DOCSLIB.ORG

“And He Knew Our Language” Missionary Linguistics on the Pacific Northwest Coast

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
“And He Knew Our Language” Missionary Linguistics on the Pacific Northwest Coast Studies in the History of the Language Sciences 116 “And he knew our language” Missionary Linguistics on the Pacific Northwest Coast Marcus Tomalin JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY “AND HE KNEW OUR LANGUAGE” AMSTERDAM STUDIES IN THE THEORY AND HISTORY OF LINGUISTIC SCIENCE General Editor E.F.K. KOERNER Zentrum für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Typologie und Universalienforschung, Berlin [email protected] Series III – STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF THE LANGUAGE SCIENCES Advisory Editorial Board Cristina Altman (São Paulo); John Considine (Edmonton, Alta.) Lia Formigari (Rome); Gerda Haßler (Potsdam) John E. Joseph (Edinburgh); Douglas A. Kibbee (Urbana, Ill.) Hans-Josef Niederehe (Trier); Emilio Ridruejo (Valladolid) Otto Zwartjes (Amsterdam) Volume 116 Marcus Tomalin “And he knew our language” Missionary Linguistics on the Pacific Northwest Coast “AND HE KNEW OUR LANGUAGE” MISSIONARY LINGUISTICS ON THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST COAST MARCUS TOMALIN University of Cambridge JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY AMSTERDAM/PHILADELPHIA TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American 8 National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48–1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tomalin, Marcus. And he knew our language : missionary linguistics on the Pacific northwest coast / Marcus Tomalin. p. cm. -- (Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science. Series III, Studies in the history of the language sciences, ISSN 0304-0720; v. 116) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Haida language--Discourse analysis. 2. Haida Indians--Languages. 3. Indians--Languages--History. 4. Indians of North America--Missions--Haida Gwaii (B.C.) I. Title. PM1271.T66 2011 497'.28--dc22 2011007659 ISBN 978 90 272 4607 3 (hB; alk. paper) ISBN 978 90 272 8683 3 (eB) © 2011 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Company • P.O. Box 36224 • 1020 me Amsterdam • The Netherlands John Benjamins North America • P.O. Box 27519 • Philadelphia, PA 19118-0519 • USA So there certainly is no lack of activity in our little boat, but is there any purpose? Is the tall figure who may or may not be the Spirit of the Haida Gwaii leading us – for we are all in the same boat – to a sheltered beach beyond the rim of the world, as he seems to be, or is he lost in a dream of his own dreaming? The boat goes on, forever anchored in the same place. Bill Reid, “The Spirit of Haida Gwaii’’, in Solitary Raven: The Essential Writings of Bill Reid, ed. by Robert Bringhurst (Vancouver, B.C.: Douglas & Mcintyre, 2009), p. 246 Table of contents Acknowledgements ix Abbreviations xi chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Missionary linguistics 1 1.2 The languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast 3 1.3 The Haida language 5 1.3.1 Dialects 8 1.3.2 Orthography 8 1.3.3 Personal pronouns 10 1.3.4 Numeral classifiers 11 1.3.5 Verb morphology 12 1.3.6 Word order 13 1.3.7 Haida linguistics: 1911–present 14 1.4 The Kwak’wala language 23 1.5 The Tsimshian language 25 1.6 Summary 27 chapter 2 Culture and contact 31 2.1 Haida Gwaii 31 2.2 Discovery and exploration 35 2.3 The arrival of the missionaries 42 2.4 Disease and demography 51 chapter 3 Initial encounters 55 3.1 Explorations 55 3.2 Comparing and contrasting Tsimshian and Haida 58 3.3 The Lord’s prayer 75 3.4 The acquirement of the tongue 81 3.5 Preparing the ground 85 viii Missionary Linguistics on the Pacific Northwest Coast chapter 4 Analysing and assessing 87 4.1 Language and mission 87 4.2 Hall and Kwak’wala 88 4.3 Harrison and Haida 92 4.4 Phonological associations 97 4.5 The noun phrase domain 100 4.6 The verb phrase domain 110 chapter 5 Translating scripture 119 5.1 Mission and translation 119 5.2 The Haida scriptures 121 5.3 Souls and spirits 130 5.4 Social hierarchies and power structures 140 5.5 Ideology and dialogue 148 chapter 6 Anthropological approaches 151 6.1 A strange relationship 151 6.2 The influence of the missionaries 155 6.3 The influence of the anthropologists 166 6.4 Exploring shamanism 171 6.5 Consequences 177 chapter 7 Conclusion 179 References 187 Index of biographical names 199 Index of subjects and terms 201 Acknowledgements The work presented in this book has its origins in the mid 1990s when I lived in British Columbia, Canada. Since then, many people have contributed to my understanding