Universals and Cultural Variations in Emotional Expression by Daniel Thomas Cordaro a Dissertation Submitted in Partial Satisfac
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Tall Poppies, Cut Grass, and the Fear of Being Envied
Chapter Seven Tall Poppies, Cut Grass, and the Fear of Being Envied Just mention the words “beauty pageant” to some women and watch the claws come out. —Tamara Henry, former Miss Arkansas USA I have this beautiful engagement ring that my fiancé gave me and I won’t show it to any of my family because I know that there’s going to be static around it. —Roberta, 30-something professional TALL POPPY SYNDROME Throughout this book, there are instances of phenomena surrounding envy for which we don’t have exact English expressions, such as schadenfreude (defined in Chapter 1) or the lack of a word for “benign envy” (discussed in Chapter 4). Another example is the concept of “tall poppy syndrome,” which is more commonly discussed in Australia and New Zealand than in the United States. A “tall poppy” is anyone who stands out because of rank, success, good looks, or any other characteristic that might incite envy in other people. To “tall poppy” someone is to cut this person down to size, and “tall poppy syndrome” refers to the tall poppying of tall poppies. We had a similar expression on the kibbutz. We commented bitterly about the need to “cut the grass to uniform height,” referring to the kibbutz’s tendency to reward those who went along with the flow and to punish those who tried to do something differently or stand out in any way. It is interesting the way in which both metaphors portray the chopping down of something 63 64 Chapter 7 naturally beautiful to conform to someone else’s sense of how things should be. -
Cultural Distance, Perception of Emotional Display Rules, And
CULTURAL DISTANCE, PERCEPTION OF EMOTIONAL DISPLAY RULES, AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON SOJOURNER ADJUSTMENT A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science Nicole L. Gullekson August 2007 2 This thesis titled CULTURAL DISTANCE, PERCEPTION OF EMOTIONAL DISPLAY RULES, AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON SOJOURNER ADJUSTMENT by NICOLE L. GULLEKSON has been approved for the Department of Psychology and the College of Arts and Sciences by ________________________________________________ Jeffrey B. Vancouver Associate Professor of Psychology ________________________________________________ Benjamin M. Ogles Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 Abstract GULLEKSON, NICOLE L., M.S., August 2007, Experimental Psychology CULTURAL DISTANCE, PERCEPTION OF EMOTIONAL DISPLAY RULES, AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON SOJOURNER ADJUSTMENT (109 pp.) With increased globalization, more individuals temporarily leave home to work and study in foreign countries. These sojourners are confronted with societal norms different from their home cultures. The present study investigated the extent to which international student sojourners perceive differences in emotional display norms between their home and host cultures, as well as the influence of such perception on adjustment. Although accurate perception of the host culture’s emotional display rules was not related to adjustment, a “guest” effect existed. Specifically, international student participants reported that one should -
Decoding Emotions from Nonverbal Vocalizations: How Much Voice Signal Is Enough?
Motivation and Emotion https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-019-09783-9 ORIGINAL PAPER Decoding emotions from nonverbal vocalizations: How much voice signal is enough? Paula Castiajo1 · Ana P. Pinheiro1,2 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract How much acoustic signal is enough for an accurate recognition of nonverbal emotional vocalizations? Using a gating paradigm (7 gates from 100 to 700 ms), the current study probed the efect of stimulus duration on recognition accuracy of emotional vocalizations expressing anger, disgust, fear, amusement, sadness and neutral states. Participants (n = 52) judged the emotional meaning of vocalizations presented at each gate. Increased recognition accuracy was observed from gates 2 to 3 for all types of vocalizations. Neutral vocalizations were identifed with the shortest amount of acoustic information relative to all other types of vocalizations. A shorter acoustic signal was required to decode amusement compared to fear, anger and sadness, whereas anger and fear required equivalent amounts of acoustic information to be accurately recognized. These fndings confrm that the time course of successful recognition of discrete vocal emotions varies by emotion type. Compared to prior studies, they additionally indicate that the type of auditory signal (speech prosody vs. nonverbal vocaliza- tions) determines how quickly listeners recognize emotions from a speaker’s voice. Keywords Nonverbal vocalizations · Emotion · Duration · Gate · Recognition Introduction F0, intensity) serving the expression of emotional mean- ing. Nonetheless, compared to speech prosody, nonverbal The voice is likely the most important sound category in a vocalizations are considered to represent more primitive social environment. It carries not only verbal information, expressions of emotions and an auditory analogue of facial but also socially relevant cues about the speaker, such as his/ emotions (Belin et al. -
