https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ Theses Digitisation: https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/research/enlighten/theses/digitisation/ This is a digitised version of the original print thesis. Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Beyond the Frontier: TRAPRAIN LAW By: Kristina Marie Giannotta Degree of; M.Phil University of Glasgow Department of Archaeology August 1997 ProQuest N um ber: 10392248 All rights re s e rv e d INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a n o t e will in d ic a te th e d e le tio n . uest ProQuest 10392248 Published by ProQuest LLO (2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights re s e rv e d . This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLO. ProQuest LLO. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.Q. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 GlASGOW UNIVERSITY UDRARY Acknowledgments I would like to thank Dr. Hanson for the incredible amount of help he gave me throughout all my work. I would also like to thank Michael Erdrich for all those hours spent going through the artefacts at the Edinburgh museum. I also thank Fraser Hunter for granting me access to the finds and his insight on those artefacts. In addition the I would like to thank all the people at the National Monuments Records, who helped me find all the information I needed on Traprain and its surrounding sites. Dr. Knapp also deserves many thanks for granting me unlimited use of his SyQuest drive, without which none of the maps would have been possible. On the home front I would like to thank Ian and Graham from the Multi-Media Centre at Hopkins, who gave me free range of the equipment, certainly without their help the maps would never have been completed, I would also like to thank Kim and Andy Anderson, Hasdai Westbrook and Robert Thompson for all their editing and emotional support. Finally I thank my parents, without whom none of this would have been possible. ,, ... Acknowledgments I would like to thank Dr. Hanson for the incredible amount of help he gave me throughout all my work. I would also like to thank Michael Erdrich for all those hours spent going through the artefacts at the Edinburgh museum. I also thank Fraser Hunter for granting me access to the finds and his insight on those artefacts. In addition the I would like to thank all the people at the National Monuments Records, who helped me find all the information I needed on Traprain and its surrounding sites. Dr. Knapp also deserves many thanks for granting me unlimited use of his SyQuest drive, without which none of the maps would have been possible. On the home front I would like to thank Ian and Graham from the Multi-Media Centre at Hopkins, who gave me free range of the equipment, certainly without their help the maps would never have been completed. I would also like to thank Kim and Andy Anderson, Hasdai Westbrook and Robert Thompson for all their editing and emotional support. Finally I thank my parents, without whom none of this would have been possible. Abstract Conquest, assimilation, and acculturation are all buzz words in the modern fields of history, anthropology, archaeology and classics. The conquest and Romanization of Britain has attracted a great deal of attention particularly because it is there that the greatest amount of recent work has been done on this topic. One area of particular interest in Britain is the Borders region, where conquest and even contact was fairly sporadic. Within the Borders region, in East Lothian, remain the ruins of a hillfort dating back to the Neolithic. On this site, Traprain Law, an unprecedented amount of Roman artefacts was found. Among the finds were numerous indications of metalworking, including moulds, wasters and even crucible tongs. Due to the plethora of artefacts from Traprain, Traprain Law ought to be the centre from which scholars begin research on Romanization in Scotland and the Borders. Nevertheless, most scholars avoid detailed discussions of the site when dealing with the question of Romanization. Problematic excavation techniques and a lack of any coherent synthesis on the site gives Traprain Law a stigma. Excavations of the site by ‘levels’ and not habitation layers gives the sense that the artefacts are promiscuously mixed. Burley (1956) dealt with some aspects of the lack of synthesis of