of missionary linguistics in the region. In no particular order, I should mention Derek Peterson, John Barker, E. F. K. Koerner, Jeff Leer, Jordan Lachler, Robert Levine, Ian Roberts, Theresa Biberauer, Peter Matthews, Rosita Worl, Nika Collison, Luu Borsario, and the Haida elders of Haida Gwaii. I am particularly grateful to Marie-Lucie Tarpent who offered lucid and timely advice concerning the Tsimshian data. In addition, the text of this monograph has ben- efited considerably from helpful comments and suggestions from three anony- mous reviewers chosen by the editor of the series in which it appears. Throughout this project, I received attentive assistance from the staff at the Munby Rare Books Room in the Cambridge University Library, the Special Col- lections department of the McPherson Library in Victoria B.C., and the Special Collections and Archives department of the University of Birmingham Library. I am also grateful to David Watson of the Cambridge University Cartography Unit for creating the linguistic map so promptly, and to Sarah MacDonald and Rita Tomalin for their expert proof-reading. No doubt there are remaining errors in this text, but I take solace in Horace’s aphorism, “non enim omnis error stultitia est dicenda’’. Some of the topics discussed in the following chapters were given a preliminary airing in articles which appeared in Historiographia Linguistica, BC Studies, The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, and The Journal of Religious History (see bibliography for details). They have been reworked here with permission. This book is dedicated to my extended family in Canada, and especially to Bob, Di, Sarah, Jeremy, Simon, and James. Thank you all for introducing me to the wonders of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Marcus Tomalin Cambridge, March 2011 Abbreviations Linguistic: 1p first person INTRANS intransitive 2p second person M Masset (dialect) 3p third person NP noun phrase ABS absolutive OBJ grammatical object CAUS causative PA past tense marker CL classifier POSS possessive marker DEF definite marker PRES present tense marker DEM demonstrative marker PRO pronoun ERG ergative REFL reflexive FOC focus marker RELPR relative present FREQ frequentative marker S Skidegate (dialect) IMMPR immediate present marker SUBJ grammatical subject IMP imperative marker TEMP temporal designator INDEF indefinite marker TRANS transitive INF infinitive marker VCMP verb compound INS instrumental VP verb phrase Miscellaneous: AMNH American Museum of Natural History (N.Y.) ANLC Alaska Native Language Center BAE Bureau of American Ethnology BC British Columbia BC Archives British Columbia Archives (Victoria, B.C.) BCP Book of Common Prayer BIA Bureau of Indian Affairs CMS Church Missionary Society CMS Archive CMS Archive (Birmingham, U.K.) HBC Hudson’s Bay Company KJV King James Version (of the Bible) NT New Testament OT Old Testament RV Revised Version (of the Bible) chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Missionary linguistics Although the extensive language-focused studies produced by missionaries over the centuries have often been (and are frequently still) dismissed as being un- worthy of serious consideration, missionary linguistics has gradually emerged over the past few decades as an independent area of academic enquiry. The main purpose of this research is to explore the linguistic analyses devised by succes- sive generations of missionaries based in many different countries around the world from the 16th to the 20th centuries. While there is a lingering belief that missionary linguists simply adopted some kind of Graeco-Roman grammatical framework, and mindlessly attempted to fit the indigenous languages they en- countered into this pre-existing format, this view is largely inaccurate, as many recent studies have demonstrated.1 Marianne Mithun offered the following sym- pathetic summary of this work in her important monograph The Languages of Native North America (2001): The early missionary grammarians were faced with challenges for which they could not have been fully prepared. The best equipped were trained in classical languages, and they naturally sought to understand the structures of the new lan- guages they encountered in terms of those they already knew. Nevertheless, many did remarkably well, recognising phonetic and grammatical distinctions not present in European languages. […] Missionary work has continued throughout North America to the present and resulted in valuable records of the languages, not only vocabularies and liturgical materials, but also grammars, dictionaries, and sometimes texts. (Mithun 2001: 5) So far, the main studies of these materials have focused on the work of missionar- ies based in New Spain, South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. 