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Here Do North Koreans Fit in the New South Korea?

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Here Do North Koreans Fit in the New South Korea? MAY 2019 NEW VALUES & OLD ORDERS Where do North Koreans fit in the new South Korea? STEVEN DENNEY CHRISTOPHER GREEN PETER WARD AUTHORS STEVEN DENNEY is an Asian This is an open access publication by Institute Doctoral Fellow at the LeidenAsiaCentre. Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy and an Copyright © 2019 Steven Denney, Christopher Green, Associate in the Innovation and Peter Ward. Policy Lab, both at the University of Toronto. With a core research LeidenAsiaCentre is an independent research centre interest in the relationship between affiliated with Leiden University. The centre institutions and preference formation, focuses on academic research with high impact on Steven’s research focuses on attitudes toward society. All research projects are conducted in national inclusion and immigration in post-autocratic close cooperation with a wide variety of academic and and transitional societies, including Korea. He has non-academic partners. published extensively on North Korean defector- migrant resettlement and integration as well as South More information can be found on our website: Korea’s democratic transition and consolidation. www.leidenasiacentre.nl CHRISTOPHER GREEN is For contact or orders: a researcher in Korean Studies [email protected] at Leiden University in the M. de Vrieshof 3, 2311 BZ Leiden, The Netherlands Netherlands and Senior Advisor for the Korean Published on May 14, 2019 Peninsula at International Crisis Group. He works on the political and historical sociology of North Korea, and has published widely on North Research funded by the UniKorea Foundation Korean politics, economy and ideology, as well as contemporary broadcast media portrayals of resettled North Korean migrants. He is the former Manager of International Affairs for Daily NK, a periodical covering North Korean affairs based in Seoul. PETER WARD is a PhD Facilitated by Delvinia and the University of Toronto Candidate at the University Department of Political Science of Vienna in the Department of East Asian Economy and Society, where he researches the governance of North Korean state-owned enterprises. He has written extensively on matters related to North Korean society, governance, economy and politics, as well as issues of refugee resettlement in South Korea. He is regularly published at NK Pro, Published in collaboration with Leiden Asia Centre the sister website to NK News, where he writes analysis and columns about contemporary economic change in North Korea. NEW VALUES & OLD ORDERS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY WHAT DO SOUTH KOREANS he researchers from the University of Toronto, THINK ABOUT NORTH KOREAN Leiden University, and the University of Vienna DEFECTOR-MIGRANT NEWCOMERS? surveyed 1,008 South Koreans and 350 North TKorean defector-migrants. The surveys were • When provided complete information about designed and implemented in cooperation with a prospective immigrants, North Koreans are, all Canadian survey firm, Delvinia, and the South Korean else considered, highly regarded as potential state-run Hana Foundation. newcomers to South Korea. Among a selection of The South Koreans were asked about context-relevant nationalities, North Korea ranks their attitudes towards and preferences regarding second behind the United States. immigrants and diversity. A primary focus of attention was attitudes toward people of the same ethnicity, • South Koreans prefer to provide welfare distribution in particular North Korean defector-migrants and (in this case, public housing) to native-born Korean-Chinese, vs. non-ethnic Korean groups. Koreans over those born outside South Korea, and Innovative survey experiments were conducted to that includes defector-migrants. However, there better understand “true” preferences towards defector- is no evidence of targeted discrimination against migrant resettlement, who South Koreans prefer newcomers from the North. coming to their country, and to whom they do and do not wish to confer public assistance. • Multiculturalism is not at odds with the resettlement The North Korean defector-migrants of North Korean defector-migrants. were asked about their attitudes towards national membership and belonging, as well as democracy and WHAT DO NORTH KOREAN components of state and society in South Korea. In DEFECTOR-MIGRANTS THINK? order to establish the nature of resettled North Korean identities, they were also asked about factors of the • National identities of resettled North Korean North Korean lives they left behind. Their opinions defector-migrants and native-born South Koreans were compared to native South Koreans on identical largely converge. questions. The key findings are as follows: • Defector-migrants are somewhat less accepting of WHAT DO SOUTH KOREANS difference