Landmarks | volume fve | Fall 2019 Landmarks | volume fve LANDMARKS THE UNDERGRADUATE GEOGRAPHY JOURNAL volume fve | 2019 LANDMARKS THE UNDERGRADUATE GEOGRAPHY JOURNAL volume fve | 2019 ABOUT THE COVER "LANDMARKS OF TORONTO" Cover art taken by Kathleen Dervenis and Aisha Assan-Lebbe Tis photograph was taken at the intersection of McCaul and College Street on the south side of the University of Toronto, St. George campus. We felt that it was not only representative of the student experience at an institution in Toronto but that it also evoked some of the overarching “lines” of work in the journal including icons of “modernity,” congestion and gentrifcation. Online version available at: landmarksjournal.geog.utoronto.ca Contact us at: [email protected] EDITORIAL TEAM editors Aisha Assan-Lebbe Kathleen Dervenis Gregory Diebold Lucy Fang Pritha Karmaker Lexie Kelly Travis Van Wyck Sharon Wong Hudson Yuen Elsie Lewison contributors Jessica Ballie James Chapman Zina Fraser Monica Iqbal Cora Larkins Daria Mancino Justin Moon Conrad Stevens Rebecca Tom Grace Van Der Velden Elly Verlinden Alison Zhou TABLE OF CONTENTS An Enclave Left Behind: Koreatown for Whom? 6 Zina Fraser Relief for the Few, Congestion for the Many 18 James Chapman Te Goal of Social Diversity in New Urbanist Developments in the GTA 30 Rebecca Tom Ghosts in the Canon: Logistics in Geographical Tought 40 Alison Zhou Negotiating Gender on the Factory Floor: Women's Work at the Ford River Rouge Plant 50 Cora Larkins Sex Tourism in Batam: A Multiscalar Analysis 56 Daria Mancino Mestis Scrip Certifcates and the Manitoba Act of 1870: A Narrative of Dispossession 64 Grace Van Der Velden Te Implications of Impervious Surfaces for Flood Management in the GTA 70 Monica Iqbal Determining Vegetation Composition Between North and South Facing Slopes 82 Jessica Ballie, Conrad Stevens, Elly Verlinden & Justin Moon 4 | Landmarks INTRODUCTORY NOTE We are proud to present the ffth volume of Landmarks: Te Undergraduate Geography Journal. Te journal was established in 2015 and has since featured exemplary undergraduate work from across the many streams of geography at the University of Toronto, including Human, Physical, Environmental, and G.I.S. Tis year’s issue showcases the breadth and diversity of undergraduate work with articles that span corporeal, urban, national, and international spatial scales and employ a variety of geographical research methods including the quadrat method for vegetation sampling, legal history, quantitative demographic analysis, and conceptual genealogy. As usual, Landmarks 2019 also ofers an array of unusual juxtapositions: the commodifcation of cultural identities and Leaf Area Index calculations; impervious surface mapping and the multi-sca- lar politics of sex work; an historical study of gendered workplace “articulations” and an analysis of census data critiquing the promises of New Urbanism. We also, however, fnd key connections and complementarities: historical and contemporary processes of state-sanctioned displacements; a the- oretical engagement with logistics as method and subject alongside a concrete study of the uneven costs and benefts of privatised transportation development; the role of green spaces in managing urban fooding and the importance of slope aspect in understanding processes of change in green spaces. Reading the articles together also brings to light other potential connections and research questions. What could we gain, for example, from thinking about the dynamics of urban fooding and gentrifcation together, particularly in the face of increasing climatic volatility? How might studies of colonial dispossession and the dynamics of forest succession work together to inform critical new approaches to environmental science and politics? Geographers have long been at the forefront of unsettling disciplinary boundaries and mixing up methods. As the explosive popularity of the concept of the anthropocene demonstrates, there is growing appreciation of the urgent need for new generations of scholars, policy-makers and activ- ists able to work across and transcend established boundaries of knowledge production. In bringing together editors and authors from diferent academic streams, Landmarks aims to facilitate such crosscutting conversations and relationships within the U of T Geography and Planning commu- nity. We are grateful to the Department of Geography & Planning as well as the Arts & Science Student Union for their continued support for our project and the undergraduates pursuing these diverse lines of work. Te ffth volume of Landmarks would not have been possible without the contributions of our ded- icated editors and authors who took time during their busy semesters to compile the journal. We want to thank everyone