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New World Records NEW WORLD RECORDS 701 Seventh Avenue, New York, New York 10036; (212) 302-0460; (212) 944-1922 fax email: [email protected] www.newworldrecords.org When I Have Sung My Songs: The American Art Song, 1900-1940 New World NW 247 he art song in America got off to a promising surprising how promptly the latest London suc- Tstart in 1759. Francis Hopkinson, composer cesses were imported. Our own popular songs of “My Days Have Been So Wondrous Free,”would were largely adaptations or imitations of the hit sign the Declaration of Independence in 1776, numbers. European musicians came to try their though there was no such declaration in his fortunes here, and especially the Germans took music. In 1759 we were still British colonies, and an active part in the musical life of the cities Hopkinson’s style derived from the music he where they settled. Such men as the British-born knew best.Yet we may be sure that Dr.Arne him- Austrian Alexander Reinagle and the Dutch-born self would not have been ashamed to have writ- German Peter Van Hagen were active at one time ten the first American song. or another in New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and A century was to pass after Hopkinson before Charleston.After the Revolution,Van Hagen, with our song history began to move forward. The the Frenchman Henri Capron and the Britishers young country did not lack musical life, but there John Bentley and William Brown, inaugurated were problems of communication.As John Tasker concert series in Philadelphia and New York. As Howard—in Our American Music—puts it: early as 1771, Boston heard music of Handel and Owing to the difficulty of travel, there was not the the sons of Bach at a public concert given by the opportunity for keeping in close touch with musi- native-born Josiah Flagg. But professional music- cal events in other cities; each musical center was making was mostly in the hands of the newcom- a unit which had to rely principally on its own ers from abroad. Howard suggests that this may resources. The stagecoach, springless and uncom- not have been an unmixed blessing, for though fortable, was about the only mode of travel by land they brought with them the best music they for those who could not go on horseback. So it was something of an event when our colonial knew, they did little to foster original thought cities had a chance to become acquainted with among the colonists. each other’s musicians. Only ten percent of the Indeed, the few composers whose songs were population of the colonies lived in the cities when published in the early nineteenth century were Washington was inaugurated; the rest were farm- hardly notable for their originality. A few occa- ers. Land was abundant, while money and labor for sionally rose above the common level—men like manufacturing were scarce. Raynor Taylor (c. 1747-1825), Benjamin Carr Ballad operas provided entertainment, and it is (1768-1831), whose “Hymn to the Virgin” on the 1 Walter Scott text familiar in Schubert’s “Ave Maria” ability, Dresel had studied with Hiller and contains some effective touches, James Hewitt Mendelssohn, and he was an intimate friend of (1770-1827), and the eccentric Anthony Philip Robert Franz’s. Doubtless in tribute to Dresel, (“Father”) Heinrich (1771-1861). Yet their songs Franz once remarked (with regret, we are told) were to prove less durable than those of a couple that his songs were first truly appreciated in of visitors from England. Charles E. Horn, who America.That the publication of a generous selec- came in 1833, may still be remembered by his tion of Franz lieder by Ditson (in 1880) was largely “Cherry Ripe” and “I’ve Been Roaming,” and Henry due to Dresel’s influence can hardly be ques- Russell, who arrived in 1839, by “Woodman, Spare tioned.We can see this as a forerunner of Ditson’s that Tree” and “The Old Arm Chair.” But these were Musician’s Library (begun in 1903), in which so men of limited stature and modest aims. In the sec- many of the great German and French songs—and ond quarter century, says William Treat Upton, in some American songs—became familiar. It should Art-Song in America, “the possibilities of medioc- be noted, however, that in the issue of June 26, rity were well nigh exhausted.” 