compared to native-born South Koreans, THINK ABOUT IMMIGRATION AND but not substantively so. Defector-migrants DIVERSITY OVERALL? do not prefer a multicultural to an ethnically homogeneous country, but there is no opposition • Most South Koreans support their new, to the idea of a multicultural South Korea per se. multicultural national identity. While citizens show some uneasiness about immigration in general, • Defector-migrants are just as supportive of there is no evidence that they are rejecting democracy as native South Koreans but diverge diversity. somewhat from native South Koreans regarding democratic alternatives. • South Koreans express a preference for ethnic Korean immigrants, but not all ethnic Koreans. • North Korean defector-migrants are much more They are most at ease with the entry and supportive of national reunification than are resettlement of North Korean defector-migrants, native-born South Koreans. whereas Korean-Chinese are among the least preferred immigrant groups. • Defector-migrants show greater pride in the accomplishments of South Korea than do native- • Among prospective immigrant attributes, language born South Koreans. capacity and employment plans trump other considerations. NEW VALUES & OLD ORDERS 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. FOREWORD 3 2. PURPOSE, NECESSITY, AND METHOD 4 2.1 About the Two Samples 4 3. SURVEY OF SOUTH KOREANS: DIRECT QUESTIONS 5 3.1 General Attitudes Towards Immigrants 5 3.2 Diversity and Multiculturalism 7 3.3 Refugees and Those Less Fortunate` 10 3.4 Group-specific Preferences 11 4. “TRUE” PREFERENCES: SURVEY EXPERIMENTS 13 4.1 List Experiment: What do South Koreans Really Think About Immigrants? 13 4.2 Immigration Conjoint: Who is Permitted Entry? 16 4.3 Public Housing Conjoint: Who Deserves Assistance? 20 5. NORTH KOREAN DEFECTOR- MIGRANT SURVEY 23 5.1 Defector-Migrant National Identity 23 5.2 Defector-Migrant Political Attitudes 28 CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION 32 APPENDIX A: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS (SOUTH KOREAN SURVEY) 34 APPENDIX B: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS (NORTH KOREAN SURVEY) 35 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 37 2 NEW VALUES & OLD ORDERS Some of the data corroborate popular 1. FOREWORD conceptions about preferred ethnic or country origins of migrants. Extant research suggests that migrants he South Korean government’s support from China or Southeast Asia are less desirable than of defector-migrants coming from North those from Europe or North America, and the data Korea is well known. Pending vetting of their in this report provides evidence to support those Tbackground in the name of national security, assertions. North Korean migrants are granted South Korean But the report also has some surprises: South citizenship on arrival. They then receive considerable Koreans and defector-migrants are more supportive support from the public purse. But when it comes of a so-called “multicultural” future for the country to immigration in general and cultural diversity, than might be assumed by conventional accounts that contemporary South Korean public attitudes are not privilege the hanminjok narrative. The report will also so clear. Accordingly, this research presents several be of interest to students of governance and politics, surprises for scholars and casual observers alike. in analyzing the discrepancies between native South South Korea has long been understood to be a Koreans’ and defector-migrants’ attitudes toward country of negative immigration; that is, characterized strongman leadership, military leadership, and drawing by long-term patterns of emigration and return ethnic boundaries on national citizenry. The research project migration, with few pathways for ethnically dissimilar also deals with some of the limitations of survey design foreigners to create lives in the country. Scholars of with innovative questions that attempt to deal with the Korean national identity – or even casual observers social and political norms that favor entry and support who have spent some time in the country – are quick for North Korean defector-migrants, and drawing from to point out the strong vision of a millennia-long this reports’ findings further research into the limits homogeneous minjok (Korean race) that mandates the of these and larger pro-“multiculturalism” norms will reunification of the peninsula. certainly be warranted. However, from the early 2000s the national While it seems that Western Europe and government has not only sought to reform and North America are grappling with a backlash against institutionalize its guest worker program to fill gaps the ideals of “multiculturalism” and debating where in the labor force; it has also sought to provide cultural diversity fits into contemporary democracy, pathways for migration and integration programming South Korea is just beginning a version
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