DOCSLIB.ORG

Lecture 18: Young Alex

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lecture 18: Young Alex 3/15/2012 Lecture 18: Young Alex HIST 332 Spring 2012 Kingdom of Macedonia • Natural resources – fertile soil, timber, precious metals, horses • Large population – 2x bigger than any polis in Greece – potential for large army • Maintained a kingdom – similar to that seen in Homer – “Heroic Monarchy” Macedonian culture Retained archaic features: • Palace-culture at Pella resembles Homeric kingship • Multiple wives (political) – Epirote queen Olympias, mother of Alexander • Hereditary Monarchy – contrasted sharply with the Greek cultures further south, where city-states possessed oligarchic or democratic institutions • Feudal Institutions (serfdom) 1 3/15/2012 Philip II of Macedon • King Perdiccas III has infant heir, but he is deposed by youngest brother Philip – made himself king • inherits a weak, divided kingdom • ushers in a period of Macedonian dominance of Greece. Philip II Macedon Glyptotek, Munich Macedonian Army Reorganization • creates Elite Heavy infantry (Hypaspists) – agema or private bodyguard – [Silver Shields] • creates “foot companions” – (pezhetairoi) – Philip had been a “hostage” in Thebes and witnessed Theban “Sacred Band” • Training and Funding – used his own money to pay citizens to serve in the army, provide weapons and armor – Took time to properly train his men 2 feet Macedonian Phalanx with sarissa 16 feet • 15-18 foot pike (head = 2 feet long) • sliced through shields and armor like a sword • very effective against hoplite shield 8 feet 2 3/15/2012 New Cavalry weapons and tactics • Philip creates “Companions” hetairoi • incorporates former rivals nobles from Upper Macedonian into “Companion cavalry” who grew up on horseback • primary offensive unit: xyston – divided into squadrons (ilai) • speed and height • punch holes in enemy formation • guard rear flanks of phalanx • Officers and political advisors – drink all night with King – fight the next day Hypaspist Innovations in Macedonian Army Nearly invincible Macedonia phalanx (pezhetairoi) – armed with the famous sarissa and porpax shield – anchor of Macedonian line – lead by their own ethnic aristocrat • divided into six taxeis of 1500 men each – maneuverable and sub-dividable Elite infantry (Hypaspist) 3000 man brigade – heavy infantry like hoplite – “Silver Shields” after Hydaspes 3 3/15/2012 Elite Squad Hetairoi “Sleeping Friends” Most important advisors – acted as a “court” – eat and slept near the King – personal protection and emergency reserve – fought all day/ drank all night 4 3/15/2012 Battle of Chaeronea Thebes and Athens Macedonians • 35,000 troops • 30,000 troops • 2,000 cavalry • After both sides fought bitterly for a long time. 1. Philip deliberately withdrew his troops on the right wing 2. untested Athenian hoplites followed him • creates gap between Athenians and Theban forces 3. Alexander rides into gap followed by Companions • screens Athenian and Theban lines 4. Philip then about-faces his forces to attack Athenian with great fury Chaeronea part 2 5. The Athenians unable to resist his Macedonian veterans. 6. After Athenian rout – Thebans isolated and surrounded – Of the famed 300-strong Sacred Band of Thebes, 254 fell on the field of battle, while 46 were wounded and captured. 5 3/15/2012 Assassination of Philip October 336 BCE • The court had gathered for the celebration of the marriage between Philip's daughter Cleopatra and Alexander I of Epirus • 12 statues of Greek gods brought in and a 13th, Philip • While entering the town's theater unprotected (highlighting his approachability to the Greek diplomats present), Philip was killed by Pausanias, former member of his seven bodyguards. • The assassin immediately tried to escape and was pursued by three of Philip's bodyguards and killed • The “real” story much more juicy – lover’s quarrel Alexander ascends to the throne • Alexander crowned King of Macedon – Attalus was executed in Alexander's consolidation of power after the