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Basic Concepts in Sociology 1 COURSE INTRODUCTION

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Basic Concepts in Sociology 1 COURSE INTRODUCTION Indira Gandhi National Open University School of Health Sciences BNS-105 Behavioural Sciences Basic Concepts in Sociology 1 COURSE INTRODUCTION The study of the human society has developed a range of sciences attempting to understand the roots and nature of man’ personal, inner and social behaviour. Anthropology, Political Science, Economics, Ecology, Psychology and Sociology are all relevant in this respect. These sciences give us an insight that man cannot exist in a vacuum and that individual and social behaviour cannot be separated. Behavioural and social sciences are the integrated approaches to study man in a holistic perspective, viz. as a biological organism in dynamic interaction with its specific eco-systems and with its culture as adaptive technology. In health related professions, the large scale involvement of the behavioural sciences has been relatively recent, but the trend has been particularly strong. That health has important social, cultural and psychological aspects, as well as physical ones, is no longer seriously debated. Courses in Psychology, Sociology and Anthropology are becoming an integral part of the basic training of health professionals in the content of new emerging trends to understand man in relation to health and disease. If man has to live healthily; happily and in peace or if at all he has to survive, we need to study and integrate all human sciences including behavioural sciences. This course on Behavioural Sciences introduces you to sociological, psychological and economic concepts, so as to enable you to give comprehensive care and apply these concepts in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, e.g. interview, counselling, stress management and so on. This course has been divided into four blocks: Block 1 deals with Concepts in Sociology Block 2 focuses on Application of Sociological Concepts Block 3 relates to General Psychology Block 4 is devoted to Educational Psychology We hope this course, in addition to its academic and practical value, will provide you with interesting and enjoyable reading. Indira Gandhi National Open University BNS-105 School of Health Sciences Behavioural Sciences Block 1 BASIC CONCEPTS IN SOCIOLOGY UNIT 1 Application of Behavioural Sciences in Health 5 UNIT 2 Basic Concepts in Sociology 16 UNIT 3 Family as a Social Unit 27 UNIT 4 Social Stratification 44 UNIT 5 Social Mobility and Social Control 52 Basic Concepts in Sociology BLOCK INTRODUCTION The course on sociology has been divided into two blocks for conceptual clarity and for convenience of the students. Block 1 focuses on Concepts in Sociology and Block 2 focuses on Application of Sociological Concepts in the field of medicine and nursing especially. This block has five units: Unit 1: Application of Behavioural Sciences in Health Unit 2: Basic Concepts in Sociology Unit 3: Family as a Social Unit Unit 4: Social Stratification Unit 5: Social Mobility and Social Control The topics covered in these units will help you to learn basic concepts of sociology, relationship of sociology with other social sciences, social institutions, social structures, mechanism of social control and social stratification. After completing these units, you will be able to apply these concepts in your field and use this learning in your professional field of nursing. Learning of social sciences and its knowledge would enhance your ability to interact effectively with patients and others in the community. 4 UNIT 1 APPLICATION OF BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES IN HEALTH Structure 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Definition and Scope of Behavioural Sciences 1.3 Relevance of Behavioural Sciences in Health 1.4 Sociology As Science 1.4.1 Sociology a Science 1.4.2 Relationship of Sociology with other Sciences 1.4.3 Relationship between Sociology and Social Anthropology 1.4.4 The Field of Sociology 1.4.5 The Field of Medical Sociology 1.4.6 The Field of Medical Anthropology 1.5 Need for Sociological Perspective for Health Professionals 1.6 Role of a Nurse as an Agent of Change 1.6.1 Direct Health Care Provider to the Community 1.6.2 Educator 1.6.3 Manager and Supervisor 1.6.4 Planner 1.6.5 Researcher 1.6.6 Role of a Nurse as a Social Scientist 1.7 Key Ingredients for Nurse as Change Agent 1.8 Let Us Sum Up 1.0 Answers to Check Your Progress 1.10 Further Readings 1.0 OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you should be able to: ● define behavioural sciences and explain its nature and scope; ● explain the relevance of behavioural sciences in health and development of Medical Sociology; ● describe the role of the nurse as change agent against the backdrop of overall changes in the society and the forthcoming challenges of Primary Health Care; and ● explain the concept of social development and enumerate its indicators as applied to health. 