1. Some of the most influential recent studies include Nowak (1999), Gray & Fiering (2000), Zwartjes & Hovdhaugen (2003), Zwartjes & Altman (2004), Tomalin (2006), Zwartjes, James, & Ridruejo’s (2006), Tomalin (2007), Zwartjes, Marín, & Smith-Stark’s (2009), and Tomalin (2009). An excellent collection of articles about missionary linguistics appeared in Historio- graphia Linguistica 36: 2/3 (2009). 2 Missionary Linguistics on the Pacific Northwest Coast Also, the various Catholic denominations – and especially the Jesuits and the Oblates – have received particular attention. By contrast, the languages spoken on the Pacific Northwest Coast have been comparatively neglected, and this is unfortunate since the socio-political implications of the (Protestant) missionary activity in this region in the late 19th and early 20th centuries has been extensively reassessed.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Oregon Country Fair Board of Directors' Meeting February 1, 2016, 7:00, NW Youth Corps, Columbia Room
    Oregon Country Fair Board of Directors' Meeting February 1, 2016, 7:00, NW Youth Corps, Columbia room Board members present: Diane Albino, Casey Marks Fife, Justin Honea, Lucy Kingsley, Jack Makarchek (president), Indigo Ronlov (vice-president), Kirk Shultz, Jon Silvermoon , Lawrence Taylor (Alternate), Sue Theolass, Bear Wilner-Nugent. Peach Gallery present: Staff (Tom, Crystalyn, Robin and Shane), Officers (Hilary, Grumpy and Randy), and 41 members and guests. Indigo: I would like move the reports for committee and staff after the Old business due to the amount of business that we have to cover tonight. Everyone agreed. New Business Approve Capital Projects (Bear) Approve Caretaker job description (Jon) Appoint Caretaker hiring committee (Jon) Appoint Pablo Bristow to the Vision Action committee Appoint Carmella Fleming to the Diversity Task Force Appoint Paxton to the Community Center Committee (Kirk) Policy for naming New Area (Kirk) Appoint Becky Lamarsh as Site crew coordinator (Bear) Announcements Peggy: KOCF fundraiser is March 5, 2016 at Domaine Meriwether winery from 6:00pm to 8:30pm. It will be a silent auction and we are accepting donations. Etouffee will be the band. Gary: My wife Monica and I bought the Noti High School. We will keep it a school and open it up for camping during this year’s Fair. Sue: Sunday, February 7, 2016 is the second annual Kareng fund art bingo at the Broadway Commerce Center at 44 W Broadway. There will be select goodies from Dana’s cheesecake with all of those proceeds going to the Kareng fund. The Kareng Fund aids Oregon crafters and artisans experiencing a career-threatening crisis.
    [Show full text]
  • Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} During My Time Florence Edenshaw Davidson a Haida Woman by Margaret B
    Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} During My Time Florence Edenshaw Davidson a Haida Woman by Margaret B. Blackman During My Time: Florence Edenshaw Davidson a Haida Woman by Margaret B. Blackman. Our systems have detected unusual traffic activity from your network. Please complete this reCAPTCHA to demonstrate that it's you making the requests and not a robot. If you are having trouble seeing or completing this challenge, this page may help. If you continue to experience issues, you can contact JSTOR support. Block Reference: #dfc8c240-ce25-11eb-8500-eb50c70172de VID: #(null) IP: 116.202.236.252 Date and time: Tue, 15 Jun 2021 22:06:02 GMT. “During My Time” A Haida Woman – Margaret B. Blackman. Margaret Blackman composes a remarkable life history of Florence Davidson on the book ‘ During My Time: Florence Edenshaw Davidson’. Davidson is an indigenous Haida woman from the village Masset that is now formally known as Queen Charlotte Islands that is located in the Northwest coast of Canada. As the book During My Time emphases the Haida villages during the late 19 th century, Blackman interviewed Davidson in the confined of Davidson’s kitchen and front room that Blackman taped 45 hours during the time of 1977 of the “life cycle, economics and division of labour, ceremonial activities and specialist roles” (Stearns, 1985), as the two build their friendship. The well-respected native woman was born in 1896, raised from in the big family whereas she was the ninth child born; her father was a famous woodcarver Charles Edenshaw. The ethnography is written in an indigenous female view of the life of Florence Davidson and those that influence her throughout her time, it also touches on topics such as acculturation throughout the book.
