J$urde£ Oglcmdar* JWe/iJwrps Twisden

More Jlfortzri Hanlumi Mbstyn

MM . Ufa*wn nvowti Jhmer PREFACE.

Transmitting to posterity the acts of those who have deserved well of their country, has in all ages been countenanced by persons of public spirit and learning, and I should not presume to take this liberty were I conscious of advancing any particular incon= sistent with the utmost truth and impartiality.

Our nobles, whatever imperfections some of their members have displayed, have gained universal applause among all ranks of people for their gracious affability, candor and humanity. Even their enemies have ad= mired those public and private virtues which distin= guished them in learning and solid judgment; and what may seem paradoxical to many, they have generally stood for the maintenance of an equal balance between the prerogative of the crown and the legal rights of the people; and how many have suffered on that account our histories show.

n? JOHNSON.

General Sir William Johnson, the eldest son of Christopher Johnson, Esq., of Warrenstown, by his wife Anne, a sister of Admiral Sir Peter Warren, was born in Ireland about 1715. Owing to what the General termed " a family dispute as to my marriage " he went to the American colonies where he immediately took over the management of the estates of his uncle, Sir Peter Warren, in the valley of the Mohawk. Here he first established himself upon a tract of land on the south side of the and about twenty miles west of the City of Schenectady, which he named Warrenburgh. He began to colonize this tract and traded with the Indian tribes over whom he acquired an early influence which was greater than that ever possessed by any other white man, for the Mohawks chose him as their Sachem, and on the resignation of the Albany Indian Commissioners in 1744, Governor Clinton appointed him Colonel of the Six Nations.

Eleven years later General Braddock, who was then preparing an expedition against Crown Point, appointed Johnson to the chief command, a position he well merited, for meeting the French at Lake George, Johnson gained signal victories and saved the colonies from French invasion. These splendid exploits brought General Johnson a grant of .£5,000 and the Baronetcy on November 27th, 1755. The General's wife, Mary Wisenburgh, was the daughter of a German planter whose estates joined Johnson's Mohawk tract. By her he left a son, Sir John, who succeeded to the title and estates. Other children there were, perhaps eight (though some writers say more) most of whom were the issue of the last of his two wives or mistresses and concerning which relationships no marriage records appear.

The General's opinions and sympathies all bore on the side of the patriots in their controversies with the mother country, and he died at his country seat (Johnson Hall) lamenting the impending struggle, on July 4th, 1774. His successor in office was not (as appears in many heraldic publications) the second Baronet, but his nephew, Guy Johnson. Guy Johnson was born in Ireland about 1738, came to America as a youth and ably assisted General Johnson in the Indian Department, and on Sir William's death he was provisionally appointed his successor. Guy Johnson, a staunch but hot-headed loyalist, lived in great splendour at his seat " Guy Hall," in Tryon County, New York. Here his utterances are said to have precipitated the Rebellion and to have cost his family the Staten Island estates. Sir John, second Baronet and son of Sir William Johnson, married (June 30th, 1773) Mary, the daughter of Hon. John Watts, then President of the Council of New York. Unlike his father, Sir John was an ardent Royalist and on the outbreak of the expatriated himself to , later setting up his seat at Mount Johnson, Montreal. Sir William George Johnson, fourth and present baronet of this line is now seated at St. Mathias, Montreal.

Two other titled branches of the House of Johnson, both of whom descend from Christopher Johnson, before named, have formed marriage alliances with American families, namely: — I. Sir , Baronet, Lieut. Colonel under Lord Cornwallis, with Rebecca, daughter of David Franks, of Philadelphia. His resting place is marked by a splendid monument at the Abbey Church, Bath. II. Sir Henry Allen Johnson, Baronet, with Charlotte Elizabeth, daughter of Frederick Philipse, of Philipsburg, New York. Captain Isaac Johnson, one of the founders of Roxbury, Mass., and later of Charlestown, came from a family of considerable prominence in Clipsham, Rutlandshire, a family whose line have been traced to the Johnsons of Kibblesworth in the Palatine. They have always claimed as the most remote ancestor Christopher Johnson, son of William Johnson, of Loup House, and grandson of William of the same place, born about 1620. They had a grant of a crest during the Visitation by St. George, (1615) and claim to descend from William the Lion. This statement is in no manner improper in view of the marriage alliances with the House of Ros. Captain Isaac Johnson accompanied Winthrop to America, where by his wife Arbella, daughter of Thomas, Earl of Lincoln, he left numerous issue, having died December 19th, 1675, while storming Narraganset Fort. The Johnsons of Charlestown came from Canterbury, in England, with Winthrop, and their several branches were early represented in the settlements at Woburn, Haverhill and New Haven. Of these, Edward, early founder of Woburn, had a son William (born at Canterbury) the father of Edward Johnson, the first of the name born at Woburn (March 19th, 1658). Samuel, son of the last named, (born Feb. 21st, 1696) was the immediate progenitor of the several Massachusetts branches. Edward F. Johnson, of Woburn, descends from the Massachusetts historian, Edward Johnson, above named, a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from Woburn, who was born at Hern Hill, near Canterbury.

Arms of the ancient and militant Prussian House of Johnson, now7 represented by Von. Schmidt de Johnson : ARMS : D'azur a trois roses mal-or-donnes d'arg. Cq. cour. CREST : Trois roses arg., rangees en fasce. MOTTO : " La Verite." Both the German and Swedish Johnsons who use this Coat-of- Arms claim one similar line of ancestry in Europe, and represent a branch entirely foreign to those already discussed.

JOHNSON SEATS. St. Mathias, Point Oliver, Montreal, Canada : Sir William George Johnson, Baronet. Bath : Arthur Acheson Johnson. Norwald, Brandon : Descendants of the Rt. Rev. John Johnson, Canon of Norwich and " kinsman " of the poet Cowper. Castle Lyons House, Fermoy: Lt. Col. William Johnson, J.P., D.L. Arncliffe Hall, Northallerton : Family of Rev. Walter Rankin Johnson. Ulverscroft, Leicester: William George Johnson. The Close, Salisbury : Oswald Carnegy Johnson. Farnham Hall, Derby: Col. Herbert Alfred Johnson, J,P. Brookfield, Leicester : Thos. Fielding Johnson. Sweetenham Hall, Congleton : Ernest Johuson, J.P. Castlemeads : Rt. Rev. Edward Ralph Johnson. Mallow, Co. Cork: Rt. Hon Wm. Moore Johnson, son of Rev. Wm. Johnson, Chancellor of Ross and Coyne. Kenyon Hall, Manchester. WTinkleigh Court, Devon. Broughton Hall, Chester. Kings Mead, Windsor, Berks. Holland House, Spalding. Blundeston, Lodge, Lowestoft. Rounton Grange, Northallerton. Warrenstown, Dunsany, Meath.