murder – Speculation that Alexander and mom Olympias were responsible for Philip (?) • Inherited the war in Asia: everything was ready: – strong economy – strong army – the boy had had a military education and knew something of the country he was about to attack. • Alexander was born for greatness. – first task was to secure his home base. 6 3/15/2012 Alexander the Great (356-323 BCE) Greek: Ἀλζξανδρος ὁ Μζγας or Μζγας Ἀλζξανδρος son of Philip II and Olympias King (basileus) of Macedon He was one of the most successful military commanders of all time and is presumed undefeated in battle. By the time of his death, he had conquered most of the world as known to the ancient Greeks Alexander tames Bucephalus Alexander on Bucephalus? Fresco on the "Tomb of Philip", Vergina Alexander meets the Persian Ambassador 7 3/15/2012 Aristotle teaches Alexander Jan Lievens, 1631 Prince Charles Louis with His Tutor, as the Young Alexander Instructed by Aristotle Alexander after Chaeronea Alexander becomes king • After the assassination of Philip, Alexander ascends to the Macedonian throne • Kills political enemies as scapegoats • Needs to publically show that the “young” king has what it takes to succeed • Starts off with an invasion of Northern and Western tribes 8 3/15/2012 Preparations for War • After the assassination of Philip (336) the new king called the Thessalians to order – tried to revolt • organized a second conference at Corinth – received assurances from all Greek cities (except Sparta) that they would obey the treaty with Macedonia as if it had been concluded with Alexander. Problems caused by Philip’s Death • Counter-revolution in Asia Minor – Greek cities in Ionia make peace with Persia – Satraps waiting for Philip make peace with Darius III • Athens and Thebes try to overthrow “Macedonian yoke” – rumored Alex was killed as well. – Demosthenes is killed Alexander meets Diogenes of Sinope (Διογζνης ὁ Σινωπεύς) Diogenes (Cynic) taught that people should behave as simple as possible, almost like animals, because civilization brought complications and unhappiness John William Waterhouse, Diogenes (1882) Sydney Australia 9 3/15/2012 Alex was not the first • The Anabasis of Xenophon – 10,000 trapped behind enemy lines and fight their way out of Persian Empire (401) • Spartan king Agesilaus had succeeded in capturing satrap capital of Sardis (359) • War was planned by his father Philip 10 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Philip of Macedon Kindle
    PHILIP OF MACEDON PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Nicholas Hammond | 270 pages | 01 Apr 2013 | Bloomsbury Publishing PLC | 9780715628294 | English | London, United Kingdom Philip of Macedon PDF Book Philip stood up, drew his sward, and charged at Alexander, only to trip and fall on his face in his drunken stupor at which Alexander shouted:. Becoming convinced that Rome intended to destroy him, he extended his authority into the Balkans in three campaigns , , Why were the Macedonians styled as "Greeks" in the 19th Century? To achieve this, he needed to control the sea, and he therefore had to take action against Athens, which had a navy and had supported Egypt on more than one occasion. The Road to Hegemony. Macedonian Symbols. Twitter Facebook Pinterest Google Classroom. He was the 18th king of Macedonia and ruled from to B. He organized all Greek states into a Greek league. Five years after his return to Macedon, Philip became regent for King Amyntas IV but he was able to secure the crown for himself within a few months. Yet, the seeds of change had been sown. Yet then and now, questions arose as to whether there was more to the story—whether Pausanias acted alone or whether someone used this traumatized young man as a pawn in some larger game. Philip already had plans for invasion of the Persian Empire, which would crown his career as world conqueror. He refused to wear the insignia of rank and in the early years of his command, Philip led from the front. Commander of the Greeks, Illyrians, and Thracians.
