOLID SOUTH, AND THE 1952 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION by Cameron N. Regnery A thesis submitted to the faculty of The University of Mississippi in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College. Oxford April 2020 Approved by: __________________________________ Advisor: Dr. Darren Grem __________________________________ Reader: Dr. Rebecca Marchiel __________________________________ Reader: Dr. Conor Dowling © 2020 Cameron N. Regnery ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my parents for supporting me both in writing this thesis and throughout my time at Ole Miss. I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Dr. Darren Grem, for helping me with both the research and writing of this thesis. It would certainly not have been possible without him.
    [Show full text]
  • ADLAI STEVENSON II Sources & Activities Primary Sources • “The
    ADLAI STEVENSON II Sources & Activities Primary Sources “The Illinois Bandit’s Other Arm,” August 25, 1948. (political cartoon) St. Louis Post, September 1, 1948. (political cartoon) “Oops!” (political cartoon) “’He Looks Good to Me’,” Chicago Daily News, October 23, 1948. (political cartoon) “Stevenson & the Independent Cat,” April 23, 1949. Campaign poster, 1952. (presidential race) Cuban Missile Crisis speech, The Papers of Adlai Stevenson, October 25, 1962. (See also: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xgR8NjNw__I) Secondary Sources “Adlai Stevenson II Witness to 1925 Tornado Devastation,” Pages from the Past: Stories from the Sunday Pantagraph, by Bill Kemp. “Stevenson’s Death in 1965 Stunned World,” Pages from the Past: Stories from the Sunday Pantagraph, by Bill Kemp. “Stevenson Came Home to Stump on Independence Day in ‘56,” Pages from the Past: Stories from the Sunday Pantagraph, by Bill Kemp. “United Nations, Twin Cities Once Shared Close Ties,” Pages from the Past: Stories from the Sunday Pantagraph, by Bill Kemp. “Stevenson’s Value Carried Forward in Lecture Series,” Pages from the Past: Stories from the Sunday Pantagraph, by Bill Kemp. “Spurning Favorite Son Stevenson, Bloomington Liked ‘Ike’,” Pages from the Past: Stories from the Sunday Pantagraph, by Bill Kemp. This book is also available for purchase from the Museum. “Adlai Today” website – http://adlaitoday.org/ Suggested Activities & Discussion Questions: See the “For Teachers” and “Resources” tabs at “Adlai Today” website. See the following lesson plans, in particular: - http://images.library.uiuc.edu/projects/tdc/LessonPlans/ExploringAdlai.asp - http://www.choices.edu/resources/supplemental_tah_CMC1.php Activity 1: Review the campaign posters and/or political cartoons.
    [Show full text]
  • Lawrence Irvin Collection
    McLean County Museum of History Lawrence Irvin Collection Processed by Rachael Laing & John P. Elterich Spring 2016 Collection Information: VOLUME OF COLLECTION: Three Boxes COLLECTION DATES: 1939-2002, mostly 1950s-60s RESTRICTIONS: None REPRODUCTION RIGHTS: Permission to reproduce or publish material in this collection must be obtained in writing from the McLean County Museum of History. ALTERNATIVE FORMATS: None OTHER FINDING AIDS: None LOCATION: Archives NOTES: See also—Photographic Collection—People: Irvin; Bloomington Housing Authority Brief History Lawrence E. Irvin, son of Patrick and Mary Irvin, was born May 27, 1911 at Lake Bloomington, Illinois. He attended Trinity High School and Illinois State Normal University. In 1930, he and his two brothers started the Evergreen Beverage Co. (later known as the Pepsi Cola Bottling Company). He took an administrative post as business manager at the Illinois Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Children’s School (ISSCS) in Normal, then was appointed business manager at Illinois State Normal University. During World War II, Irvin served as a Red Cross field director in North Africa and Europe. Upon returning home after the war, he accepted a position as the administrative assistant to Governor Adlai Stevenson II. He held this job from 1949-1953. During this tenure he became close with many politicians, such as Paul Douglas and Paul Simon. He was the Executive Director of the Bloomington Housing Authority from 1953 until he retired in 1985. Irvin was an active participant in Bloomington politics. He was a member of the City Planning and Zoning Board, as well a member of the Bloomington Association of Commerce, the Human Relations Commission, the Citizen’s Community Improvement Committee, and the Urban Planning and Renewal Committee.
    [Show full text]
  • United Nations Issues: Cabinet Rank of the US
    Updated December 22, 2020 United Nations Issues: Cabinet Rank of the U.S. Permanent Representative The U.S. Permanent Representative is the chief as a means of maintaining communication and the flow of representative of the United States to the United Nations. information among key Administration officials. The President appoints the Permanent Representative with the advice and consent of the Senate. Of the 30 individuals By tradition, permanent Cabinet membership comprises the President, the heads of the executive departments and, in who have served since 1946, approximately two-thirds have more recent decades, the Vice President. Beginning with been accorded Cabinet rank by Presidents. Some Members of Congress have demonstrated an ongoing interest in the Dwight D. Eisenhower, each President also has accorded Cabinet rank to select senior executive branch leaders, Cabinet rank of the Permanent Representative in the context including the U.S. Permanent Representative. The positions of the Senate confirmation process and broader U.S. policy toward the United Nations. On November 24, 2020, and individuals granted this distinction vary by presidency and, sometimes, within a presidency. Some positions, President-elect Biden announced his intent to nominate including the Administrator of the Environmental Linda Thomas-Greenfield to be Permanent Representative, with Cabinet rank. Biden stated that he will accord Cabinet Protection Agency, the United States Trade Representative, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, and status to Greenfield “because I want to hear her voice on all the White House Chief of Staff, have all consistently been the major foreign policy discussions we have.” accorded this status over the past three decades.
    [Show full text]