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NOT ONLINE. NOT on CAMPUS. REPORT Addressing Sexual Violence and Technology-Facilitated Violence on Campus

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NOT ONLINE. NOT on CAMPUS. REPORT Addressing Sexual Violence and Technology-Facilitated Violence on Campus NOT ONLINE. NOT ON CAMPUS. REPORT Addressing sexual violence and Technology-Facilitated Violence on Campus YWCA CANADA | MAY 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements 3 Introduction 6 Part One: Literature Review 8 Part Two: Progress Description 20 Part Three: Focus Group Findings 27 Part Four: Content Recommendations 52 Conclusion 59 References 60 NOT ONLINE. NOT ON CAMPUS. REPORT | PAGE 2 YWCA CANADA | MAY 2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Project Partners Lead Author Rebecca Pacheco, M.S.W. Projects & Communications Coordinator, YWCA Canada Acknowledgements This report was made possible because of the time and energy of many people who supported this work. The author would like to acknowledge Raine Liliefeldt for her support and guidance throughout this project. The author would like to acknowledge Shiva Mazrouei and Samantha Zerafa for their contributions to this paper. The author would like to acknowledge Priscila Kallfelz and Kayla Thuy Nguyen for their contributions in the design and promotion of this paper. YWCA Canada would like to thank all the participants for sharing their insights and knowledge. Without them, this project would not have been possible. Cover photo by Alia Youssef. YWCA Canada would like to acknowledge the sponsorship of the iMPACTS project, an initiative to address sexual violence on university campuses across Canada and internationally, under a Partnership Grant. Supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada IMPACTS: Collaborations to Address Sexual Violence on Campus; Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada Partnership Grant Number: 895-2016-1026, Project Director, Shaheen Shariff, Ph.D., NOT ONLINE. NOT ON CAMPUS. REPORT | PAGE 3 YWCA CANADA | MAY 2020 James McGill Professor, McGill University. The sponsorship received from iMPACTS was specifically related and limited to funding the literature review, development of the toolkit and workshops. Neither iMPACTS nor any McGill researchers were involved in developing or conducting the focus groups and interviews conducted by the YWCA. NOT ONLINE. NOT ON CAMPUS. REPORT | PAGE 4 YWCA CANADA | MAY 2020 This report was written on the traditional territory of the Wendat, the Anishnaabeg, Haudenosaunee, Métis, and the Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation. Tkaronto, also known as Toronto, is now home to many diverse First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples. As the author of this report, I am a third generation settler on this land. My maternal grandparents immigrated here from southern Italy and my paternal grandparents immigrated from the Azores, a set of islands in the Atlantic ocean which is an autonomous region of Portugal. I am writing this report as a survivor of technology-facilitated sexual violence. It is through this lens and with this experience that I will continue to advocate for gender equity and the end of gender-based violence. NOT ONLINE. NOT ON CAMPUS. REPORT | PAGE 5 YWCA CANADA | MAY 2020 Every single assault is life altering. – Amethyst Program Coordinator INTRODUCTION The Not Online. Not on Campus. project extends YWCA’s ongoing work to end gender-based violence, and builds on our recommendations from Project Shift: a knowledge-sharing project with a goal of eliminating cyberviolence against young women and girls. Recommendations from this project included the creation of women-centred training that supports survivors in a way that is supportive and non-judgmental (i.e. not blaming the victim). YWCA Member Associations (MAs) offer immediate assistance to women fleeing violence, provide counselling and referral services, and offer violence prevention and intervention programs. Informed by Member Associations, research, and trends, YWCA Canada develops resources and initiatives to create systemic change and shift the needle forward on ending gender-based violence. The Not Online. Not on Campus. training will help people to respond to and support a person who discloses their experience of sexual violence, and offer a step-by-step breakdown of what to do when someone discloses sexual violence that has happened in person or online. YWCA staff will facilitate in-person trainings in partnership with colleges and universities in Ontario and Alberta. YWCA Canada has conducted a literature review and research informed by campus leaders, first responders in sexual violence, and violence prevention workers, to inform a new resource and a training for college and university leaders. With the support of YWCA Hamilton and YWCA Lethbridge & District, we will train campus and other community leaders to better support people who report