    [Show full text]
  • Marathon 2,500 Years Edited by Christopher Carey & Michael Edwards
    MARATHON 2,500 YEARS EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER CAREY & MICHAEL EDWARDS INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON MARATHON – 2,500 YEARS BULLETIN OF THE INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SUPPLEMENT 124 DIRECTOR & GENERAL EDITOR: JOHN NORTH DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS: RICHARD SIMPSON MARATHON – 2,500 YEARS PROCEEDINGS OF THE MARATHON CONFERENCE 2010 EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER CAREY & MICHAEL EDWARDS INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON 2013 The cover image shows Persian warriors at Ishtar Gate, from before the fourth century BC. Pergamon Museum/Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin. Photo Mohammed Shamma (2003). Used under CC‐BY terms. All rights reserved. This PDF edition published in 2019 First published in print in 2013 This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. More information regarding CC licenses is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Available to download free at http://www.humanities-digital-library.org ISBN: 978-1-905670-81-9 (2019 PDF edition) DOI: 10.14296/1019.9781905670819 ISBN: 978-1-905670-52-9 (2013 paperback edition) ©2013 Institute of Classical Studies, University of London The right of contributors to be identified as the authors of the work published here has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Designed and typeset at the Institute of Classical Studies TABLE OF CONTENTS Introductory note 1 P. J. Rhodes The battle of Marathon and modern scholarship 3 Christopher Pelling Herodotus’ Marathon 23 Peter Krentz Marathon and the development of the exclusive hoplite phalanx 35 Andrej Petrovic The battle of Marathon in pre-Herodotean sources: on Marathon verse-inscriptions (IG I3 503/504; Seg Lvi 430) 45 V.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaic Eretria
    ARCHAIC ERETRIA This book presents for the first time a history of Eretria during the Archaic Era, the city’s most notable period of political importance. Keith Walker examines all the major elements of the city’s success. One of the key factors explored is Eretria’s role as a pioneer coloniser in both the Levant and the West— its early Aegean ‘island empire’ anticipates that of Athens by more than a century, and Eretrian shipping and trade was similarly widespread. We are shown how the strength of the navy conferred thalassocratic status on the city between 506 and 490 BC, and that the importance of its rowers (Eretria means ‘the rowing city’) probably explains the appearance of its democratic constitution. Walker dates this to the last decade of the sixth century; given the presence of Athenian political exiles there, this may well have provided a model for the later reforms of Kleisthenes in Athens. Eretria’s major, indeed dominant, role in the events of central Greece in the last half of the sixth century, and in the events of the Ionian Revolt to 490, is clearly demonstrated, and the tyranny of Diagoras (c. 538–509), perhaps the golden age of the city, is fully examined. Full documentation of literary, epigraphic and archaeological sources (most of which have previously been inaccessible to an English-speaking audience) is provided, creating a fascinating history and a valuable resource for the Greek historian. Keith Walker is a Research Associate in the Department of Classics, History and Religion at the University of New England, Armidale, Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Coin Specialist
    .' Numismatic Art of Antiquity VO/4. No, 8 AUGUST 1990 $2,00 Timeless tradition Origin of piggy bank traced to life style of Romans by Marvin Tameanko vernacular we might say - ownership of Of all the Roman inventions which a pig was like having "money in the are still in use today. the most mundane banJc" , but numismatic ally interesting is the Roman savings banks were very common "piggy" bank. The earliest common and examples are lrnown from known example of a piggy bank was as early as Republican times. These found in 1908 during the excavations of banks were usually made of a ceramic Pompeii. the Roman city buried by the material in the form of urns, temples volcano of Vesuvius in A.D. 79. This and dome shaped beehives. Urns were savings bank. was found hidden in the used by Romans for storing valuables garden wall of a large house. It was and for receptacles for donative offerings made of terracotta in the form of an to the gods. The temples. being sacred elaborately ornamented, decorative chest buildings. served as the banks in ancient It was obviously meant to be a times and Romans deposited large sums miniature imitation of the strong boxes of money to temple ueasuries for usually located in the atrium of the safekeeping. Honey was the commonly Roman home which contained the used sweetener in ancient times and the family's funds and valuables. Incised on bee was known as an industrious saver The "Piggy Bank" found at Porrpeii in 1908, the lid of the bank was a drawing of a of honey.