New England Register, VII., 158; VIII., 232, 359; XXXIII., 81, 333; XXXIV., 60; XXXVIII., 407. Essex Institute (Salem, Mass.) Historical Collections, XXXI, 204. Burke's Authorised Arms, 191 ; Heraldic Illustrations, 133; Landed Gentry; Colonial Gentry. Turner's Great Yarmouth, 47. Fletcher's Leicestershire Pedigrees and Royal Descents, 119, 157. Hasted's Kent, IV., 371. Berry's Kent, 153, 384. Claim of Martha, wife of Sir Henry Johnson, to the Barony of Wentworth, Sess. Papers, March and April, 1702. Visitation of Durham, 1615, (Sunderland, 1820) 85. Howard's Visitation of England and Wales, I., 85 ; II., 5 ; III., 17. Metcalfe's Visitation of Suffolk, 97. Visitation of Staffordshire, 1614 and 1663-4. Foster's Visitation of Durham, 191. Colby of Great Torrington, 22. The Genealogist, I., 105; VI., 260; New Series, VII.. 223. Misc. Genealogica et Heraldica, New Series, I., 450; II., 122. Harlean Soc, III, 14; VIII, 266, 456; XIII., 430; XVII, 12, 17; XIX, 119; XXI, 97; XLIII, 91. William Johnson's Massachusetts Histories. William Johnson of Charles­ town, Mass, by Cyrus Felton. The Descendants of David Johnson, of Leominster, by Rev. William Johnson. The Johnson Family of the Mohawk Valley, by J. Watts de Peyster. Paige's Cambridge and also Hardwick (Mass.). Wyman's Charlestown. Martin's History of Chester, Pa. Holgate's American Genealogy. Win- throp's New England, Holme's Annals. Edward Johnson's Rox­ bury Histories. THE O'NEILL.

Irish historians inform us that this noble name and family descended from Heremon, seventh son of Milesus, the first of the Milesian race who conquered Ireland and who died anno mundi 3515.

Niall The Great, 53rd in descent from Heremon, was King of Ireland A.D. 388. He subdued the Picts and ancient Britons and after ravaging the coast of Gaul was assassinated on the banks of the Loire, near Boulogne. For upwards of six hundred years after­ wards Niall's descendants exclusively occupied the throne of Ireland. Three kings of his posterity were named after him, viz.: Niall II, surnamed Frassach, who died 770; Niall III, surnamed Caille, drowned in the river Callen, A.D. 897, and Niall IV. surnamed Glundubh, " black knee," who was the 170th monarch. He fought many battles with the Danes, who held Dublin, and raising a great army to besiege this city, a battle was fought in which he was slain and his arm} routed, A.D. 917. From him this family took their surname of O'Neill or Clanna Neill. His grandson, Daniel Ardmach O'Neill, died 1048, and was succeeded by Malachy, who died 1064. King Mortough MacNeill, died A.D. 1168, and was the last native monarch of the Hy. Nialls.

Moriartus na-Midhe (i.e. of Meath), a descendant of this line was the first who assumed the name and title of the " Great O'Neill " and Prince of Tyrone. Seventh in descent from him was Hugh an Macaombe Tomlease O'Neill, whose son Neill, ancester of the Claun Hugh Boy branch, was father of Neill Roe O'Neill. His descendant Bryan O'Neill, of Edenduff-Carrick, son of Felim O'Neill, married a daughter of Viscount Iveagh, leaving issue :

Sir Henry O'Neill, Lord of Clanaboys and Chief of his name, died 1637. His brother, Arthur O'Neill, of Shanes Castle, was lather of Colonel Cormic, or Charles O'Neill, of the same place, who married, Mary, daughter of the Most Illustrious Charles Paulet, Duke of Bolton. His brother, John O'Neill, of Shanes Castle, next represented the family, his successors being Charles O'Neill, of Edenduff-Carrick, and a son of the last named John O'Neill, also of Shanes Castle, who was created Baron O'Neill (Nov, 1793) and later (Nov. 6th, 1795) advanced to the dignity of Viscount. Treacherously slain at Antrim, he left a son, Charles Henry St. John O'Neill, Viscount Raymond and Earl O'Neill, who was succeeded by his brother, (the last direct lineal descendant of the main stem of the house of O'Neill) Sir John Bruce Richard O'Neill.

Rev. Arthur Chichester (brother of the second Earl of Donegal) married Mary, only daughter of Sir John, the first Viscount, and his descendants have assumed the name O'Neill. The titled line of this family have quartered their arms with the particular branch of O'Neill with which they are allied by marriage. Else­ where we discuss the arms of that prince of learning, Sir Tirlough O'Neill, as used by numerous descendants of both the O'Neill and Johnson line.

The principal family characters, other than as already outlined, are as follow:—George Owen O'Neill, "THE O'NEILL," formerly a Peer of Portugal, and officer of that late Royal Household, Comte de Tyrone in France (born 1848). For livery he used white and purple and his armorial grant included two mottoes, namely : " Lamh dearg Erin aboo," over the crest, and " Caelo solo salo potentes," under the arms.

:o:

SEATS.

Major John Carter O'Neal, J.P. County Leicester. Born 1845, eldest son of Thomas Whitfoot O'Neal and Anne, daughter of Colonel Carter of South Carolina. Seat, RatclifTe House, Folkestone.

Shanes Castle, Antrim. Derrynold, County Londonderry. Manor Hamilton, Lincolnshire. Ardburg, Dalky, Co. Dublin. Drumderg House, Toomebridge, Co. Antrim. Armorial Bearings or n* Jobnson familp of tbe Province of Reu> york*

Arms: Argent, two lions counter-rampant supporting a dexter hand gules, in chief three estoilles of the last and in base a salmon naiant in water ppr. Crest: An arm gules, encircled by a ducal coronet or, the hand grasping a sword ppr, pammel and hilt gold. Motto: " Nee aspera terrent" (Not even difficulties frighten me). General Sir William Johnson, of " Johnson Hall," New York, Commissioner of Indian affairs for the North American Colonies during the reign of George II, bore the Armorial bearings above set forth. He received the honour of Baronet, £5,000 from the Crown, and enormous tracts of land along the Mohawk River for the splendid military successes achieved at Crown Point and Niagara. His son, Sir John, second Baronet, married Mary, daughter of the Honourable John Watts, President of the Council of New York a few years before his self expatriation to Canada where he left numerous issue. The Arms of General Johnson's family as placed on record by Betham, Ulster, in the office of Arms at Dublin Castle are well authenticated by an accompanying pedigree which deduces the descent of this line from Thomas O'Neill called " Mac Shane or Johnson," son of John O'Neill, of and a direct lineal descendant of that eminent and historical character, Sir Tirlough O'Neill. Previous to the filing of these records the American Colonial John­ sons bore as their Armorial bearings an emblem tech­ nically described as follows: Arms: Gules, on a chevron between three fleur-de-lis argent three escallops of the field. Crest: An arm couped at the elbow erect holding an arrow ppr. Supporters : Two Indians, wreathed about the waist with foliage, quivers over their left shoulders, bows in their exterior hands and plumes on their heads, all ppr. Motto : " Deo regique debeo " (I owe it to God and the King). Mjnrru Pumisay Mtiawarth Xeeds

JCee&p Hrvwbfidge Obpv omuma-t

mat. Watson WentiuortD

AsgiU Mesketfi McxyrdzmKoIt Pro<$crr

Smyth. J&acfasiDn> IlartoTV CarmivaLl

Gordons Mawbfy Knmvles East

'bote Andrews Tlvrmas Bbrt meper MURRAY.

