An Analysis on Students' Errors in Descriptive Writing
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AN ANALYSIS ON STUDENTS’ ERRORS IN DESCRIPTIVE WRITING (A Case Study at the First Grade of SMA Negeri 37 Jakarta) By Rita Komalasari NIM. 107014001000 ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHERS’ TRAINING ‘SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH’ STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY JAKARTA 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful All Praise be to Allah, Lord of the worlds, Who has given the writer His love and compassion to finish the last assignment in her study. Peace and salutation be upon to the prophet Muhammad SAW., his family, his companion, and his adherents. On this opportunity, the writer would like to express her greatest honor to her beloved family; her parents, (Mr. Djuhri and Mrs. Sulastri), who give their support and moral encouragement in finishing her study. Also, she would like to address her greatest thanks to her academic advisor Drs. Nasrun Mahmud, M.Pd. for his time, guidance, valuable helps, correction and suggestion during completing this “skripsi”. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the help and contribution to all of lecturers, institution, family and friends who have contributed in different ways hence this “skripsi” is processed until it becomes a complete writing which will be presented to the Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teachers’ Training in a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of S.Pd. (S-1) in English Language Education. The writer realized that without support and motivation from people around her, she could not finish this “skripsi.” Therefore, she would like to give her deepest appreciation for: 1. All lecturers in English Education Departmentwho have taught the writer useful knowledge and skills. 2. Drs. Syauki, M.Pd., as the Head of English Department. 3. NenengSunengsih, M.Pd., as the Secretary of English Department. 4. Prof. Dr. H. Rif’at Syauqi Nawawi, M.A., the Dean of the Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teachers’ Training Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta. 5. Drs. H. Sugiharto., the Principle of SMAN 37, for giving permission to the writer to do observation and conduct the research. 6. All of the English teachers in SMAN 37 Jakarta, for giving permission to the writer to do observation and conduct the research i 7. All friends in the English Education Department 2007 for the great friendship, support, togetherness and knowledge they have shared. May Allah the Almighty bless them all, so be it Finally, the writer gives her best gratitude for challenges which she faced in writing and finishing this “skripsi”, the wonderful experience came to her life and made her more mature to face any challenges. Jakarta, January 2013 The writer ii ABSTRACT Komalasari, Rita. 2013. AN ANALYSIS ON STUDENTS’ ERRORS IN DESCRIPTIVE WRITING (A Case Study at the First Grade of SMA Negeri 37 Jakarta), Skripsi, English Education Department, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teachers’ Training, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta. Advisor: Drs. Nasrun Mahmud, M.Pd. Keywords: Analysis on Students’ Errors, Writing Descriptive, SMA Negeri 37 Jakarta This study is aimed to find out the types and causes of errors did students’ make in descriptive writing. The subject research was 30 students in the first grade students of SMAN 37 Jakarta. In doing this research, the writer used descriptive analysis based on qualitative and quantitative. The instrument of this research is an essay test. The students were asked to write a descriptive text with the topic has given. In this research, the writer used classification of errors based on Heidi Dullay’s book to know the types of errors students’ made in descriptive writing and to know the causes of errors according to Hubbard. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that the types of errors did the students’ make in descriptive writing are omission (40.21%), addition (22.98%), misformation (33.42%) and misordering (3.39%). In the meantime, this occurred because of mother- tongue interference, overgeneralization and errors encouraged by teaching material or method. iii ABSTRAK Amelia, Rizki. 2013. AN ANALYSIS ON STUDENTS’ ERRORS IN DESCRIPTIVE WRITING (A Case Study at the First Grade of SMA Negeri 37 Jakarta), Skripsi, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Ilmu Tarbiyah dan Keguruan, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta Pembimbing: Drs. Nasrun Mahmud, M.Pd. Kata Kunci: Analisa kesalahan siswa, Menulis Deskriptif, SMAN 37 Jakarta Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui tipe dan penyebab kesalahan yang di buat oleh siswa dalam penulisan deskriptif. Subjek penelitian adalah 30 orang siswa kelas sepuluh di SMAN 37 Jakarta. Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan analisis deskriptif berdasarkan kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah sebuah tes essai. Siswa diminta untuk menulis sebuah teks deskriptif dengan topik yang telah diberikan. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan klasifikasi kesalahan berdasarkan teori Heidi Dullay untuk mengetahui tipe kesalahan yang di buat siswa dalam menulis deskriptif dan untuk mengetahui penyebab kesalahan menurut Hubbard. Berdasarkan hasil penemuan penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa jenis kesalahan yang di buat siswa dalam penulisan deskriptif mencakup: omission (40.21%), addition (22.98%), misformation (33.42%) dan misordering (3.39%). Sementara itu, penyebab kesalahan mencakup pengaruh bahasa ibu, generalisasi yang berlebihan, kesalahan terjadi karena materi atau metode yang digunakan oleh guru. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................... i ABSTRACT ......................................................................................... iii ABSTRAK ........................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................. vii LIST OF APPENDICES ..................................................................... viii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................... 1 A. Background of the Study ....................................... 1 B. Limitation of the Study ......................................... 3 C. Research Question ................................................ 3 D. Significance of the Study ...................................... 3 E. Organization of the Study ..................................... 4 CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ............................ 5 A. Writing English ..................................................... 5 1. Definition of Writing ........................................ 5 2. Stages Process in Writing ................................. 7 3. Form of Writing ............................................... 9 4. Purpose of Writing ........................................... 11 B. Descriptive Writing ............................................... 12 1. Definition of Descriptive Text .......................... 12 2. Organization of Descriptive .............................. 13 3. Structure of Descriptive .................................... 15 4. Strategies to Write Descriptive ......................... 17 5. Ways to Increase Powers of Description ............ 19 C. Error Analysis ....................................................... 20 1. Definition of Error ............................................ 21 2. Distinction between Errors and Mistakes .......... 21 3. Step of Error Analysis ...................................... 22 4. Types of Error .................................................. 24 5. Causes of Error ................................................. 26 6. Goal of Error Analysis ....................................... 28 CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................. 30 A. Place and Time of Research .................................. 30 v B. Method of the Research ........................................ 30 C. Data and Data Source ............................................ 30 D. Technique of Data Collecting ................................ 31 E. Technique of Data Analysis ................................... 31 CHAPTER IV. FINDING AND INTERPRETATION ..................... 33 A. Finding ................................................................. 33 1. Types of Error ..................................................... 33 2. Cause of Error ..................................................... 35 B. Interpretation ........................................................ 36 CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ....................... 38 A. Conclusion .......................................................... 38 B. Suggestion .......................................................... 38 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................... 40 APPENDICES ..................................................................................... 43 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Substitution patterns .............................................................. 7 Table 2.2 List of Descriptive Words. ...................................................... 13 Table 2.3 Spatial Orders ........................................................................ 15 Table 4.1 The Recapitulation of the students’ error in descriptive writings 33 Table 4.2 Percentage of Types of Error ................................................. 35 vii LIST OF APPENDICES Table 1.1 Procedure of Classification Errors .........................................