    [Show full text]
  • Nicholas Victor Sekunda the SARISSA
    ACTA UNI VERSITATIS LODZIENSIS FOLIA ARCHAEOLOGICA 23, 2001 Nicholas Victor Sekunda THE SARISSA INTRODUCTION Recent years have seen renewed interest in Philip and Alexander, not least in the sphere of military affairs. The most complete discussion of the sarissa, or pike, the standard weapon of Macedonian footsoldiers from the reign of Philip onwards, is that of Lammert. Lammert collects the ancient literary evidence and there is little one can disagree with in his discussion of the nature and use of the sarissa. The ancient texts, however, concentrate on the most remarkable feature of the weapon - its great length. Unfor- tunately several details of the weapon remain unclear. More recent discussions o f the weapon have tried to resolve these problems, but I find myself unable to agree with many of the solutions proposed. The purpose of this article is to suggest some alternative possibilities using further ancient literary evidence and also comparisons with pikes used in other periods of history. 1 do not intend to cover those aspects of the sarissa already dealt with satisfactorily by Lammert and his predecessors'. THE PIKE-HEAD Although the length of the pike is the most striking feature of the weapon, it is not the sole distinguishing characteristic. What also distinguishes a pike from a common spear is the nature of the head. Most spears have a relatively broad head designed to open a wide flesh wound and to sever blood vessels. 1 hey are usually used to strike at the unprotected parts of an opponent’s body. The pike, on the other hand, is designed to penetrate body defences such as shields or armour.
    [Show full text]
  • MAC II in General, All Greek Troops “Constitutionally
    ALEXANDER’S FINAL ARMY An Honors Thesis for the Department of History By Jonathan A. Miller Thesis Advisor: Steven Hirsch Tufts University, 2011 AKNOWLEDGMENTS Alexander the Great is a man with whom many great leaders throughout history have been compared, a model of excellence whose achievements can never quite be matched. 2 My introduction to his legacy occurred in the third grade. Reading a biography of Julius Caesar for a class project, I happened across Plutarch’s famous description of Caesar’s reaction to reading a history of Alexander: “he was lost in thought for a long time, and then burst into tears. His friends were astonished, and asked the reason for his tears. ‘Do you not think,’ said he, ‘that it is a matter of sorrow that while Alexander, at my age, was already king of so many peoples, I have as yet achieved no brilliant success?’”1 This story captivated my imagination and stuck with me throughout my middle and high school years. Once at college, I decided to write a thesis on Alexander to better understand the one man capable of breeding thoughts of inadequacy in Caesar. This work is in many ways a tribute to both Caesar and Alexander. More pointedly, it is an exploration into the designs of a man at the feet of whom lay the whole world. This paper has meant a lot to me. I want to thank all those who made it possible. First and foremost, my undying gratitude goes to Professor Steven Hirsch, who has helped me navigate the difficult process of researching and writing this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Greek Medicine Hippocratic Medicine
    Ancient Greek Medicine Hippocratic Medicine Stefanos Geroulanos MD, PhD FACS, FCCM, FEACTS, FICA Professor of Surgery, University of Zurich f. Professor of History of Medicine, University of Ioannina f. Director Surgical ICU, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens President International Hippocratic Foundation, Kos Ancient Greek Medicine Apollo The first God of Medicine, God of divination, of prophecy of light and music Apollo The God of Medicine The reason was that he could predict the future e.g. he could predict the outcome of a disease. Coin of Apollonia pontica Apollo as physician By simple observation of the strength of different plants, The Goddess with the poppies 1500 BC, AM Herakleion, Krete Papaver somniferum, “opium” man very early realised that he could influence his illnesses and suffering Centaur Cheiron On this way the early physicians/priests collected a huge amount of knowledge and applied it to patients. The result was the birth of Empirical Medicine “As with the time physicians knew slowly slowly more and they could predict better than the priests the outcome of an illness”. The time had come that Medicine had to be separated from the oracles and the priests. A new God of Medicine had to be created, to protect and cure the patients. Asklepios Seated Asklepios on a metope Temple of Asclepius, Epidauros, 4th c. BC. Asklepios was at the beginning a physician. He was a student of the father of Pharmacology, the Centaur Cheiron. At Homers time he was king of the city of Trikke, to days Trikkala in Thessaly. His two sons Machaon and Podaleirios participated in the war of Troy with 30 boats and at least 1500 soldiers.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Kingdom of Alexander the Great Ancient Macedonia
