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Chapter 7: Deviance and Social Control CHAPTER 7 DevianceDeviance andand SocialSocial ControlControl 202 U S Your Sections I Sociological N Imagination 1. Deviance and G Social Control 2. Functionalism and hat would a Martian, after watch- Deviance ing an evening of prime-time W television, think about American 3. Symbolic Interactionism culture? If the impression of our culture were formed solely from these programs, and Deviance the Martian likely would conclude that the inhabitants of Earth are an exceptionally 4. Conflict Theory and violent people. If the Martian then began to Deviance display violent behavior, could we conclude that he or she had been watching too much 5. Crime and Punishment television? Before answering this question, think for Learning Objectives a moment about these statistics: Children aged two to eleven spend an average of twenty-eight hours per week watching tele- After reading this chapter, you will be able to vision (compared to thirty hours in school). Fifty-seven percent of television program- ❖ define deviance. ming contains violence. In one-quarter of ❖ define social control and identify the the violent interactions, a gun is used. major types of social control. Finally, in about three-quarters of all violent scenes, the persons committing the violent ❖ discuss the positive and negative acts go unpunished (National Television consequences of deviance. Violence Study, 1998). ❖ differentiate the major functional theories In the past sociologists have hesitated to of deviance. link violent behavior with exposure to tele- ❖ vision violence. But after hundreds of stud- discuss the conflict theory view of ies, researchers now confirm a link between deviance. televised aggression and personal aggres- ❖ describe four approaches to crime control. siveness. This link between imagined and actual violence is an example of culturally transmitted social behavior. As humans learn the culture around Chapter Overview them, they adopt certain patterns of behav- Visit the Sociology and You Web site at ior. In this chapter we will examine the soc.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 7— learned behavior called deviance. Chapter Overviews to preview chapter information. 203 204 Unit 2 Culture and Social Structures SectionSection Deviance and Social Control 11 Key Terms • deviance • deviant • negative deviance • social control • positive deviance • social sanctions SectionSection The Nature of Deviance PreviewPreview eviance refers to behavior that departs from societal or group norms. D It can range from criminal behavior (recognized by almost all mem- eviance is the violation bers of a society as deviant) to wearing heavy makeup (considered deviant by Dof social norms. It is dif- some religious groups). Some people violate norms by robbing banks or com- ficult to define because not mitting assault or murder. Incidents of deviance sometimes receive a great deal everyone agrees on what of attention because they involve prominent figures whose behavior is cap- should be considered de- tured on national television. Former heavyweight boxing champion Mike viant behavior. Tyson, in a bout with the current champion, Evander Holyfield, actually bit off the tip of Holyfield’s right ear and spat it onto the ring mat. Figure 7.1 illus- trates the frequency of two types of juvenile deviance. These examples appear clear-cut, but deviance is not always so easy to identify. Because deviance is a matter of social definition, it can vary from deviance group to group and society to society. In a diverse society like that of the behavior that departs from United States, it is often difficult to agree on what is or is not deviant societal or group norms behavior. In a groundbreaking study, Simmons (1969) polled people on this issue: 50% The sheer range of responses [to Carried a weapon Was in a physical fight the question “What constitutes Years deviant behavior?”] predictably 40% 42.5 41.8 ’91 included homosexuals, prosti- 38.7 36.6 tutes, drug addicts, radicals, 30% ’93 and criminals. But it also in- cluded liars, career women, 26.1 ’95 Democrats, reckless drivers, 20% 22.1 20.0 atheists, Christians, suburban- 18.3 ’97 ites, the retired, young folks, 10% card players, bearded men, centage of high school students centage of high school r who engaged in these activities artists, pacifists, priests, prudes, Pe 0 hippies, straights, girls who wear makeup, the President of the Figure 7.1 Two Types of Youth Deviance. United States, conservatives, in- What does the graph say about the trend in youth tegrationists, executives, divorcees, perverts, motorcycle violence? gangs, smart-alec students, know-it-all professors, modern people, and Americans. Source: Journal of the American Medical Association 282 (August, 1999): 440–446. To this list, one researcher would add obese people. For a week, she wore a “fat suit,” adding 150 pounds to her normal body weight, in order to experience firsthand what it feels like to be Chapter 7 Deviance