technology- facilitated and sexual violence. As a national federated organization with Member Associations in nine provinces and two territories across Canada, YWCA Canada is focused on providing support and resources on a national scale. Part of this work requires the knowledge and understanding NOT ONLINE. NOT ON CAMPUS. REPORT | PAGE 6 YWCA CANADA | MAY 2020 that political context and will varies across the country based on the political climate, location and academic institution. YWCA Canada remains mindful of this varied political context within which our MAs operate, and will not stop this work until rape culture is disrupted on a national level and within academic institutions across the country. Academic institutions across Canada are at different stages of this work, and just because one institution is actively involved in sexual assault prevention and support efforts, does not mean that it is universally the case across the country. For example, Ontario was the first province to introduce mandatory campus sexual assault policies in 2015 with Bill 132 that required colleges, universities and private career colleges in the province to have stand- alone sexual violence policies by January 2017 (Canadian Women’s Foundation [CWF], 2018). Other provinces followed, between 2016 and 2018 British Columbia, Quebec, Manitoba and Prince Edward Island enacted similar policies (Kost, 2020). However, Alberta, Saskatchewan, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland and Labrador have not yet followed suit (Kost, 2020) Nova Scotia currently has a bill before its assembly (Kost, 2020). This demonstrates that the political context and requirements in which academic institutions are operating vary across the country, and therefore their progress in addressing sexual violence on campus varies as well. It is important to remain mindful of this while reading this report. Please note that this report summarizes the outcomes of a project initiated and conducted in collaboration with YWCA Member Associations across Canada. No researchers from the iMPACTS Project or McGill University were involved in this phase of the project. The focus groups and related research were solely initiated and drafted by the YWCA. The content was not formally reviewed by an academic institution, subject to a research ethics board review, nor was it peer-reviewed by a scholarly journal. The opinions and interpretations are those of the author and YWCA Canada. NOT ONLINE. NOT ON CAMPUS. REPORT | PAGE 7 YWCA CANADA | MAY 2020 PART ONE: LITERATURE REVIEW LITERATURE REVIEW In order to establish a comprehensive understanding of sexual violence on post- secondary campuses, over 100 different sources were reviewed, noted, and sorted. These sources included peer-reviewed journal articles, news and media articles, research reports, infographics, and Canadian university publications. In addition, available trainings pertaining to sexual violence and disclosures were reviewed to gauge the content and delivery of information on this topic. The following section will provide a summary of the most significant themes and findings that came out of the literature review as is relevant to this project. DEFINING SEXUAL VIOLENCE Sexual violence is an umbrella term that encompasses a continuum of harmful values and behaviours that target a person’s sexuality, gender identity, or gender expression (Salvino et al., 2017). The World Organization (WHO) defines sexual violence as “any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, or other act directed against a person’s sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting” (2002, p. 149). It involves the use of power and control over others and can be perpetrated through physical force and/or verbal manipulation, coercion, and pressure (Nova Scotia Sexual Violence Prevention Committee [SVPC], 2017). OCCURRENCE OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE ON CAMPUS Young women experience the highest rates of sexual violence in Canada, as nearly half of all self-reported sexual assaults are against people aged 15 to 24 (Canadian Federation of Students-Ontario [CFS], 2015). It is estimated that approximately one in five women will experience some form of sexual violence while attending a post-secondary institution (CFS, 2015). However, some studies have reported an even higher prevalence, as NOT ONLINE. NOT ON CAMPUS. REPORT | PAGE 8 YWCA CANADA | MAY 2020 a 2016 study of six French-language universities across Quebec found that a quarter of students at these schools reported experiencing some form of sexual victimization (Zarrinkoub, 2016). Approximately 60-70% of all on-campus sexual assaults occur in campus residences, and the majority of perpetrators (75%) are known by their victims (Ending Violence Association of BC [EVABC], 2016). The first 8 weeks of the school year are particularly dangerous, as roughly two thirds of incidents of sexual violence on post- secondary campuses
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