Polarity Theory and political ideology 1 2 This manuscript was published by PLoS ONE: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236627 3 4 Rediscovering Tomkins’ Polarity Theory: 5 Humanism, normativism, and the psychological basis of 6 left-right ideological conflict in the U.S. and Sweden 7 8 9 Artur Nilsson1,2*, John T. Jost3 10 11 12 13 1 Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Sweden 14 2 Lund University, Department of Psychology, Sweden 15 3 New York University, Department of Psychology, United States of America 16 17 * Corresponding author 18 E-mail:
[email protected] (AN) 19 20 21 22 1 Polarity Theory and Left-Right Conflict 23 Abstract 24 According to Silvan Tomkins’ polarity theory, ideological thought is universally structured 25 by a clash between two opposing worldviews. On the left, a humanistic worldview seeks to 26 uphold the intrinsic value of the person; on the right, a normative worldview holds that 27 human worth is contingent upon conformity to rules. In this article, we situate humanism and 28 normativism within the context of contemporary models of political ideology as a function of 29 motivated social cognition, beliefs about the social world, and personality traits. In four 30 studies conducted in the U.S. and Sweden, normativism was robustly associated with rightist 31 (or conservative) self-placement; conservative issue preferences; resistance to change and 32 acceptance of inequality; right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation; 33 system justification and its underlying epistemic and existential motives to reduce uncertainty 34 and threat; and a lack of openness, emotionality, and honesty-humility.