Interim Guidance for Amusement and Water Parks During the Covid-19 Public Health Emergency
INTERIM GUIDANCE FOR AMUSEMENT AND WATER PARKS DURING THE COVID-19 PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY When you have read this document, you can affirm at the bottom. As of April 9, 2021 Purpose This Interim Guidance for Amusement and Water Parks during the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency (“Interim COVID-19 Guidance for Amusement and Water Parks”) was created to provide owners/operators of amusement parks, theme parks, and/or water parks and their employees, contractors, vendors, and patrons with precautions to help protect against the spread of COVID-19. This guidance applies to all outdoor activities at amusement parks, theme parks, and/or water parks, including any rides, games, or other attractions, such as redemption games of skill and chance, obstacle or recreational courses, outdoor trampolines, outdoor merry-go-rounds or carousels, outdoor train rides, outdoor roller coasters, and/or outdoor bumper cars. Outdoor amusement activities or attractions where appropriate social distancing and cleaning and disinfection standards provided in this document cannot be achieved (e.g., ball pits) must remain closed. Amusement parks, theme parks, and water parks may reopen beginning Friday, April 9, 2021, in accordance with this guidance. Responsible Parties – as defined below – must submit a reopening plan to the respective county health department or local public health authority, within two weeks of reopening, including specific health protocols in place to meet the requirements set forth in this guidance. Temporary, travel outdoor amusement activities (e.g., carnivals) may reopen in accordance with this guidance; provided, however, that the Responsible Parties must submit a reopening plan to the respective county health department or local public health authority at least 14 days prior to reopening, including specific health protocols in place to meet the requirements set forth in this guidance (e.g., health screening, social distancing, face coverings, controlled movement, hand hygiene, cleaning and disinfection, and communication). -
I'm Sad You're Sad: Emotional Contagion In
I’m Sad You’re Sad: Emotional Contagion in CMC Jeffrey T. Hancock,1,2 Kailyn Gee,2 Kevin Ciaccio2 & Jennifer Mae-Hwah Lin1 1Information Science 2Department of Communication Cornell University jth34, kg95, kac83, jml232 @cornell.edu ABSTRACT necessarily undermined in CMC. For example, in one An enduring assumption about computer-mediated study, participants were asked to act nicely or meanly to a communication is that it undermines emotional communication partner during a get to know you type task understanding. The present study examined emotional that took place either FtF or in CMC [11]. The results communication in CMC by inducing negative affect in one revealed that the partners could discern the likable and condition and neutral affect in another. The results revealed dislikable participants as accurately in the CMC condition that 1) participants experiencing negative affect produced as in the FtF condition. In a second study that more directly fewer words, used more sad terms, and exchanged examined emotional expression, participants acted either messages at a slower rate, 2) their partners were able to happy or sad while interacting with a partner through detect their partners emotional state, and 3) emotional Instant Messenger [7]. After the interaction, partners were contagion took place, in which partners interacting with easily able to determine whether their partner seemed happy participants in the negative affect condition had or sad. The study also provided some indications of how significantly less positive affect than partners in the control emotion is communicated through text: participants acting condition. These data support a relational view of CMC. sad used fewer words, agreed less with their partner, used Author Keywords less punctuation, and responded less quickly than Computer-mediated communication, Emotion, Affect participants acting happy (see also work by Gill et al, [4]). -
Empathic Concern Is Part of a More General Communal Emotion
1 Empathic Concern is Part of A More General Communal Emotion Janis H. Zickfeld1*, Thomas W. Schubert12, Beate Seibt12, Alan P. Fiske3 1Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. 2Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisboa, Portugal. 3Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. In press at Frontiers. This paper is not the copy of record and may not exactly replicate the authoritative document published in Frontiers. *Correspondence: Janis H. Zickfeld [email protected] 2 Abstract Seeing someone in need may evoke a particular kind of closeness that has been conceptualized as sympathy or empathic concern (which is distinct from other empathy constructs). In other contexts, when people suddenly feel close to others, or observe others suddenly feeling closer to each other, this sudden closeness tends to evoke an emotion often labeled in vernacular English as being moved, touched, or heart-warming feelings. Recent theory and empirical work indicates that this is a distinct emotion; the construct is named kama muta. Is empathic concern for people in need simply an expression of the much broader tendency to respond with kama muta to all kinds of situations that afford closeness, such as reunions, kindness, and expressions of love? Across 16 studies sampling 2918 participants, we explored whether empathic concern is associated with kama muta. Meta-analyzing the association between ratings of state being moved and trait empathic concern revealed an effect size of, r(3631) = .35 [95% CI: .29, .41]. In addition, trait empathic concern was also associated with self-reports of the three sensations that have been shown to be reliably indicative of kama muta: weeping, chills, and bodily feelings of warmth. -
Buddhism and Holistic Versus Analytic Thought
CULTURE, RELIGION AND COGNITION: BUDDHISM AND HOLISTIC VERSUS ANALYTIC THOUGHT by Alain Samson A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) 2007 University of London The London School of Economics and Political Science Institute of Social Psychology UMI Number: U615882 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615882 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without the prior written consent of the author. I warrant that this authorization does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of 2 British ity<;(. -
'Acculturation' in Relation to Diasporic Cultures and Postcolonial Identities
Paper Human Development 2001;44:1–18 Rethinking ‘Acculturation’ in Relation to Diasporic Cultures and Postcolonial Identities Sunil Bhatia a Anjali Ram b aConnecticut College, New London, Conn., bRoger Williams University, Bristol, R.I., USA Key Words Acculturation W Cross-cultural psychology W Cultural identity W Diaspora W Human development W Immigrants W Postcolonial theory Abstract In this article, we reexamine the concept of ‘acculturation’ in cross-cultural psy- chology, especially with respect to non-western, non-European immigrants living in the United States. By drawing primarily on postcolonial scholarship, we specifi- cally reconsider the universalist assumption in cross-cultural psychology that all immigrant groups undergo the same kind of ‘psychological’ acculturation process. In so doing, (1) we consider some of the historical and political events related to immigration in the United States; (2) we question the conflation of nation with cul- ture that emerges in many theories of acculturation; (3) we use the notion of diaspo- ra as theorized in postcolonial studies to rethink the concept of ‘integration strategy’ as developed in cross-cultural psychology. Our article has implications for general issues of culture and self in human development, and particular issues in the area of acculturation. Copyright © 2001 S. Karger AG, Basel Given the fact that currently 20% of all children in the United States are immigrant children [Hernandez, 1999], questions related to acculturation and migrant identity are central to human development. Much of the psychological research on the development of immigrant identity has been studied under the topic of ‘acculturation’ in cross-cultur- al psychology. Scholars working with this body of research have been primarily occu- pied with developing universal, linear models to understand the various stages of identi- ty that an immigrant might experience. -
Positive Emotion Dispositions Differentially Associated with Big Five Personality and Attachment Style
The Journal of Positive Psychology, April 2006; 1(2): 61–71 Positive emotion dispositions differentially associated with Big Five personality and attachment style MICHELLE N. SHIOTA, DACHER KELTNER, & OLIVER P. JOHN University of California at Berkeley, USA Abstract Although theorists have proposed the existence of multiple distinct varieties of positive emotion, dispositional positive affect is typically treated as a unidimensional variable in personality research. We present data elaborating conceptual and empirical differences among seven positive emotion dispositions in their relationships with two core personality constructs, the ‘‘Big Five’’ and adult attachment style. We found that the positive emotion dispositions were differentially associated with self- and peer-rated Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Openness to Experience, and Neuroticism. We also found that different adult attachment styles were associated with different kinds of emotional rewards. Findings support the theoretical utility of differentiating among several dispositional positive emotion constructs in personality research. Keywords: Emotion; positive emotion; positive psychology; personality; Big Five; attachment Downloaded By: [CDL Journals Account] At: 22:51 20 December 2007 Introduction Shiota, Campos, Keltner, & Hertenstein, 2004). In the present investigation we explored distinctions Philosophers and writers have long debated the nature among the major personality correlates of several of happiness, reaching a wide range of conclusions, corresponding positive emotion dispositions. Prior but never a consensually accepted definition. studies have documented robust relationships Recently scientists have joined this enterprise, creat- between global positive affect and the Big Five trait ing a flourishing line of inquiry: a Psycinfo search Extraversion, as well as secure adult attachment for ‘‘happiness’’ now yields over 4,500 citations. -