All antiquaries are agreed that the common ancestor of this most noble and far spread family is derived from one FRISKINUS DE MORAVIA, a man of rank and figure in the reign of David I. He was one of the greatest land owners of his times, whose origin no antiquary pretends, with any degree of certainty, to trace. It may be conjectured, however, that he was one of those Saxon nobles, who with Cospatrick and Arkill, upon the Conquest of England, were graciously received and rewarded by William I. The name of Friskanus appears in a charter under the great seal of King William the Lion. William (or Willielmus), his elder son, got a charter under the great seal of William the Lion to lands at Duffus, a property which had been held by the crown from the time of King David. The instrument bears no date; but as Felix, of Murray, bore witness to it, the grant was between the years 1158 and 1171. This William, who must have been a very considerable personage at the Court of King Malcolm IV, had Hugh, father of Walter, who in an agreement about a division of some lands with Archibald, Bishop of Murray, is designated " W7alterus de Moravia de Duffus." Either Friskanus de Moravia or Sir Malcom de Moravia, both of Duffus, were his grandsons. This is a point upon which authorities do not agree, though the weight of evidence bears towards Sir Malcolm. Certainly the names of both appear in many documents, particularly those dated at Selkirk. Sir Malcolm, undoubted ancestor of the noble House of Murray, who was first seated at Tullibardine, was the son of Sir John de Moravia, High Sheriff of Perth. From this point the genealogy of the noble Murray line may be readily ascertained from Burke, De Brett, or any standard book on the Peerage, and for the present we shall confine ourselves more to the family history rather than to their genealogy. Sir John, last named, was a man of the first rank, and appears to have been a considerable figure about the end of the reign of William the Lion. Fie is particularly named in a donation to the Abbey of Arbroath, an ancient pile with which the name of his brother, Gilbert, Bishop of Caithness (1222) has been often men­ tioned. Returning to Sir Malcolm, we find he left two sons, Sir William and Sir John. Of these, the former, Sir William de Moravia (Baron Murray), was the first to bear the patronymic of " Murray." He married Adda, daughter of Malise, Seneshal of Strathern, and he it was who obtained a charter to the historic and original Murray estate of Tullibardine, on " Tuesday in the eve of All Saints," during the year 1284. He was one of the Magnates Scotise summoned to Norham by Edward I (1292), and forced to submit in favour of John Balliol. His son, Sir Andrew Murray, Second Baron of Tullibardine, who subsequently fought for the Balliols at Dupplin, was taken prison­ er and beheaded (Oct. 7th, 1332) at Perth, for Bruce, having felt his sword, speedily employed the axe to revenge the sensation. Sir Walter Murray (son of Sir John), Fifth Baron, made many donations to the Monastery of Culross, where he was buried, 1390. Sir David, Sixth Baron, was knighted at the coronation of James I, and founded the Collegiate Church of Tullibardine, where his arms and that of his lady, Isabel Stewart, art still to be seen. Sir William, Seventh Baron, Sheriff of Banff, 1457, was one of the greatest men of his time. He was one of the plenipotentiaries in the treaty with the English (1459) and married Margaret, daughter of Sir John Colquhoun, Lord High Chamberlain of Scotland. He left seventeen sons and was succeeded (successively) by five Sir Williams, the last of whom married Agnes, daughter of the third Earl of Montrose (Graham), and was father of Sir John Murray, who was advanced to the Earldom of Tullibardine (Athole), July 10th, 1606. Sir John, the Second Earl of the House of Athole, was like his father, a staunch Royalist, exempted by Cromwell out of the Act of Grace (April 12th, 1654). His history is indeed interesting, for bred up to the principles of loyalty and fidelity to the crown, in all the distress it was then under, he stuck to it with the most firm and inviolable fidelity. Though but a youth of eighteen he endured the strife and fatigue of camp life like a veteran, and when the Earl of Glencairn set up the King's standard in the highlands he provisioned his starved forces. For this merit he could not well fail to be highly rewarded upon the happy restoration of Charles II, he was the first to be named one of the Privy Council and quickly after that, getting into a high degree of favour with his majesty, the Earl of Athole was Lord Justice General (1663), Captain of the King's Guards (1670), and Lord Privy Seal (1672). These honours were followed (Feb. 17th, 1676), by his creation as Marquis of Athole. After the revolution, the Marquis of Athole retired from all public business and spent his time at one or other of his fine country estates, where he died May 6th, 1703. He married a lady of most illustrious rank and quality of any subject in Europe ; Lady Amelia-Sophis Stanley, daughter of James, Earl of Derby, by the Lady Charlotte, his wife, daughter of Claud, Duke of Tremouille, a Duke and Peer of France It was by this marriage that the sovereignty of the Isle of Man fell to the family of Athole, for by this most noble alliance his descendants are related in blood and kindred to the Houses of Bourbon and Austria, to the Kings of France and Spain, the Prince of Orange and most of the crowned heads in Europe. Other and principal alliances, are those with the Houses of STEWART, HAMILTON, BARCLAY, CAMPBELL, AUSTIN, ARCHER, STANLEY, LATHAM, PERCY, RICE, WARD, STRANGE, OSBORNE, KEITH and MAULE. (Descended from the last named line is Sir Digby Murray, Baronet, of Hothfield, Dorset, who married Helen Cornelia, daughter of Gerry Sanger, of Utica, N.Y.) DUKE OF ATHOLL, ORIGIN OF THAT TITLE AND THE FAMILY SEATS AND ARMS. Sir John James Hugh Henry Stewart Murray, Duke of Atholl, Marquis of Tullibardine, Earl of Strathtay and Strathardlc, Viscount Balquhidder, Glenaldmond and Glenlyon, Baron Murray, Balvenie and Ga.sk, Marquis of Atholl, Earl of Tullibardine, Earl Strange, Baron Murray. Atholl was originally, and that at a very early period, a royal title given by David I. to Malcolm, son of Donald VII, who was created Earl of Athole. The present and seventh Duke of Atholl, who has several fine estates in Blair Castle, Blair Atholl and Dunkfield, Perthshire, changed the spelling (1893), from Athole to its original form of Atholl.

SEATS: Ochtertyre, Crief, Perthshire : John Keith Murray. Gleams, Fearn, Ross-Shire, N.B. : Capt. William Hugh Eric Murray. Murraythwaite, Ecclesechan, Co. Dumfries: Capt. William Murray, J.P. Challenge Lodge, Wardie, Edinburgh : Sir John Murray. The Grange, Old Windsor. Beech Hill, Cork*. Hillhead, Fifeshire. Mytchett Place, Frirnley, Surrey. Whitton Park, . Harewood Glen, Selkirk, N.B.

ARMORIAL BEARINGS.

ARMS: Quarterly: 1st grand quarter, 1st and 4th, paly of A or. and sa. (for the ancient Earldom of Athole), 2nd and 3rd, or. a fesse chequy az. and arg. (for Stewart). 2nd grand quarter, az. three mullets arg. within the royal tressure of Scotland or. (for Murray). 3rd grand quarter, 1st, arg. on a bend az. three bucks heads cabossed or. (for Stanley) : 2nd gu. three legs in armour ppr, garnished and spurred or. conjoined in triangle at the upper part of the thigh (for the Isle of Man, as lords thereof) ; 3rd or. on a chief indented az, three plates for Latham ; 4th, Gu. two lions passant in pale arg. (for Strange). 4th grand quarter, 1st and 4th, or. a Hon rampant az.; 2nd and 3rd, az. five fusils in fesse or. (both for Percy). CREST : A demi-savage, wreathed about the temples and waist with laurel, his arms extended, and holding in his dexter hand a dagger, all ppr, and in his sinister hand a key or. SUPPORTERS : Dexter, a savage, wreathed about the tem­ ples and loins vert, his feet in fetters, the chain held in his dexter hand, all ppr. Sinister, a lion gu, collared az. with three mullets thereon arg. MOTTO : " Furth fortune and fill the fetters." Claim of John Murray to the Dukedom of Athol, Sess. Papers, Feb, 1764. Caithness Family History, J. Henderson, Nisbet's Heraldic Plates, 52, 146. Burke's Peerage, Landed Gentry, Colonial Gentry, Royal Families, Commoners. Douglas Baronet­ age, Peerage of Scotland. The Genealogist, vii. 15; New Series, xii. 218; xv. 193. Notes and Queries, I. S. vi. 11, 160; vii. 192; xi. 172.. Betham's Baronetage. Edmondson's Baronagium Genea- logicum, v. 456; vi. ig. Burke's Extinct Baronetcies. Collins' Peerage. Chambers' Peebleshire. Berry's Hertfordshire Genealo­ gies, Burke's Visitation of Seats and Arms. Oliver's History of Antigua, ii. 280. History of Chistelhurst. Murray Genealogy by Grant Murray (U.S.A.) M.S. Soc. of Colonial Wars.