    [Show full text]
  • An Acoustic Investigation of Vowel Variation in Gitksan by Kyra Ann Fortier
    An Acoustic Investigation of Vowel Variation in Gitksan By Kyra Ann Fortier (Borland-Walker) BA, University of British Columbia, 2016 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement of the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Linguistics © Kyra Ann Fortier (Borland-Walker), 2019 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii An Acoustic Investigation of Vowel Variation Across Dialects of Gitksan By Kyra Ann Fortier (Borland-Walker) BA, University of British Columbia, 2016 Supervisory Committee Dr. Sonya Bird, Supervisor Department of Linguistics, University of Victoria Dr. Alexandra D’Arcy, Departmental Member Department of Linguistics, University of Victoria Dr. Henry Davis, Affiliate Member Department of Linguistics iii Abstract The research question for this thesis is: How does vowel quality vary across Gitksan speakers, and what sociolinguistic factors may be influencing this variation? Answering this question requires both that I show what the variation is, and why it may be that way; I have approached these questions by conducting a study in two parts. First, I conducted a demographic survey and ethnographically-informed qualitative interview with nine Gitksan speakers. Second, I performed an acoustic analysis of vowel variation across these same speakers. The acoustic results lead me to conclude that the low and front vowels show the most variation between speakers. My findings allowed me to add to our understanding of individual variation across speakers and communities. Although further investigation is needed to come to a conclusion about the generalizability of these results, the overarching contribution of my work is to add phonetic detail to previous descriptions of variation between speakers within the Interior Tsimshianic dialect continuum.
    [Show full text]
  • Theoretical Aspects of Gitksan Phonology by Jason Camy Brown B.A., California State University, Fresno, 2000 M.A., California St
    Theoretical Aspects of Gitksan Phonology by Jason Camy Brown B.A., California State University, Fresno, 2000 M.A., California State University, Fresno, 2002 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Linguistics) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) December 2008 © Jason Camy Brown, 2008 Abstract This thesis deals with the phonology of Gitksan, a Tsimshianic language spoken in northern British Columbia, Canada. The claim of this thesis is that Gitksan exhibits several gradient phonological restrictions on consonantal cooccurrence that hold over the lexicon. There is a gradient restriction on homorganic consonants, and within homorganic pairs, there is a gradient restriction on major class and manner features. It is claimed that these restrictions are due to a generalized OCP effect in the grammar, and that this effect can be relativized to subsidiary features, such as place, manner, etc. It is argued that these types of effects are best analyzed with the system of weighted constraints employed in Harmonic Grammar (Legendre et al. 1990, Smolensky & Legendre 2006). It is also claimed that Gitksan exhibits a gradient assimilatory effect among specific consonants. This type of effect is rare, and is unexpected given the general conditions of dissimilation. One such effect is the frequency of both pulmonic pairs of consonants and ejective pairs of consonants, which occur at rates higher than expected by chance. Another is the occurrence of uvular-uvular and velar-velar pairs of consonants, which also occur at rates higher than chance. This pattern is somewhat surprising, as there is a gradient prohibition on cooccurring pairs of dorsal consonants.