Ekman, Emotional Expression, and the Art of Empirical Epiphany
JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY Journal of Research in Personality 38 (2004) 37–44 www.elsevier.com/locate/jrp Ekman, emotional expression, and the art of empirical epiphany Dacher Keltner* Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 3319 Tolman, 94720 Berkeley, CA, USA Introduction In the mid and late 1960s, Paul Ekman offered a variety of bold assertions, some seemingly more radical today than others (Ekman, 1984, 1992, 1993). Emotions are expressed in a limited number of particular facial expressions. These expressions are universal and evolved. Facial expressions of emotion are remarkably brief, typically lasting 1 to 5 s. And germane to the interests of the present article, these brief facial expressions of emotion reveal a great deal about peopleÕs lives. In the present article I will present evidence that supports this last notion ad- vanced by Ekman, that brief expressions of emotion reveal important things about the individualÕs life course. To do so I first theorize about how individual differences in emotion shape the life context. With this reasoning as backdrop, I then review four kinds of evidence that indicate that facial expression is revealing of the life that the individual has led and is likely to continue leading. Individual differences in emotion and the shaping of the life context People, as a function of their personality or psychological disorder, create the sit- uations in which they act (e.g., Buss, 1987). Individuals selectively attend to certain features of complex situations, thus endowing contexts with idiosyncratic meaning. Individuals evoke responses in others, thus shaping the shared, social meaning of the situation. -
The Centre for Living with Dying
the Centre for Living with Dying Grief & Mourning The death of someone close to us throws us into a sea of chaotic feelings. Sometimes, the waves of emotions seem powerful enough to threaten our very survival; sometimes they feel relentless and never-ending; sometimes they quiet down only to arise months or even years later when we least expect them. Grief is not something we ever really "get over" -our loss remains a fact for a lifetime. Nothing about grief’s journey is simple; there is no tidy progression of stages and its course is long and circular. While there is no clear roadmap, there are some features common to almost everyone's experience. Some of the dimensions presented below may ebb and flow within a natural healing process. The walk down grief’s road requires time, patience, attention, hard work and lots of loving care. Grief is the natural human response to any loss, not only death. An illness, a job change, divorce and separation, unfulfilled dream, a move to a new location, or any other change can bring about a grief response. Grief is not a problem. It is a normal, healthy process of healing. SHOCK AND SURPRISE Even if death is expected, you may feel numb or anesthetized for several weeks afterward. Your actions may be mechanical and you may get things done (for example, handle all the funeral details) but you are not "all there". People around you may be saying "Isn't he strong?" or "She's handling this so well". The impact or reality of the death has not fully reached you. -
Cultural Neuroscience: a Historical Introduction and Overview Nicholas O
Unit 9 Biological Psychology, Neuropsychology and Culture Article 1 Subunit 2 Neuropsychology and Culture 8-1-2014 Cultural Neuroscience: A Historical Introduction and Overview Nicholas O. Rule University of Toronto, [email protected] Please address correspondence to: Nicholas O. Rule, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, [email protected]; this work was supported in part by NSERC 491593. Recommended Citation Rule, N. O. (2014). Cultural Neuroscience: A Historical Introduction and Overview. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1128 This Online Readings in Psychology and Culture Article is brought to you for free and open access (provided uses are educational in nature)by IACCP and ScholarWorks@GVSU. Copyright © 2014 International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-0-9845627-0-1 Cultural Neuroscience: A Historical Introduction and Overview Abstract The integration of cognitive neuroscience with the study of culture emerged from independent ascensions among both fields in the early 1990s. This marriage of the two previously unconnected areas of inquiry has generated a variety of empirical and theoretical works that have provided unique insights to both partners that might have otherwise gone overlooked. Here, I provide a brief historical introduction to the emergence of cultural neuroscience from its roots in cultural psychology and cognitive neuroscience to its present stature as one of the most challenging but rewarding sub-disciplines to have come from the burgeoning growth of the study of the brain and behavior. In doing so, I overview some of the more studied areas within cultural neuroscience: language, music, mathematics, visual perception, and social cognition.