the artefacts by producing a category and synthesis of all the metalwork found at Traprain. However, without a context, applying this information remains problematic. This thesis investigates all the excavation reports in an attempt to clarify just what the evidence indicates about habitation at the site. Also, with the use of modern technology, a context can be applied to many of the items, by plotting all the finds from Traprain onto distribution maps. This new information is applied to the current hypotheses of Traprain in an attempt to come to a better understanding of Traprain and its place in the Borders area and the Roman world. Table of Contents 1) Chapter One: Introduction 1 2) Chapter Two: Ramparts 7 3) Chapter Three; Settlement or Votive Site 31 4) Chapter Four; Distribution of Items 51 5) Chapter Five: Settlement Patterns 68 î 6) Chapter Six: Conclusions 84 ■ a 7) Appendix I: Assemblages at Traprain 90 8) Appendix II; Coins 95 I 9) Appendix III: Distribution beyond the Western Plateau 99 10) Bibliography 109 11) Appendix IV: Distribution References DISC 12) Appendix V: Distribution Maps of Traprain Law CD ROM ! * I I a I Tables 1) Table A: Concordance chart of Ramparts at Traprain Law 7-8 2) Table B: Percentage of total assemblages by group 40 3) Table C: Percentage of total assemblages by group with coins included in the votive category 41 4) Table D: Assemblage of Jewellery at Traprain Law 43-44 5) Table E: Assemblage of Household Items at Traprain Law 45-46 6) Table F: Distribution of Jewellery at Traprain according to levels 58-59 7) Table G: Distribution of Household Items at Traprain according to levels 62 8) Table H: Distribution of Military Gear at Traprain according to levels 76-77 9) Table I: Distribution of Tools and Fittings at Traprain according to levels 78-80 Maps 1) Map 1 : Map of Traprain Law showing ramparts ^ Feachem 1956, revised by Close-Brooks 2) Map 2: Distribution of Bronze Age artefacts at Traprain f i > IH Feachem 1956, revised by Close-B rooks 3) Map 3 : Distribution of Bronze Age moulds at Traprain H - Feachem 1956, revised by Close-B rooks 4) Map 4: Distribution of Votive items at Uley Woodward 1993 5) Map 5: Distribution of Votive items at Traprain Feachem 1956, revised by Close-B rooks 6) Map 6: Distribution of Fel Temp Reparatio coins at Uley Woodward 1993 7) Map 7: Distribution of Theodosian coins at Uley S*! Woodward 1993 8) Map 8: Distribution of Roman coins at Harlow France and Gobel 1985 9) Map 9: Distribution of coins at Traprain Feachem 1956, revised by Close-B rooks 10) Map 10: Distribution of Jewellery at Uley 51'Uo Woodward 1993 11) Map 11 : Distribution of Brooches at Traprain Law 6iû-(pI Feachem 1956, revised by Close-B rooks 12) Map 12: Distribution of Rings and Armlets at Traprain Law Feachem 1956, revised by Close-B rooks j 13) Map 13: Distribution of Dress-Fasteners at Traprain Law itO-M Feachem 1956, revised by Close-B rooks 14) Map 14: Distribution of Pen annular Fibulae at Traprain Law W Feachem 1956, revised by Close-B rooks 15) Map 15: Distribution of Pins at Traprain Law W- Feachem 1956, revised by Close-Brooks 16) Map 16: Distribution of Jet and Glass Jewellery at Traprain Law WCH Feachem 1956, revised by Close-Brooks 17) Map 17: Distribution of Brooches found in the top level of 1914 excavations Curie 1914 »■ : 18) Map 18: Distribution of Brooches found in the top level of 1920 excavations Cree 1920 a 19) Map 19: Distribution of Brooches found in the top level of 1923 excavations '1 Cree 1923 20) Map 20: Distribution of Jewellery on the upper levels at Traprain Law : Feachem 1956, revised by Close-Brooks 21) Map 21: Distribution of Jewellery on the lower levels at Traprain Law (p*A ■f Feachem 1956, revised by Close-Brooks ■S 22) Map 22: Distribution of Fittings at Uley ” i j S Woodward 1993 : 23) Map 23: Distribution of Fittings at Traprain Law Ï Feachem 1956, revised by Close-Brooks 24) Map 24: Distribution of Fittings on level four of the 1919 excavations ■ Curie 1919 25) Map 25: Distribution of strictly Roman items at Traprain Feachem 1956, revised by Close-Brooks 4 | 3 26) Map 26: Distribution of Crucibles and Roman Glass at Traprain ui-To I; Feachem 1956, revised by Close-Brooks | | 27) Map 27: Distribution of Iron-Age moulds , Feachem 1956, revised by Close-Brooks f; 28) Map 28: Distribution of all items on level four of the 1919 excavations 31 ""TZ.