A BRIEF GENEALOGICAL ACCOUNT OF THE MURRAYS OF CARDONE, THEIR ROYAL DESCENT AND PRESENT AMERICAN LINES. Henry III, most remote ancester, (see Burke's Royal Descents, Pedigree xvi,) his lineal descendants being Edward the Black Prince and James I. Princess Joanna, daughter of James I, married Douglas, Earl of Morton, and left issue Lady Janet Douglas, who married Patrick, first Earl of Bothwell. John Murray, of Philipbaugh (historically known as "The Outlaw"), married Lady Margaret Hepburn, daughter of the last named, leaving two sons, James and William Murray, of Stanhope. William (1531), John (1587) and William Murray successfully represented the family at Stanhope, the latter being father of Adam Murray, of Cardone (1657), whose son, Sir William Murray, of Cardone, was the father of Christian Murray. She married Rev. John Wallace, a minister of Drumellier and died there November 21st, 1775. Jonn Wallace, her eldest son, was born at Drumellier, January 7th, 1718. He emigrated to America, settling (1742) at Hope Farm, Somerset County, New Jersey. He married Mary, daughter of John Maddox, of Somerset Count)-, and was the father of Hon. Joshua Maddox Wallace, born at Burlington, New Jersey, October 4th, 1752, who married Tace. only daughter of Col. William Bradford of the American Army. Their issue was two sons, Joshua Maddox Wallace, born Sept. 4th, 1776, and John Bradford Wallace, born at Burlington, August 17th, 1778. Joshua Maddox Wallace, son of the last named left issue William Mcllbane Wallace, of Phila­ delphia, Pa. Lindley Murray, who settled at Swatara, Pennsylvania, but a few miles from I lope Farm, was one of three sons of Robert Murray, the son of John of Cardone. He was a representative member of the Friends Society the records of which at Swatara discuss his removal to North Carolina in 1753. THE WARREN FAMILY.

The noble family of Warren, of which we are now to treat, are descended from a Norman Baron named William de Warene, or Warrena, Count of Guarenne in Normandy. He came into England with the Conqueror, whose daughter he is said to have married, though some authorities disagree on the latter statement, particularly Odericus Vitalis, who asserted that she was the sister of Gherbode, a Flemming. Be that as it may, Brooke, Vincent, Carthew, and Wainwright, a preponderance of authority, together with all the oldest of the Peerage records, distinctly set forth the fact that the wife of the first Earl was Gundreda, a daughter of William the Conqueror. In the " Record of the House of Gournay" are the documents relating to this mooted question (pp. 63-73). The Earl's chief seat, anterior to the Conquest, was at Bellencombre, a small town in the arrondisse- ment of Dieppe, in Normandy, on the little river Varenne. By this name the town itself was anciently known, until upon the erection of a fortress upon an artificial mound, or bellus comulus, it received from that circumstance, the appellation of Bellencombre. (Lower's Patronymia Britannica, 372; Arch. Jour. Ill, 6). It was during this period that there flourished in Normandy a Danish nobleman, concerning whom little is known except the fact that his daughter married Richard, Duke of Normandy, who had Richard, the father also of Richard. The latter, dying without issue, was succeeded in the dukedom by Robert, his brother, who was the father of William the Conqueror. The last named had, by Maud, daughter of Baldwin, Earl of Flanders ; Robert, Duke of Normandy; Richard, Duke of Berney ; William, King of England ; Henry, King of England ; and several daughters, one of whom, named Gundreda, was probably the wife of the first Earl of Warren and Surrey. The Earl was one of the Conqueror's principal auxiliaries, and had grants of land in almost every county in England, which, with his numerous vassals, and splendidly equipped train of personal attendants, together with his undisputed sway over vast tracts of territory, but crudely serves to illustrate the splendour of the family at that period. Warren held alone in Lincolnshire one hundred and forty-five lordships. His other possessions were in Coningsburgh and Sharnburn, Westune in Shropshire, Maplederham and Gadinstone in Oxfordshire, Brotone and Caurefelle, in Buckinghamshire, and in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Bedford. (Carthew's Hundred of Launditch, I. 36 ; Wainwright's Yorkshire, I. 195 ; Manor Rolls of Conisburgh.) Both at Court and on the field of battle he triumphed, carrying away the spoils of grace from his Sovereign and renown from the world as one of the fairest men at arms and most complete courtier of his times. Warren chose Lewes in Sussex for his seat, and here it was that he built his castle, the ruins of which are still to be observed. The death of the Earl was in 1088. Both he and his wife were interred side by side in the Cluniac Priory (originally built and endowed by Warren) at Lewes. Many years after the dissolution of the religious institutions by Henry VIII, the beautiful monumental tablet cover­ ing their relics was discovered. Lower published an account which set forth that on October 28th 1845, " occurred the great discovery of the undoubted remains of the noble founder and foundress of the Priory of Cluniac," for workmen engaged there found about two feet from the surface an oblong leaden coffer, surrounded w.th Caen stones, and containing the bones of a human body. The upper end of the lid was marked "Cundrada" in the quaint letters of the 10th century periods. The excavation proceeding disclosed a second coffer, slightly larger than the other, marked " William."

Through failure of immediate male issue the Earldom of Warren with its titles and honours became extinct upon the death of Sir John Warren (1347), the eighth Earl of Warren and Surrey. There are, however living to-day nundreds of distinguished members of the family who trace their descent direct to the Warrens of Poynton. William de Warrene, second Earl of Warren and Surrey, was the undoubted progenitor of the Poynton branch, and taking the genealogy in its order, we find : Tradition tells us that the most remote ancestor was a Norman, but passing over these accounts we shall deduce the descent of this family from the first of the line on record, GUNNORA, wife of Richard I, Duke of Normandy and great-grandmother of the Con­ queror. This noble lady had, by Herfastus, a daughter, who united in marriage with one Walter de St. Martin. Gundreda, wife of William, first Earl of Warrene and Surrey, was either the issue of the latter marriage or one of the Conqueror's daughters, The second Earl, William (died 1135), had by Elizabeth or Isabel, daughter of Hugh, Count of Vermandois, William (third Earl), who married Ela, daughter of William Talivace, Count of Poictou ; or of Robert, Count of Belesme. The Earl, who met his death in the Holy Land (1148), left issue a daughter, Isabel de Warrene, Countess of Surrey (died 1199). She married (1st) William de Blois, Count of Martaigne, in Normandy, a natural son of King Stephen; (2nd) Hamelme Plantagenet, natural son of Geoffrey, Count of Anjou ; created fourth Earl of Warren and Surrey by Henry II, and deceased 1201.

Passing to the sixth Earl, John Plantagenet, we find he married Alice, daughter of Hugh de Brun, Earl of Marche, and left issue William (died 1286). The last named Earl married Joan, daughter of Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, their issue being Alice Plantagenet (wedded to Edmund FitzAlan, Earl of Arundel) and Sir John, the last of the Warren Earls, who married Ivan de Barr, daughter of Henry, Count of Barr, in France. Sir John, dying June 30th, 1347, without immediate lawful male issue, the Earldom became extinct. The second Earl, William de Warrene, progenitor of nobility and ancestor of the Poynton branch of the Warren family, had three sons and two daughters —namely, William (his successor), Reginald, Ralph, Gundred and Ada. Ada married Henry, Earl of Huntingdon and the eldest son of David, King of Scots. The issue of this noble union was :— Malcolm, King of Scots. William, King of Scots. David, Earl of Huntingdon. Ada (married Floris, Earl of Holland). Margaret (married Sir Conan le Petit, Earl of Britain).