5 Basic Concepts in Sociology 1.1 INTRODUCTION Knowledge of behavioural sciences helps a nurse to interact with patient in holistic manner specially keeping in view the psychology of patient and relatives and the sociological background from which the patient comes. In this unit you will be reading about behavioural sciences and its relationship to other sciences, specifically about sociology and need for sociological perspective in health. Role of nurse as a change agent is also specified. 1.2 DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES Behavioural Science is the knowledge of human behaviour with an interdisciplinary approach to understand the human needs in the context of wider societal problems. Behavioural Sciences include Sociology, Anthropology (minus Archaeology), Technical Linguistics, and most of Physical Anthropology, Psychology (minus Physiological Psychology) and behavioural aspects of Sociology, Economics, Geography, Law, Psychiatry and Political Science. Luthans has shown the relationship between behavioural science and other disciplines as follows: Arts and Sciences ------ Humanities ------ Physical Sciences ------ Biological Sciences Social Sciences ------ E conomics ------ History ------ Political Science Behavioural Science ------ Anthropology ------ Sociology ------ Psychology In fact, Behavioural Science is a total systems approach to understand human behaviour, which does not take human being in isolation but views man as a product of socio-psychological and cultural factors. Thus this science analyses man’s behaviour keeping in view his psychological framework, interpersonal orientation, group influence and social and cultural factors. This helps to find solutions to problems arising due to man’s complex nature. 1.3 RELEVANCE OF BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES IN HEALTH Since man is a product of its social, cultural and economic environment, medical science alone is not sufficient to take care of the health needs of the people. Biomedical approach used by the practitioners of medical science is essential, but knowledge of socio-economic complexities and socio-behavioural aspects of the people’s lives have significance contribution to make for the welfare and well being of people. Thus it is important for the health professionals to understand the factors that contribute to health and disease, have understanding of socio-economic factors that contribute to accessibility of services. It is essential that the health practitioners including nurses have insights into these aspect of patient’s lives. Behavioural sciences are important for the students of nursing as nurses deal 6 with the human beings who have complex needs. Application of Behavioural 1.4 SOCIOLOGY AS SCIENCE Sciences in Health Sociology is a systematic study of human society and their social life. Sociology can also be defined as the scientific study of the interaction among different organized groups of human beings. 1.4.1 Sociology a Science The word Sociology is a combination of the Latin word - ‘socio’ meaning society and ‘logy’ meaning study on higher level. Before we move on further, we must understand what is science? Science uses systematic methods of investigation, theoretical thinking and the logical assessment of arguments to develop a body of knowledge about a particular subject matter. In the same sense, sociology occupies prime position among various disciplines such as economics, anthropology, political sciences that are usually termed as ‘social sciences’. Sociology can be explained as a scientific discipline in the sense that it involves systematic methods of investigation, the comparative analysis of data, assessment of theories applied to human life in the light of evidence and logical argument. Thus sociology means scientific study. It follows all principles and aspects of science in its approach and methodology. 1.4.2 Relationship of Sociology with other Sciences The clear understanding of scope and distinction between Sociology, History, Psychology, Anthropology, Economics is essential for you to know as nursing students so that you can understand different facets of patients’ lives. This would also help you to work better in the professional field. We have already defined Sociology above. But you must know the definition of other sciences before you understand the difference between them. History: It is the record of the life of societies of man, of the changes which societies have gone through, of ideas which have determined the actions of their societies and of material conditions which have helped their development. Psychology: Psychology deals with mental processes of an individual, considered as a social being. It studies particularly the influence of group life on mental development of an individual. Economics:
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