    [Show full text]
  • Present State of Christianity, and of the Missionary Establishments For
    This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. http://books.google.com PresentstateofChristianity,andthemissionaryestablishmentsforitspropagationinallpartsworld JohannHeinrichD.Zschokke,FredericShoberl,Zschokke ^SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSt Harvard College Library FROM THE BEQUEST OF Evert Jansen Wendell CLASS OF 1882 1918 c 3. & J. TTARPER, PRINTERS, 82 FfHF ffllilBMfHr! ITT PRESS, FOR THE TRADE, PELHAM; OR THE ADVENTURES OF A GEN TLEMAN. A Novel. In 2 vols. 12mo. 14 If the most brilliant wit, a narrative whose interest never flags, and some pictures of the most rivetting interest, can make a work popular, " Pelham" will he as first rate in celebrity as it is in excellence. The scenes are laid at the present day, and in fashionable life." — London Literary Gazette. THE SUBALTERN'S LOG-BOOK ; containing anecdotes of well-known Military Characters. In two vols. 12mo. In Press, for the Trade. DOMESTIC DUTIES ; or, Instructions to young Married Ladies, on the Management of their Households and the Regulation of their Conduct in the various relations and duties of Married Life. By Mrs. William Parkes. PRESENT STATE OF CHRISTIANITY, and of the Mis sionary Establishment for its propagation in all parts of the World. Edited by Frederic Shoberl. 12ano. HISTORY OF THE CAMPAIGNS OF THE BRITISH ARMIES in Spain, Portugal, and the South op France, from 1 308 to 1 8 14. By the Author of " Cyri! Thornton." GIBBON'S ROME, with Maps, Portrait, and Vignette Ti tles. 4 vols. 8vo. CROCKFORD'S LIFE IN THE WEST ; or, THE CUR TAIN DRAWN.
    [Show full text]
  • The Achievements of Captain George Vancouver on The
    THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF CAPTAIN GEORGE VANCOUVER ON THE BRITISH COLUMBIA COAST. by William J. Roper A Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of HISTORY The University of British Columbia October, 1941 THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF CAPTAIN GEORGE VANCOUVER ON THE BRITISH COLUMBIA COAST TABLE Off CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Chapter I. Apprenticeship. Page 1 Chapter II. The Nootka Sound Controversy. Page 7 Chapter III. Passage to the Northwest Coast. Page 15 Chapter IV. Survey—Cape Mendocino to Admiralty Inlet. Page 21 Chapter V. Gulf of Georgia—Johnstone Straits^-Nootka. Page 30 Chapter VI. Quadra and Vancouver at Nootka. Page 47 Chapter VII. Columbia River, Monterey, Second Northward Survey, Sandwich Islands. Page 57 Chapter VIII. Third Northern Survey. Page 70 Chapter IX. Return to England. Page 84 Chapter X. Summary of Vancouver's Ac hi evement s. Page 88 Appendix I. Letter of Vancouver to Evan Nepean. ' Page 105 Appendix II. Controversy between Vancouver and Menzies. Page 110 Appendix III. Comments on.Hewett's Notes. Page 113 Appendix IV. Hydrographic Surveys of the Northwest Coast. Page 115 Bibliography- Page I* INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION I wish to take this opportunity to express my thanks to Dr. W. N. Sage, Head of the Department of History of the University of British Columbia for his helpful suggestions and aid in the preparation of this thesis. CHAPTER I. APPRENTICESHIP THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF CAPTAIN GEORGE VANCOUVER ON THE BRITISH COLUMBIA COAST CHAPTER I. APPRENTICESHIP What were the achievements of Captain Vancouver on the British Columbia coast? How do his achievements compare with those of Captain Cook and the Spanish explorers? Why was an expedition sent to the northwest coast at this time? What qualifications did Vancouver have for the position of commander of the expedition? These and other pertinent questions will receive consideration in this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Island of the Blue Dolphins the Golden Round