As we have before stated, the second Earl was the undoubted progenitor of the Poynton branch, the actual and immediate ancestor might, perhaps, be more properly described as his second son, Reginald. He married Adelia, daughter of Roger de Mowbray, and had issue an only son and heir, Reginald, who married Isabel, daughter of Sir William de Haydon, Knt. Their only son and suc­ cessor, Sir John, married Alice, daughter of Roger de Townsend, Esq., and their issue, a son John, married Joan, daughter of Sir Hugh de Part, Knt. They had Sir Edward Warren, who, by Maud, his wife, daughter of Richard de Skegton, left issue Ralph, Sir William, Sir Edward, and John. Of these, Sir Edward, third son, married Cecily, daughter of Nicholas de Eton, Knt, and left issue Sir John Warren, an only son, who married Margaret, daughter and heiress of Sir John Stafford, of Wickham. Their son, Nicholas, married Agnes, daughter of Sir Richard de Wynnington, Knt, and was succeeded in the representation of the family by his son, Sir Laurence Warren, Knt. The latter married Margery, daughter of Hugh Bulkeley, their issue being two sons (John and Ralph) and five daughters. Of these, the eldest (John) had, by his wife, Isabel, daughter of Sir John Stanley, Knt.:—

Sir Laurence Warren (married Isabel, daughter of Si Robert Legh, of Adlington, Knt.) Elizabeth (married Robert Rockley). Jane (married John Atherton). Margaret (married John Arderne). John (married Ann, daughter of Lord Stafford). Cecily (married John Davenport). Margaret (married John Stafford). Elizabeth.

Both Sir Laurence and Sir John married and left issue; the former had Sir John, who married (ist) Jane, daughter of Ralph Arderne, and (2nd) Eleanor, daughter of Sir Thomas Gerrard, Knt. Sir John left numerous issue. He had William Warren and several other children by his first wife, and by his second wife, Laurence Warren, who had :— Cicely (married Coleshull). Mabil (married Roger Beke). Sir Edward, of whom later. Helen (married Roger Downes). Margared (married Robert Hyde, of Norbury). Dorothy (married, ist, Robert Newton; 2nd, Hugh Daven­ port). Ranulph (married Elizabeth, daughter of Henry Catheral). Ann (married George Kighley). Catherine (married Nicholas Bradbury). Jane (married George Chaderton). Edward (died young).

Of these, the first son, Sir Edward, married Dorothy, daughter of Sir William Booth, Knt, and left issue :— Francis (married Margaret Fitton). John (married Margaret, daughter of Sir Richard Moly- neaux, Knt.) Laurence (married Frances,daughter of Richard Broughton). Peter (married Elizabeth Norris). (Several other children died in infancy.)

John, the second son and heir, had :— Dorothy (married William Davenport). Mary (married Hamnet Hyde). Eleanor (married Robert Tallon). Frances (married William Dedall). Ann (married Roger Downes) Lucia (married Obaldiston) Sir Edward (first son and heir, of whom later). Laurence (married Jane Davenport). Richard and John. Of these, the first son, Sir Edward, married three times, and we find that by his second wife, Ann, daughter of William Davenport, he had five sons and eight daughters. His second son and heir, John, married Ann, daughter of George Ognal, and had Edward, who married Margaret, daughter of Henry Arderne, of Harden. They had issue:— Ann (married Edward Holland). John, of whom later. Humphry, Edward, and Henry. John married Ann, daughter of Hugh Cooper, Esq, and had:— John (died in infancy). Edward (married, ist, Dorothy, daughter of John Talbot; 2nd, Margaret Spencer). Margaret (married William Davenport). Hugh (married Ann, daughter of Thomas Hesketh). The second son, Edward, left issue:— Edward (married Elizabeth, daughter of George, Earl of Cholmondeley). John. The latter married (ist) Susanna, daughter of Martin Horrish, Esq, by whom he had :— William, Robert, Peter, John, William, Elizabeth, Eleanor, and Susanna. He married (2nd) Mary, daughter of Thomas Gates, of Great Connell, of which union there was issue:— Thomas. Francis William (married Anne Caldbeck). Going back to the first marriage we find the second son, Robert, to have been an examiner in the Court of Chancery. He was born April 29th, 1752, and married (May 10th, 1781) Barbara, daughter of Joseph Swan, of Tombrean, leaving issue :— John. Robert, of Killiney Castle, of whom presently. Joseph St. Lawrence. Thomas. Barbara (married Sandham Symes, of Dublin). Catherine. Susanna (married Richard McNally). Mary (married William Goodman).

Robert, the second son, who was of Ballydonarea, County Wicklow, and Killiney Castle, County Dublin, was born July 6th, 1787. He married (February 14th, 1819) Alicia, daughter of Athanasius Cusack, of Laragh, and left issue : Robert, of Ballydonarea and Killiney. Graves Swan, born March 27th, 1822, married (June 17th, 1852) Sarah, daughter of John Davis, of Rathfarnham. Rev. Samuel Percival, of Balbriggan, County Dublin, born April 15th, 1828, married (March 8th, 1859) Judith Frances, daughter of T. Somerville Fleming, of Derry Lea, County Kildare, and had :— Robert, born March 23rd, 1865. Percival, born April 8th, 1871. Frances Alicia, Alicia Judith, and Judith Dagmar.

The Warrens have made many distinguished alliances with some illustrious families—viz, the Houses of Argyll, Drogheda, and Douglas, the Hamilton, Stewart, Massy, Meade, Bernard, Cochrane, Brisbane, and Townsend families. A score of alliances with the latter family (originally of County Cork) appear among our records. A review of Townsend genealogy would also lead direct to the Poynton branch, for it was Sir John Warren, grandson of the second Earl of Warren, whose daughter, Alice, first formed an alliance with this family (Roger de Townsend) ; while among the manor rolls of the Warrens of Warren Court we find:—

Thomas (third son of Sir Robert Warren, of Warren Court), of Prospect Villas, Monkstown, County Cork; M.P. Charleville, 1776-83, Castlebar, 1783-90 ; married to Anne, only daughter of Edward Mansel Townsend, Esq, of Whitehall, County Cork. The issue of this union was ten sons and three daughters. The eighth son, William (born April 30th, 1805) married (December 15th, 1835) Elizabeth Hildegardis, daughter of Richard Townsend, Esq, of the Point House, Castle Townsend, and had issue three sons and a daughter. Mary Carre (second daughter of Thomas and Anne above named) was the wife of Edward Henry Townsend, Esq, of Whitehall, County Cork, J.P.

The most distinguished families of the name wrote themselves " Townshend of Rainham Hall." Their seat was three miles from the town of Fakenham, and came into the possession of the family during the reign of Henry I, by the marriage of Lodovic Townsende, a noble Norman, to Elizabeth, daughter and heiress of Sir Thomas de Haville. This old mansion stood near the river, surrounded by a moat, was built by Sir Roger de Townsend, Bart, in the reign of Charles I, and famed for its valued collection of portraits.

We have no private or other interest whatsoever in a Warren Peerage claim. No member of the family, to our knowledge, has during the past century seriously taken up the genealogy with this point in view, though we have had letters discussing the matter from members of the family claiming descent from :— George Warren, of Poynton, who married Anne, daughter and heiress of Richard Drewell, and John Warren, of Poynton, who married Judith, daughter of John Goodyer (fourth in direct line of descent from Sir Richard Goodyer, of Poynton).