and Social Control 205 an overweight woman in American society. She concluded that American “society not only hates fat people, it feels entitled to participate in a prej- udice that at many levels parallels racism and religious bigotry” (Lampert, 1993:154). Deviance may be either positive or negative. Negative deviance involves behavior that fails to meet accepted norms. People ex- pressing negative deviance either reject the norms, misinterpret the norms, or are unaware of the norms. This is the kind of be- havior popularly associated with the idea of deviance. There is, however, another type of deviance. Positive deviance in- volves overconformity to norms—leading to imbalance and ex- tremes of perfectionism. Positive deviants idealize group norms. In its own way, positive deviance can be as disruptive and hard to manage as negative deviance. Think about the norms related to personal appearance in American society. The mass media are constantly telling young people that “lean is mean.” Negative de- viants will miss the mark on the obese side. Positive deviants may push themselves to the point of anorexia. Most young people will weigh Singapore political opposition somewhere between these two extremes. leader Chee Soon Juan is selling his Minor instances of behavior that some might consider deviant occur fre- book without a license, an example quently in modern societies. For that reason, sociologists generally reserve of negative deviance in that culture. the term deviance for violations of significant social norms. Significant norms are those that are highly important either to most members of a society or to negative deviance the members with the most power. For a sociologist, a deviant is a person involves behavior that who has violated one or more of society’s most highly valued norms. underconforms to accepted Reactions to deviants are usually negative and involve attempts to change or norms control the deviant behavior. positive deviance involves behavior that overconforms to social expectations deviant a person who breaks significant societal or group norms This anorexic teenager in a made-for-television movie is displaying positive deviance. How would you explain to her mother that her child’s behavior is “positive”? 206 Unit 2 Culture and Social Structures District of Violent Crime Columbia Although experiencing a recent decline, the U.S. has one of the highest violent crime rates of the major industrialized countries. In fact, the U.S. has the high- est murder, rape, and robbery rates, and keeps pace in burglaries and auto thefts. 1,000 or more Number of Violent Crimes This map indicates the number of violent 800–999 Reported per 100,000 crimes by state per 100,000 residents. 600–799 Population, 1996 400–599 200–399 Interpreting the Map 199 or less 1. Create a graph showing how the violent crime rate in your state compares with the rates in other states. 2. Pose a question which relates to the relative ranking of your state with other states. 3. What sociological conclusion can you draw from this Visit soc.glencoe.com and click on Textbook map? Updates–Chapter 7 for an Adapted from The World Almanac of the U.S.A., Mahwah, NJ, 1998. update of the data. Social Control All societies have ways to promote order, stability, and predictability in social life. We feel confident that drivers will stop for red lights, that waiters will not pour soup in our laps, and that store clerks will give us the correct social control change. Without social control—ways to promote conformity to norms— ways to encourage conformity social life would be unpredictable, even chaotic. There are two broad types to society’s norms of social control: internal and external. What is internal social control? Internal social control lies within the individual. It is developed during the socialization process. You are practicing internal social control when you do something because you know it is the right thing to do or when you don’t do something because you know it would be wrong. For example, most people most of the time do not steal. They act this way not just because they fear arrest or lack the opportunity to steal but because they consider theft to be wrong. The norm against stealing has be- come a part of them. This is known as the internalization of social norms. Chapter 7 Deviance and Social Control 207 What is external social control? Unfortunately for society, the process of socialization does not ensure that all people will conform all of the time. For this reason, external social control must also be present. External social control is based on social sanctions—rewards and punish- social sanctions ments designed to encourage desired behavior. Positive sanctions, such as rewards or punishments that awards, increases in allowances, promotions, and smiles of approval, are encourage conformity to social used to encourage conformity. Negative sanctions, such as criticism, fines, norms and imprisonment, are intended to stop socially unacceptable behavior.
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