    Island of the Blue Dolphins The Golden Round Grade Level Middle School: Sixth Grade through Eighth Grade High School: Ninth Grade through Twelfth Grade Subject Social Studies Common Core Standards 6–8.RH.1, 6–8.RH.2, 6–8.RH.4, 6–8.RH.7, 6–8.RH.9; 9–10.RH.1, 9–10.RH.2, 9– 10.RH.4, 9–10.RH.7, 9–10.RH.9; 11–12.RH.1, 11–12.RH.2, 11–12.RH.4, 11–12.RH.7, 11–12.RH.9 Background Information The goal of this lesson is to help students learn about the lasting human, environmental, and financial impact of the nineteenth-century Pacific trade, which involved the exchange of goods and the spread of disease between and among the people of the Northwest Coast, California, Hawaii, Canton (Guangzhou), and numerous Pacific islands and urban centers (e.g., Boston, Philadelphia, New York) on the east coast of the United States. Students will trace nineteenth-century maritime trade routes, gaining familiarity with Pacific geography and understanding of how the sea otter trade that is featured in Island of the Blue Dolphins figured as part of a much larger network of exchange. Most students of American history have learned about the Triangle Trade, the name given to the movement of ships, raw materials, processed goods, and people (enslaved Africans) between Africa, the Caribbean, and New England (one triangle) and between Western Europe, the Americas, and Africa (a second triangle) before the importation of enslaved people was outlawed in the early nineteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site
    GWAII HAANAS NATIONAL PARK RESERVE AND HAIDA HERITAGE SITE Management Plan for the Terrestrial Area A Pacific coast wilderness in Haida Gwaii — the Queen Charlotte Islands. Protected through the cooperation of the Government of Canada and the Council of the Haida Nation Produced by the ARCHIPELAGO MANAGEMENT BOARD GWAII HAANAS STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE TERRESTRIAL AREA FOREWORD n January of 1993, the Government of The Council of the Haida Nation and the I Canada and the Council of the Haida Nation Government of Canada agree and support the signed the Gwaii Haanas Agreement. In this contents of this plan and will work together document, both parties stated their commitment through the Archipelago Management Board to the protection of Gwaii Haanas, one of the to implement the plan’s recommendations. world’s great natural and cultural treasures. A By supporting this plan, the two parties part of this agreement describes the cooperative assert their belief in the value and benefit of management procedures, including establish- cooperative management and preservation of ment of the Archipelago Management Board. Gwaii Haanas. This management plan, produced by the Archipelago Management Board in consultation with the public, sets out strategic objectives Approved by: for appropriate use and protection of Gwaii Haanas. The plan not only provides comprehensive strategic direction for managing ○○○○○○○○○○○○○ Gwaii Haanas, but it also serves as an example ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ for the Government of Canada of cooperative effort and marks an important milestone in the relationships of Canada and the Haida Nation. ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ for the Council of the Haida Nation 3i CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 2 1.1 Description of Gwaii Haanas.........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Inland Lifeways of Haida Gwaii 400-1700 CE
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2015-02-13 Inland Lifeways of Haida Gwaii 400-1700 CE Church, Karen Church, K. (2015). Inland Lifeways of Haida Gwaii 400-1700 CE (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/26535 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/2107 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Inland Lifeways of Haida Gwaii 400-1700 CE A Landscape Archaeological Study by Karen Church A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACLUTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS GRADUATE PROGRAM IN ARCHAEOLOGY CALGARY, ALBERTA JANUARY, 2015 © Karen Church 2015 Abstract The inland lifeways of the northwest Pacific archipelago, Xaadlaa gwaayee (Haida Gwaii, British Columbia), have not been the subject of intensive archaeological inquiry. The routes of precontact inland trails are no longer known well due to the decimation of the local population in the 18th and 19th centuries. Industrial logging is threatening to destroy archaeological evidence of the inland trail network, and therefore this inquiry is timely. The largest and most topographically diverse island, Graham, has been the subject of many archaeological impact assessments that have documented hundreds of archaeological sites, most of them containing culturally modified trees.