Certainly the most interesting claim, a successful claim, was that of Sir John Borlase Warren, an admiral of illustrious fame, who died in 1822, and whose ancestral claim to Warren lineage are con­ sidered by the best authorities as mere pretention. He was not alone in this controversy; but his methods, right or wrong, proved successful, and dying without issue the affair was terminated.

Sir John is declared to have descended from a family of Warings in Nottinghamshire, who bore for arms : Azure, a chevron between three lions passant or. Born September 2nd, 1753, a member of Parliament for Great Marlow, he appears to have used clever methods in registering his armorial bearings at the Lyon office in Edinburgh (1780). Certainly he used supporters for years before he acquired that right. Hereafter, we set forth a skeleton pedigree upon which Sir John successfully based his claim to Warren descent from a son of the last Earl by Maud de Nereford.

Blomefield, the Norfolk historian, tells us that Maud de Nereford, a person of good family in Norfolk, had, by the last Earl, three sons and three daughters :— i. John de Warren. 2. William de Warren. 3. Thomas de Warren. 4. Joan, of Basing* 5. Catherine (wife of Robert Heveningham). 6. Isabel.

Blomefield adds that this lady u was concubine to William, Earl of Warren," that she and her sons took the name of Warren, the Earl having no legitimate issue. The brought about her separation from the earl, who later obtained a divorce from his countess on the ground of a precontract with Maud de Nereford. She, her sons, and their descendants, according to all authorities, registered and bore for arms those of the Earl (cheky or. and azure), upon which was blazoned a canton of Nereford (a lion rampant argent).

Taking it for granted that these sons were illegitimate it cer­ tainly brought no shame at that time upon the Lord of Poynton when he acknowledged himself to be the son of Maud de Nereford, whose paternal coat he so prominently displayed on his shield. On the contrary, it would rather be his boast that he was a bastard of Warren, considering how illustrious a person the Earl of Warren was.

The last Earl (John de Warren) was a man of genius, but ex­ ceedingly erratic. Burke, who outlined the authentic pedigree of his family, tells us in his Extinct Peerage that this nobleman was but an infant at the time of his father's decease, and that " when he attained majority he attached himself zealously to Henry VIII. in his conflict with the barons, and maintained the cause of the King with his sword at the battle of Lewes. His lordship was a person of violent and imperious temper, and was often betrayed into acts of great intemperance; as in the instance of assaulting Sir Alan Zouche and Roger, his son, in Westminster Hall, when he almost killed the one and wounded the other. And again, when Edward I. issued the first writs of Quo Warranto (a formal legal mandate which inquired by what right landed possessions, were then held), his lordship being questioned as to the title of his possessions, exhibited to the justices an old sword, and unsheathing it, said, " Behold, my lords, here is my warranty, my ancestors, coming into this land with William, did obtain their lands by the sword, and I am resolved with the sword to defend them against whomsoever shall endeavour to dispossess me; for that king did not himself conquer the land and subdue it, but our progenitors were sharers and assistants therein."

Sir William Dugdale, Norry King of Arms, has said of him :— " It is reported that this Earl William did violently detain cer­ tain lands from the Monks of Ely; for which, being often admonished by the abbot and not making restitution, he died miserably. And, though his death happened very far off the Isle of Ely, the same night he died, the abbot, lying quietly in his bed, and meditating on heavenly things, heard the soul of the earl, in its carriage away by the devil, cry out loudly, and with a known and distinct voice, " Lord have mercy on me ; Lord have mercy on me." And, moreover, that the next day after, the abbot acquainted all the monks in chapter therewith. And likewise that about four days after, there came a messenger to them from the wife of the earl, with one hundred shillings for the good of his soul, who told them that he died the very hour that the abbot had heard the outcry. But that neither the abbot nor any of the monks would receive it, not thinking it safe for them to take the money of a damned person." " If this part of the story," said Dugdale, " as to the abbot's hearing the noise, be no truer than the last—viz, that his lady sent thim one hundred shillings I shall deem it to be a mere fiction, for in regard to the lady she was certainly dead three years before." A BRIEF SKETCH OF WARREN GENEALOGY UPON WHICH SIR JOHN BORLASE WARREN TRACED HIS DESCENT TO THE EARLS OF WARREN AND ULTI­ MATELY SUCCEEDED TO THE POYNTON ESTATES.

Sir John de Warren, of Poynton and Stockport, Knt, buried at Norfolk, 1392. His son, Nicholas de Warren, of Poynton and Stockport, born 1348, left issue a son, Sir Laurence, of Poynton and Stockport, who died 1444, leaving issue, John, of Poynton and Stockport. The last named died 1474, and was succeeded by Sir Laurence, who married (1457-8) Isabel, daughter of Sir Robert Legh, of Adlington, Knt, and had issue, Sir John, who had Laurence, of Poyton and Stockport (died September 18th, 1530). John, who next represented the family according to this table, was High Sheriff of Cheshire (1577), as was also his son and successor, Sir Edward (1598). Like many of his predecessors, the latter married twice. He left numerous issue by both unions, and was succeeded by John Warren, who died June 20th, 1621. The last named had Edward (born May 10th, 1605), father of John (born August 12th, 1630). All the foregoing were declared to have been of Poynton and Stockdale, except perhaps Edward (who next succeeded). He was buried at Blackburn (January 26th, 1719). His will was dated October 10th, 1717, and from which it appears he married twice, leaving numerous issue. The leading authorities agree on the fact that this is a fictitious pedigree, which it undoubtedly was. Barwaker's History of Cheshire (Vol. II, pp. 277) discusses the matter in its entirety. Authorities cited for its verification were :— Cheshire Visitations of 1580 and 1663. Poynton Deeds and Wills. Stockport and Blackburn Registers. VISITATION OF LONDON.

(Showing branches who bore upon their arms the Nereford Canton?)

Lawrence Warren, of in Coun. Lane, descended from the Warrens of Poynton. He had Robert, married to Ann, daughter of Browne, their issue being a son, Richard, who married Mary, daughter of Ward, of London (1634).

John Warren, V.D.M, of Coventry, father of Warren, of New Bond Street, London, who married a sister of Edward Pickard, V.D.M, of Carter Lane, London. Their issue :— 1. John, of London, merchant (married Mary, daughter of John Raymond). 2. Edward, of Ware, merchant. 3. Thomas Pickard. 4. Francis. 5. Elizabeth, living at Ware, 1822. 6. Sarah.

John has two sons and one daughter, all of whom lived at Ware from 1820 to about 1834, Dut we ^in^ no marriage record. Edward Warren, an ironmonger at Bridgewater, was the son of one of the above named Warrens. He was married to Georgiana, daughter of T. P. Duins, late surgeon R.N, and niece of Isaac Davy, of Fordton.

Watson's History of the Ancient Earls of Warren and Surrey. Genealogy of Warren, by J. C. Warren (an American publication). Mordant's Essex I. 386 ; Wainwright's Yorkshire, 195. Blomefield's Norfolk. Hunter's Deanery of Doncaster, i. 105, 140. Bradley's Surrey I, 113. Hodgson's Northumberland, II, ii, 239. Burke's Landed Gentry, Sandford Court, 2 ; Lodge Park, 4, 5, 6; Killiney, 3, 4, 5, 6. Haxlelan Society, i, 8; vi, 299 and 354; xiv, 730, 742; xvi, 336; xviii, 240; and MS, 1999, f. 171- Herald and Genealogist, viii, 70; iii, 65 ; and vii, 208. Abram's Blackburn, 653. Carthew's Hundred of Launditch, Part I, 36. Munford's Domesday (Norfolk), 19. Burke's Extinct Baronetcies. Burke's Vis. of Seats, 2nd series, II, 9. Berry's Kent, 60. Berry's Buckinghamshire, 66, 96, 98. Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica, vii, 378. Berry's Genealogical Peerage, 87. Betham's Baronetage, iv, 4. Cheshire Recognizance Rolls (Oct. 6th, 1440). FOX, PALMER. WELLINGS.

m OSBORNE.