    Advance press kit Exhibition From October 13, 2011 to January 16, 2012 Napoleon Hall In the Kingdom of Alexander the Great Ancient Macedonia Contents Press release page 3 Map of main sites page 9 Exhibition walk-through page 10 Images available for the press page 12 Press release In the Kingdom of Alexander the Great Exhibition Ancient Macedonia October 13, 2011–January 16, 2012 Napoleon Hall This exhibition curated by a Greek and French team of specialists brings together five hundred works tracing the history of ancient Macedonia from the fifteenth century B.C. up to the Roman Empire. Visitors are invited to explore the rich artistic heritage of northern Greece, many of whose treasures are still little known to the general public, due to the relatively recent nature of archaeological discoveries in this area. It was not until 1977, when several royal sepulchral monuments were unearthed at Vergina, among them the unopened tomb of Philip II, Alexander the Great’s father, that the full archaeological potential of this region was realized. Further excavations at this prestigious site, now identified with Aegae, the first capital of ancient Macedonia, resulted in a number of other important discoveries, including a puzzling burial site revealed in 2008, which will in all likelihood entail revisions in our knowledge of ancient history. With shrewd political skill, ancient Macedonia’s rulers, of whom Alexander the Great remains the best known, orchestrated the rise of Macedon from a small kingdom into one which came to dominate the entire Hellenic world, before defeating the Persian Empire and conquering lands as far away as India.
    [Show full text]
  • 9.4. South Italic Military Equipment and Identity: 229 9.5
    REFERENCE ONLY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON THESIS Degree py\D Name of Author Year 2bOfa flJdNS, N\. CO PYRIG HT This is a thesis accepted for a Higher Degree of the University of London. It is an unpublished typescript and the copyright is held by the author. All persons consulting the thesis must read and abide by the Copyright Declaration below. COPYRIGHT DECLARATION I recognise that the copyright of the above-described thesis rests with the author and that no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the priorwritten consent of the author. LOANS Theses may not be lent to individuals, but the Senate House Library may lend a copy to approved libraries within the United Kingdom, for consultation solely on the premises of those libraries. Application should be made to: Inter-Library Loans, Senate House Library, Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU. REPRODUCTION University of London theses may not be reproduced without explicit written permission from the Senate House Library. Enquiries should be addressed to the Theses Section of the Library. Regulations concerning reproduction vary according to the date of acceptance of the thesis and are listed below as guidelines. A. Before 1962. Permission granted only upon the prior written consent of the author. (The Senate House Library will provide addresses where possible). B. 1962 - 1974. In many cases the author has agreed to permit copying upon completion of a Copyright Declaration. C. 1975 - 1988. Most theses may be copied upon completion of a Copyright Declaration. D. 1989 onwards. Most theses may be copied.
    [Show full text]
  • Age of Heroes
    Age of Heroes - 2 - Chapter 1 BACKGROUND Timeline: 2200 B.C. to 394B.C. Many of the dates given below are approximate and represent the generally accepted time in which these events occurred. 2200 B.C.: Minoan civilization flourishes. 1500 B.C.: Mycenaean’s become dominant. 1250 B.C.: The Trojan War is fought. 1100 B.C.: The Dorian Invasion occurs. Though barbaric in other ways, the Dorians bring iron weapons into Greece. Knowledge of writing is lost. The Greek "Dark Ages" lasts nearly 300 years. 1000 B.C.: Ionians fleeing invaders establish cities on the west coast of Asia Minor. 800 B.C.: City-states arise. 776 B.C.: First recorded Olympic Games. 750 B.C.: Greek script, based on Phoenician characters, is created. The Iliad and The Odyssey are written. 730 B.C.: The First Messenian War. Sparta dominates the south-western Peloponnese. 640 B.C.: The Second Messenian War is fought. Sparta becomes pre-eminent, crushing the native population. 594 B.C.: Solon reforms the laws of Athens. 560 B.C.: Peisistratus becomes the first Athenian Tyrant. 532 B.C.: City Dionysia introduced in Athens, and first tragedies performed. 510 B.C.: Tyranny in Athens is overthrown. 508 B.C.: Cleisthenes introduces sweeping democratic reforms in Athens. 490 B.C.: Persian Wars begin. Persians are defeated at Marathon by Athenian hoplites. 483 B.C.: Themistocles builds the Athenian navy. 480 B.C.: Spartans defeated at Thermopylae. Persians burn Athens. Athenians destroy the Persian fleet at the Battle of Salamis. 479 B.C.: Remaining Persian troops defeated at Plataea.