1852, of the then new Dwight’s Journal of Music A new type of popular song, featured by black- (Boston), the editor applauds the publication of face minstrels beginning in the 1820s, reached a the seventh series of Gems of German Song by high point in the melodies of Stephen Foster. The George P. Reed & Co. Over the previous fifteen songs of Henry Clay Work flourished during the years nearly sixty numbers had been issued, Civil War and after; their unpretentious and timely including songs of Schubert, Beethoven, sentiments made them favorites in theaters and Mendelssohn, Kalliwoda, and Spohr. homes. George Frederick Root, whose publishing The burgeoning American art song followed the firm of Root and Cady employed Work, composed patterns of the German lied. This was manifest in in similar style. Of course there were also many the number of Americans who for years continued sentimental ballads imported from England. But to set the most famous German poems. For exam- our more ambitious composers were still groping ple, a casual check of American songs inspired by to find their way. Heine’s “Du bist wie eine Blume” reveals, among They looked to Germany for guidance.The names others, the names of George W. Chadwick (1854- of Handel and Haydn had been honored in Boston 1931), Wilson G. Smith (1855-1929), Clayton Johns as early as 1815, when Gottlieb Graupner founded (1857-1932), James H. Rogers (1857-1940), the still existing choral society. Graupner had orga- Ethelbert Nevin (1862-1901), Henry Holden Huss nized the Boston Philharmonic Society in 1810. (1862-1953), and Charles Wakefield Cadman (1881- Before long, orchestras were formed wherever 1946). Charles Ives (1874-1954), during his student there were enough musicians, and the works of the days with Horatio Parker (1863-1919), set several great German composers provided the repertory. poems well known in the lieder repertory. Ives In 1817 the peripatetic Anthony Philip Heinrich obviously took his texts from the songs rather than introduced music of Beethoven (including at least from the published poems, for he usually followed the first movement of the First Symphony) to the composers in any verbal liberties they took, Lexington, Kentucky. especially repetitions. At the same time, he quite Thus it was natural for many of our serious com- deliberately avoided any similarity in his music. posers to study in Germany.The first was Richard The earliest native composers who contributed Storrs Willis (1819-1900), who went to work with significantly to our song literature were Dudley Schnyder von Wartensee in Frankfurt-am-Main in Buck (1839-1909), Homer N. Bartlett (1845-1920), 1841. Others followed, and in time the conservato- and W. W. Gilchrist (1846-1916). “With Buck,” says ries in Berlin, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, and above all Upton, “the floodgates of American song were Leipzig, were receiving their quotas of young opened and the deluge was upon us.” All three Americans. At the same time, this influence were organists, as were many of our other early worked in the opposite direction, for an increasing song writers. Buck studied in Leipzig, Bartlett and number of German musicians were arriving in this Gilchrist in America. Buck’s style is firmly grounded country to make their homes and to take their in sacred music; Bartlett’s is essentially secular. places in the cultural life of our communities. Perhaps because of his long career as a choral con- Chief among these, as far as we are here con- ductor, Gilchrist leans to the oratorio style. cerned, was Otto Dresel (1826-1890) who came In the mid-nineteenth century the song recital as first to New York in 1848 but settled permanently we know it was a new phenomenon even in in Boston in 1852.A pianist and composer of some Europe. The famous singers who visited us came 2 mostly to sing in opera.The notable exception was store. Even better, a good teacher would know Jenny Lind, who arrived in 1850 and, under the what songs to select. But under such circum- high-powered management of P. T. Barnum, toured stances it was hard to sell a song by an unknown the country with her concert company. A Jenny composer. Only a few of the art songs published Lind concert was a variety show, with not too before 1900 seem to have made a real hit; certainly much in it of Jenny Lind. Her first concert in New few have endured: Rogers’ “At Parting” (1886), York’s Castle Garden, on September 11, 1850, Chadwick’s “Allah” (1887), Lang’s “Irish Love Song” opened with the overture to Oberon, conducted (1888), Nevin’s “Oh! That We Two Were Maying” by Julius Benedict, followed by an aria from (1888) and “The Rosary” (1898), MacDowell’s “Thy Rossini’s Maometto sung by the baritone Giovanni Beaming Eyes” (1890), Foote’s “An Irish Folk Song” Beletti. Mme. Lind then sang “Casta diva,” after (1894), Metcalf’s “Absent” (1899)—perhaps a hand- which the conductor and Richard Hoffman played ful more may be remembered by old-timers. a piano-duo arrangement of airs by Bellini. The Just who gave the first genuine song recital in soprano and baritone then joined in a duet from America must remain a question.