The representative of this noble family is the Duke of Leeds, who bears, among other titles and honours, those of Viscount Latimer and Baron Osborne, Baron Godolphin and Viscount Dumblaine. The family name, derived from the Norse, signifies " the divine bear." Osborn, Osborne, Osburn and Osbern are its general variations.

The founder of the titled branches, Sir Richard Osborn, was sheriff of London during the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Sub­ sequently he became Lord Mayor of London, represented his city in parliament and received knighthood at the hands of Queen Elizabeth in 1584.

He married the daughter of Sir William Hewet, Lord Mayor of London, who resided in one of the stately mansions built upon Lon­ don Bridge. Sir William's daughter, a child in arms, falling from a window into the river, was rescued by Osborn, then a boy apprentice, which act, we are told, induced her father to give her to him in marriage. They left issue two sons and three daughters. Hewet, the eldest son was born 1567. When the Earl of Essex was sent to subdue the rebels in Ireland, he attended that nobleman, was knighted for valour and left as his successor Sir Edward Osborne. None of the adherents of the unfortunate Charles I. were more loyal than Sir Edward. He commanded the royal army against the parliament on the breaking out of the great rebellion of 1641 ; but he found that there is much truth in the saying, that the weaker are always rebels to the stronger.

His youngest son, Sir Thomas Osborne, was the first Duke of Leeds. The early part of the life of this nobleman was singularly chequered by the misfortunes of government. Appointed treasurer CAMERON

LOO MIS. of the navy in 1641, and a year later to the privy council, he displayed such great ability that he was immediately appointed to the high office of Lord High Treasurer of England. In 1673, he was advanced to the dignity of a Baron and Viscount, by the title of Baron Osborne and Viscount Latimer. A year later he was created Earl of Danby and Viscount Dumblaine, followed in 1677 by his being admitted a Companion of the Order of The Garter. He was a firm supporter of the triple alliance between England, Sweden and Holland and a declared foe to the measures of France. The Dutch being overawed by France, the Court of Versailles applied to pro­ cure a separate peace with England. The Earl warmly opposed these secret negotiations, but was made, by a letter from Montague (English Ambassador at the Court of France) to King Charley to have received a very large sum as a bribe for the betrayal of his country. It later appeared that Charles, who was greatly distressed for money, had ordered the Earl to write to Montague, signifying his acquiescence in the peace, provided he was reimbursed the expenses of his mediation. This private correspondence, at the express command of the King, brought much persecution upon the Earl. He was accused of many charges, two of which were associating with riotious Roman Catholics and the assassins of Sir Edmund Godfrey, and such were the animosities that then prevailed in the nation that the House of Commons voted an impeachment of high treason against him, which was carried to the House of Lords. The first article of this impeachment alleged, that he " had traitorously encroached to him­ self regal power, by treating with foreign ministers and ambassadors, without consulting the secretaries of state and the Privy Council, and with embezzling the public money," with other ridiculous and un­ founded charges, upon the arrangement for which, the King, knowing of its falsity, passed an immediate pardon.

The Earl early entered into a correspondence with the Prince of Orange, and, in concert with the Earl of Devonshire, suggested to that Prince the plan of revolution which afterwards took place. When William was enthroned he made the Earl president of his council, which honour was followed by the Marquisate of Caermarthen in 1689 and the Dukedom of Leeds (1694). Thomas, the fourth LAMBERT. Duke, left issue a son, Sir Francis Godolphin Osborne, Fifth Duke of Leeds, who wrote a treatise on the American question at the beginning of the Revolutionary war. The Duke, who had formed personal friendships with many colonial governors and landed pro­ prietors, was one of their staunchest adherents. The following extract from his work deserves notice here : " Let the ablest men of both countries join in the pursuit of reformation. If the Americans, coolly deliberating, produce any grievance under which they labour, let them be remedied. Should a state of total independence prove at last their object, I know no remedy ; give them up."

The wife of the seventh Duke was Louisa Catherine, daughter of Richard Caton, of Maryland. There are also several American branches who trace descent to the Osbornes of Derbyshire, who use for their crest a golden nested pelican feeding her young. ^•TATS WARNER DREW. LEE. ELEMENTARY HERALDRY.

While French, Dutch and German descendants of armigerous American colonial families are often met with in the United States to-day, yet it is an admitted fact that a vast multitude of America's better classes, are in the main, descended from men who made their mark in the British Empire, and who, upon the opening up of the American Colonies, brought with them the family arms which have been handed down direct to the present generation. A Coat-of- Arms, in the general acceptance of the term, may perhaps best be defined as a device blazoned upon a shield in colours. It was so called from formerly being embroidered and exhibited over a coat of mail in the manner that our heralds to-day wear them over their garments. Their various classes are as follows :

DOMINION OR SOVEREIGNTY : Those adopted by Princes or States ; such as the fleur- de-lis of France and the eagle of Austria.

PRETENSION : Arms of a kingdom or province on which a sovereign has some claim when he assumes the right of quartering them with his own, an instance of which would be the arms of Scotland and Ireland quartered with those of England.

CONCESSION : Such as are conferred by princes for some extraordinary service.

COMMUNITY : Those of bishoprics, cities, universities, companies, &c.

PATERNAL : Arms that belong to one particular family and distinguish it from all others. ALLIANCE : A mixture of arms, expressive of alliance by marriage.

SUCCESSION : Arms that are taken by persons who inherit estates by will or otherwise and which are usually found quartered with the original arms.

ASSUMPTIVE : Generally termed " illegal arms" and are assumed by persons who take them from their own will and without any authority, according to their own fancy. An instance of this would be the assumption by a Mr. Cole of the arms of the Earl of Enniskillen, solely because of the fact that the Earl's family name was " Cole." Less than a dozen of the armorial bearings as they are blazoned in Burke's or De Brett's Peerage could possibly apply to American families of to-day yet their "assumption" cannot be prevented, and their use is very general indeed even in the British Empire. Scores of our noble families have adopted or changed their crests and changed their surnames. In the main, patents for such use arise by reason of marriage with an heiress, yet their "assumption" by the uninformed is quite general. But a few years ago a United States senator whose stationery bore a crest of this character was the butt of considerable ridicule in the Netherlands.

SHIELD : The Shield is that part of the Arms covered by a coloured surface or background (known as the "field"), upon which the " charge" (or device painted on the field) is blazoned.

CREST : While a man's heraldic emblems are generally termed his " Coat-of-Arms," yet this term actually relates only to the device figuring upon the shield. The technical term "achievement" is the correct word for the entire device, though it is seldom used by modern writers. Originally only Knights bore crests, and the best authorities inform us that their use was confined strictly to tournament and ceremonial. The " Crest " is that part of the armorial bearings which, set upon a " wreath," surmounts the entire achievement. WREATHS : The " Wreath " is that part of an heraldic emblem which acts as a base upon which the crest may rest. While the majority of crests show a wreath, there are a number in use surmounting a coronet or chapeau. Formerly no man whose degree was less than that of a Knight had his crest set on a wreath, but this, like other prerogatives, has been infringed upon to such an extent that every gentleman wears a wreath.

HELMET : The Helmet of Sovereigns: Burnished gold (damasked). The Helmet of Princes and Peers : Silver, embossed or inlaid with gold. Kings and Princes of the royal blood use a full-faced Helmet with six protecting bars, three on each side ; Dukes and Marquises use five bars, and all other degrees of Peerage under a Marquis four bars. The Helmet of Knights and Baronets are open-faced, of steel, with visors thrown back and without bars. Esquires and gentlemen use a Helmet always set in profile and with closed visors or visor.