    [Show full text]
  • What May Philip Have Learnt As a Hostage in Thebes? Hammond, N G L Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Winter 1997; 38, 4; Proquest Pg
    What may Philip have learnt as a hostage in Thebes? Hammond, N G L Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Winter 1997; 38, 4; ProQuest pg. 355 What May Philip Have Learnt as a Hostage in Thebes? N. c. L. Hammond HE BELIEF that Philip did learn some lessons in Thebes was clearly stated in three passages.1 After denouncing the slug­ Tgishness of the Athenians, Justin (6.9.7) wrote that Philip "having been held hostage in Thebes for three years and having been instructed in the fine qualities of Epaminondas and Pelo­ pidas" was enabled by the inactivity of the Greeks to impose on them the yoke of servitude. The source of this passage was clearly Theopompus. 2 Justin wrote further as follows: "This thing [peace with Thebes] gave very great promotion to the outstanding natural ability of Philip" (7.5.2: quae res Philippo maxima incrementa egregiae indolis dedit), "seeing that Philip laid the first foundations of boyhood as a hostage for three 1 The following abbreviations are used: Anderson=J. K. Anderson, Military Theory and Practice in the Age of Xenophon (Berkeley 1970); Aymard=A. Aymard, "Philippe de Macedoine, otage a Thebes, REA 56 (1954) 15-26; Buckler=J. Buckler, "Plutarch on Leuktra," SymbOslo 55 (1980) 75-93; Ellis=J. R. Ellis, Philip II and Macedonian Imperialism (London 1976); Ferrill=A. Ferrill, The Origins of War from the Stone Age to Alexander the Great (London 1985); Geyer=F. Geyer, Makedonien bis zur Thronbesteigung Philippe II (Munich 1939); Hammond, Coll. St.-N. G. L. Hammond, Col­ lected Studies I-IV (Amsterdam 1993-97); Hammond, Philip=id., Philip of Macedon (London 1994); Hammond, "Training"=id., "Training in the Use of the Sarissa and its Effect in Battle, n Antichthon 14 (1980) 53-63; Hat­ zopoulos,=M.
    [Show full text]
  • Press Release the Tomb of Alexander the Great & the Graves Of
    Press Release By Andrew M. Chugg The Tomb of Alexander the Great & the Graves of the Last Pharaohs Alexander the Great on a silver coin minted by his general Lysimachos twenty-five years after Alexander’s death (collection of Andrew M. Chugg) Key messages: • A newly discovered fit between a piece of ancient tomb from the foundations of St Mark’s in Venice and a sarcophagus in the British Museum may confirm the location and appearance of the tomb of Alexander the Great. • This fit has long been obscured by damage to the base of the sarcophagus, which was repaired with concrete in the 19th century that was removed in the 20th century. • The location of Alexander’s tomb indicates exactly where to find the lost royal cemetery of the last native pharaohs of Egypt and the mausoleums of the Greek pharaohs that succeeded them. • The new evidence also confirms that the remains supposed to be those of St Mark the Evangelist lying within a coffin in the high altar of St Mark’s in Venice could well be the bones of Alexander the Great. 1 • The British Museum has agreed to change its “Curator’s Comments” on its website page for the sarcophagus from “This object was incorrectly believed to be associated with Alexander the Great when it entered the collection in 1803.” to “This object was believed to be associated with Alexander the Great when it entered the collection in 1803.” Introduction In 2004 a book entitled The Lost Tomb of Alexander the Great by Andrew Michael Chugg was published in London.
    [Show full text]