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Klawock, Prince of Wales Island, Alaska Timber LManagement ana Fisn and Wildlife Use in Selected Southeastern Alaska Communities: Klawock, Prince of Wales Island, Alaska By Linda J. Ellanna and George K. Shcrrod Technical Paper Number 126 This research was partially supported by ANILCA Federal Aid funds, administcrcd through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, Alaska Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence Douglas, Alaska 99824 December 1987 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The researchers would like to thank several individuals and groups of people for their assistance and cooperation in the successful completion of this report. Jeff Nickerson of Klawock acted as research assistant during the field segment of the project and was lnvaiuaole in r,xpiaining the Intent of ihe study to local people and coordinating data gathering sessions. He also provided overall insight into the annuai seasonal round and land tenure patterns of long-term Klawock residents. The researchers would also like to thanK the people oi Kiawock In general, but particularly the key informants, for sharing their knowledge of land and resource use on and near Prince of Wales Island and their valuable time in transmitting this information. Dr. Steve Langdon, University of Alaska, Anchorage, played a key role in introducing the project to residents of Klawock and in gaining their support of its intent and process. Additionally, Dr. Langdon shared his detailed knowledge of the history and economic systems of residents of Prince of Wales Island with the researchers based on his own inquiries in the area which have spanned a period of time from the early 1970s to the present. Dr. Langdon also assisted in the development of the mapping methodology and portions of the survey instrument and reviewed the draft manuscript. The researchers would like to express their gratitude to the staff of the Klawock hatchery, F.R.E.D. Division, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, who graciously shared their facilities, insights, and companionship. Also, Dr. Robert Wolfe and Robert Bosworth, of the ADF&G, Division of Subsistence, deserve thanks and high praise for their efforts in editing the final version of this report. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... ii List of Tables ...............................................................................................................................iv List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. V eHAPTER 1. The Study .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..*.............. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 Study Objectives ................................................................................................................. 3 Methodology.. ........................................................................................................................ 4 Community Selection.. ............................................................................................. 4 Literature Review ..................................................................................................... 6 Fieldwork ...................................................................................................................... 7 Data Analysis .............................................................................................................. ii CHAPTER 2. Klawock: A Community Profile .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 Geographic and Ecological Overview of the Study Area.. ........................... 13 Historical Overview .......................................................................................................... 21 Relevant Prehistory and Early History.. ....................................................... 21 History of the Commercial Fishery.. ............................................................... 24 History of the Commercial Timber Industry.. ............................................ 32 Population.. ............................................................................................................................36 Extracommunity Relations ............................................................................................ 46 CHAPTER 3. The Klawock Economy: Cash Sector .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 50 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................50 Overview of Employment and Income.. .................................................................. 52 The Commercial Fishing Industry.. ........................................................................... 59 The Timber Industry.. ...................................................................................................... 61 Other Wage Employment ................................................................................................ 64 CHAPTER 4. The Klawock Economy: Subsistence Sector .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 67 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 67 Overview of the Contemporary Subsistence Economic Sector.. .................. 68 Salmon Fishing .................................................................................................................... 76 Sitka Black-Tailed Deer Harvest ............................................................................... 85 Marine-Based Resource Harvest Activities.. ......................................................... 98 Trapping .................................................................................................................................104 Desired Harvest Levels ................................................................................................... 107 CHAPTER 5. Case Studies of Changing Land Use: An Analysis .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ............... 109 Introduction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 109 ii Themes of Land Use Change: An Overview ............................ 110 Centralization Mobility, and Competition ....................... 110 Commercial Fishing and Technological Change .................... 111 Road Development and Technological Change ...................... 113 Land Use Values ................................................ 115 Synopsis of Land Use Change .................................... 116 Case Studies ....................................................... 117 Hole-in-the-Wall ............................................... 117 Big Salt Lake .................................................. 123 The Hollis Road ................................................ 128 North Prince of Wales Island ................................... 133 San Fernando Island ............................................ 138 CHAPTER 6. Conclusions . 141 References ............................................................ 147 Appendices ............................................................ 153 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1. Percentage of Households by Income Class, Klawock, 1979 to 1984 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. TABLE 2. Employment Patterns, Klawock, 1983 and 1984 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 56 TABLE 3. Daily and Monthly Employment Duration of a Random Sample by Economic Sector, Klawock, 1984 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .......... TABLE 4. Tenure of Employment by Job Class in the Commercial Fishing Industry of the Klawock Random Sample, 1984 (n = 33) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 60 TABLE 5. Tenure of Employment by Job Class in the Commercial Timber Industry of the Klawock Random Sample, 1984 (N = 20) .. .. .. - . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 63 TABLE 6. Additional Number of Salmon Species Desired by Klawock Households, 1984 (n = 36) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 108 iV LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Map of Southeastern Alaska and Study Communities .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 Figure 2. Prince of Wales Archipelago .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 Figure 3. Major islands of the Prince of Wales Archipelago including Land Mass and Miles of Coastline .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 Figure 4. Prince of Wales Island Road System .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 35 Figure 5. Timber Harvest Areas Within the Klawock Use Area .. .. .. .. .. 37 Figure 6. Population of Western Coast Prince of Wales Tlingit, 1835-1880, and Klawock, 1890-1985 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 38 Figure 7. Age and sex distribution, Klawock, 1980 (reconstructed from U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census 1986) .. .. 42 Figure 8. Age and Sex Distribution for Klawock Random sample, 1985 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ....... 43 Figure 9. Length of residency of Klawock residents, 1980, 1981, 1983, and 1985 (U.S. census, Mills 1982, Sumida 1983, and field data respectively) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 45 Figure 10. Household Incomes by Income Class
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