for their hard work and patience throughout the editing process. We are also grateful to the many students who submitted their papers for consideration; as always we were impressed by breadth and caliber of the submissions. We hope that you enjoy the ffth volume of the journal and invite you to think critically about the kinds of questions raised by the articles and how the unexpected juxtapositions and complementaries highlighted here also manifest in other contemporary contexts. Sincerely, Te Landmarks Editorial Board Landmarks | 5 AN ENCLAVE LEFT BEHIND: KOREATOWN FOR WHOM? By Zina Fraser1 Since cities have become defned by their global connections in the 20th century, ethnic enclaves have fourished as diasporic communities fnd new neighbourhoods to call home. Tis paper explores the evolution of ethnic enclaves over time in the context of Toronto’s downtown Koreatown, formed in the second half of the 20th century. A recent shift in immigrant routes away from this area and toward the suburbs is revealed through an analysis of the decreasing population of Korean immigrants and the disappearance of community institutions in Koreatown. Consequently, it is argued that this neighbourhood has evolved from an ethnic enclave for Korean immigrants to a space of branding and consumption of Korean identity by an urban middle class. Introduction n the current climate of global connectivity, widespread diaspora has become a significant vari- Iable in the shifting flows of urban life. The routes traced by immigrants from their homeland to new home countries often change from one generation to the next, and roots are continually put down in the form of community institutions (churches, clubs, community hubs) and businesses to create cultural landscapes within cities, or ethnic enclaves. This has been the case for Korean immigrants in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area, making up 61,300 people as of 2011 (Kang, 2016, p. 44). While this population’s original route to Toronto traced through downtown Koreatown in the 1960s (Brown, 2012), it has since shifted toward North York (Kang, 2016, p. 44). However, the downtown area, home to only 810 Koreans as of 2016 (City of Toronto, 2018a; City of Toronto, 2018b), is still known as Koreatown, and its signage and media narratives evoke a sense of place as such. According to Qadeer et al. (2010), an ethnic enclave necessarily comprises businesses, services, and institutions for a group of residents, creating a complete community at the neighbourhood scale (p. 317). With this in mind, the existence of a Koreatown without its Korean population raises the question of for whom this place now exists. In the paragraphs that follow, it will become clear that since immigrant routes have shifted away from Koreatown, the area has lost its population and roots in the form of community institutions, keeping only its businesses. Despite this shift in settlement patterns, the neighbourhood’s contin- ued branding with and consumption of Korean ethnic identity demonstrate that this identity has been commodified for consumption by the middle class. In this paper, I will first discuss the route traced by Koreans through Koreatown that resulted in the establishment of an ethnic enclave, com- plete with businesses and community institutions. Next, I will examine the change in immigrant routes away from downtown Koreatown toward North York in the 1990s to find that a shift in 1 Originally written for ARC355: History of Urbanism with Professor Erica Allen-Kim. 6 | Zina Fraser | Landmarks ! community institutions toward this suburb also occurred. Finally, I will analyze marketing narra- tives brandingOverall, Koreatownit is clear that with since ethnic immigrant identity routesand associated have shifted consumption away from of the Korean Koreatown, identity the to discuss the reconstruction of the neighbourhood for the middle class. area has lost its population and roots in the form of community institutions, keeping only its 1960s-Early 1990s: Downtown Koreatown as Route to Toronto businesses. Despite this shift in demographic, the neighbourhood’s continued branding with and Korean roots in the forms of both community institutions and diverse businesses were present in consumptionKoreatown when of Korean it was ethnic the main identity route demonstrate traced by Koreanthat this immigrants identity has through been commodified Toronto, making for it a complete ethnic enclave at that time. This original route emerged in the 1960s and was the consumptionproduct of political by the middle context class. in both Kore Canadaatown isand now Korea a place (Brown, to not 2012).only consume As instabilities Korean cultureendured into the 20th century, these missionaries became sources of comfort and