    [Show full text]
  • Sgang Gwaay Case Study.Pdf
    Community Involvement in the Nomination and Management of SGang Gwaay World Heritage Site Jennifer Iredale and Ursula Pfahler Heritage Branch Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations Province of British Columbia Edited by Clare Thorbes GLOSSARY In keeping with the wishes of the Haida community, this case study uses Haida place names that are in current use, and the spellings follow the most recent orthography established by the Haida Language Committee. The English names for certain places are listed in this glossary and occasionally mentioned elsewhere in the case study to orient readers more familiar with those names. Many of our interviewees use their Haida name, either exclusively or in addition to their English name, and we have endeavoured to use the order and spelling of names that our interviewees prefer. People’s names are listed once in the glossary and are not cross-referenced. In the case of individuals who use their English names predominantly, the given name precedes the surname. Places and Organizations Archipelago Management Board (AMB) – established in 1993 under one of the provisions of the Gwaii Haanas Agreement between the Council of the Haida Nation and the federal government of Canada. Co- chaired by the Parks Canada Superintendent for Gwaii Haanas and by a councilor from the Haida Nation. Athlii Gwaay – Lyell Island in English. Scene of anti-logging protesters’ blockade in November 1985, which led to the signing of the South Moresby Memorandum of Understanding in 1987, and a year later the signing of the South Moresby Agreement by the Canadian Government and the Council of the Haida Nation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fur Trade and Early Capitalist Development in British Columbia
    THE FUR TRADE AND EARLY CAPITALIST DEVELOPMENT IN BRITISH COLUMBIA RENNIE WARBURTON, Department of Sociology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, V8W 2Y2. and STEPHEN SCOTT, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6. ABSTRACT/RESUME Although characterized by unequal exchange, the impact of the fur trade on the aboriginal societies of what became British Columbia involved minimal dis- ruption because the indigenous modes of production were easily articulated with mercantile capitalism. It was the problems arising from competition and increasing costs of transportation that led the Hudson's Bay Company to begin commodity production in agriculture, fishing and lumbering, thereby initiating capitalist wage-labour relations and paving the way for the subsequent disast- rous decline in the well-being of Native peoples in the province. Bien que characterisé par un échange inégale, l'impact du commerce de fourrure sur les societiés aborigonaux sur ce qui est devenu la Colombie Britanique ne dérangèrent pas les societés, car les modes indigènes de production était facile- ment articulés avec un capitalisme mercantile. Ce sont les problèmes qui venaient de la competition et les frais de transportation qui augmentaient qui mena la Companie de la Baie d'Hudson à commencer la production de commodités dans les domaines de l'agriculture, la pêche et l'exploitement du bois. Par ce moyen elle initia des rapports de salaire-travail capitalist et prépara les voies pour aboutir å une reduction catastrophique du bien-être des natifs dans cette province. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF NATIVE STUDIES V, 1(1985):27-46 28 R E N N I E W A R B U R T O N / S T E P H E N S C O T T INTRODUCTION In the diverse cultures in British Columbia prior to and after contact with the Europeans, economic activity included subsistence hunting, fishing and gathering as well as domestic handicrafts.
    [Show full text]
  • Mother Tongue Film Festival
    2016–2020 Mother Tongue Film Festival Five-Year Report RECOVERING VOICES 1 2 3 Introduction 5 By the Numbers 7 2016 Festival 15 2017 Festival 25 2018 Festival 35 2019 Festival 53 2020 Festival 67 Looking Ahead 69 Appendices Table of Contents View of the audience at the Last Whispers screening, Terrace Theater, Kennedy Center. Photo courtesy of Lena Herzog 3 4 The Mother Tongue Film Festival is a core to the Festival’s success; over chance to meet with guest artists and collaborative venture at the Smithso- time, our partnerships have grown, directors in informal sessions. We nian and a public program of Recov- involving more Smithsonian units and have opened the festival with drum ering Voices, a pan-institutional pro- various consular and academic part- and song and presented live cultural gram that partners with communities ners. When launched, it was the only performances as part of our festival around the world to revitalize and festival of its kind, and it has since events. sustain endangered languages and formed part of a small group of local knowledge. The Recovering Voices and international festivals dedicated We developed a dedicated, bilingual partners are the National Museum of to films in Indigenous languages. (English and Spanish) website for Natural History, the National Museum the festival in 2019, where we stream of the American Indian, and the Cen- Over its five editions, the festival has several works in full after the festival. ter for Folklife and Cultural Heritage. grown, embracing a wide range of And, given the changing reality of our Through interdisciplinary research, audiovisual genres and experiences, world, we are exploring how to pres- community collaboration, and pub- drawing audiences to enjoy screen- ent the festival in a hybrid live/on- lic outreach, we strive to develop ef- ings often at capacity at various ven- line model, or completely virtually, in fective responses to language and ues around Washington, DC.
    [Show full text]