SUPPORTERS: The " Supporters " are the figures which appear at the sides of certain achievements. As armorial insignia they rank very high, and in accordance with the heraldic rule of England are the prerogative only of nobiles majores; that is, Dukes, Marquises, Earls, Viscounts and Barons, or of Knights of the Garter, Knights of the Bath, and such others as the King chooses to permit their use. By Act of Parlia­ ment (September ioth, 1672) their use without the Lord Lyon's authority brought about confiscation of all movables upon which they were illegally placed. Many of our very ordinary families have inherited Supporters.

MANTLING : Is the term used for the cloth which drapes the sides of the Helmet. It consisted formerly of a cloth which covered the shield, and was useful both as a protection of the shield from the sun and as an entanglement for sword thrusts. Heraldic artists usually picture the mantling as beribboned, and display it variously. MOTTO : While "Mottoes" may, in England, be included in a grant of Arms, such is in no manner necessary, as they may be changed, forgotten, or added to at pleasure. In Scotland and Ireland, however, Mottoes usually form part of the grant and are hereditary.

HERALDIC COLOURS: The Technical terms for Heraldic colours, metals, and furs are, briefly, as follows : COLOURS : Gules (red), Azure (blue), Sable (black), Vert (green), Purpure (purple), Tawney (Tenne), Murrey (Sanguine). METALS: ''Or"and " Argent," which are the Heraldic names for gold and silver. Yellow often takes the place of gold as a colour, and white that of silver or aluminium.

FURS : Ermine—a white ground with black ermine spots. Ermines—a black ground with white spots. Erminois—a gold ground with black spots. Vair—Silver and blue-shaped designs cut to resemble the campanula flower and opposed to each other in rows. (When they are of different tinctures they are called " vaire.") Pean—a black field with gold spots.

LIVERIES : There is no hard and fast rule as to the colours of the family livery, which is, by general usage, arrived at by the colours of the wreath (the chief colours which appear in the arms). To ascertain just what the family livery could be one has but to take the first "metal " and the first " colour" which occur in the description of the arms. Where " or " and '* argent " occur a dark drab is used. The same may be said as to ''ermine," "erminois," and "erminites"; while for " pean " and " ermines " black prevails. With the above exceptions the colours of the livery are decided upon from their first metal and first colour as described. THE RIGHT TO ARMS : The right to bear arms may be acquired either by in­ heritance or grant. English patents issue from the College of Arms, Queen Victoria Street, London ; Scotch, from the Lyon Office, New Register House, Edinburgh ; and Irish, from the Ulster's office, at the Castle, Dublin. The fees upon these grants are, in England £j6 ios., Scotland ^44, and Ireland £50. In Ireland, however, the practice exists of confirming a grant where a use of arms is proved for at least three generations and upon payment of £16.

THE DECORATIVE USE OF ARMS : Stationery.—The Crest or the Crest and Motto. Plate.—The Crest alone is generally used on the smaller pieces of silver, while upon the large plate the arms of husband and wife or the entire achieve­ ment. Carriages.—Crest or Crest and Motto. Seals.—The Crest alone. Windows.—Heraldic stained glass. Book-plates.—The full achievement.

SURNAMES: While surnames are often traceable to a period anterior to that of the Conquest, yet it is an indisputable fact that less than a score of English families can show male descent even so far back as the days of the Tudors. Hereditary surnames were not generally used until the fifteenth century. In many instances men assumed names, and more often they were similar to the name of their lands, occupations, as well as being derived from other local and innumerable sources. The one great difficulty that genealogists have to contend with is the loose method of writing the surname that was formerly in vogue. As an instance of this I might state that the Rose and the Ross families date from the same ancestor, the name having, according to the oldest records, been first written Rose, later De Rose (Temp. James I.), Roos, Rois, and Ross. And yet this difference does not make them different surnames, but as, I conceive, the same word being differently pronounced in divers times or places, and, having been written at first as then pronounced, had become settled in the particular form held to by succeeding genera­ tions. Shakespeare wrote his name in several different forms, and practically all of our surnames have different variants. Sir William Dugdale, Nory King of Arms, found among the Mainwarings no fewer than 131 forms, ranging through all the variations of the Mainwayringe to Meinilwarin and Men- silwaren. On the other hand, many of the more common names are written to-day as at the beginning. Smith, for example, has always been Smith, Smyth, or Smythe, ever since the original Smith was so designated from his particular calling. In the name-area maps of England that have been com­ piled from time to time, the once heavily-timbered counties of Worcestershire, Gloucestershire, and Warwickshire are the strongholds of the name Smith, while in Devon and Corn­ wall they are practically non-existent. In olden times, the name-making times, chief seats of the English iron industry were not, as now, in the districts where coal is most plentiful, but in those that were best wooded. Here the Smith flourished, and here their descendants are found most thickly to-day. Our name makers knew not the railway or motor­ car and consequently families tended to group themselves in particular localities. One must look for Daft in Nottingham­ shire ; Lamb in Durham and Northumberland ; the Parsons in Wilts ; the Chapmans in Kent and Powell in Hereford­ shire. If you know a man name Marshall, it is practically a certainty he or his ancestors hailed originally from Notts or Lincolnshire. Baker clings to the coast, running around the maritime counties of England and dying out suddenly at the Cheviot Hills, and extending nowhere very far inland. The Browns are distributed all over England, and rarely, if ever, met with in Wales. Some of the most aristocratic-sounding names are of quite common origin. For instance, Calvert, is merely a corruption of Calveherd ; Napier looked after the napery (table linen) in some baronial hall, where also found employment the original Spencer, Chamberlain, Butler, Carver, Page, etcetera.

THE PREFIX : " Mac " is a prefix of Celtic origin, signifying " son of." It is cognate with the " Ap" of Welsh, the " Fitz" of Anglo-Norman, and the "son" of English surnames. While in England the majority of family names were derived from a territorial source, yet among the Celts of Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, the surname was almost uniformly that of the father or some ancestor, with a prefix. In Ireland "O" (formerly " Ua") for grandson or descend­ ant, is the ordinary prefix, and the " O's " there bear the proportion of ten to one of the " Mac's." In Scotland the case is reversed, and while there are perhaps only three indigenous surnames in " O," there are many hundreds of "Mac's." JAN 3 ! 1944

HERALDIC CHARGES. The range of this subject is practically unlimited, and we shall therefore, by way of illustration, confine ourselves to a few illustrations. Take, for instance, the lion. This animal may be rampant, passant, statant, couchant, sejant, sejant-erect, saliant, or dormant; a description perhaps heightened by divers terms, which would signify his position, colour or number of heads, feet or tails. Among the most important heraldic curiosities are the griffin, unicorn, and wyvern. Fishes, birds, animate and inanimate objects unnumerable; dozens of varieties of crosses, stars and figures of like nature (as the roundle, cockle, mullet, bezant, annulet, billet, chevron, bar and barrulet), all may be classed under this heading.

TECHNICAL INTERPRETATIONS :- Arms: Azure, three barrulets, argent, in chief as many bezants. Crest: A pelican ppr, preying upon a wyvern vert. Motto : " Honor et virtus " (Honour and Virtue). In the above, we have an authentic technical description of the armorial bearings as originally confirmed by Camden, Clarenceux, to Hon. Henry Atkins, of London and Stafford­ shire. Having already treated on colours we would under­ stand this description to represent: Three bars running horizontally across the shield (occupying slightly more than the lower half of same) and three bezants (plain circular disks of gold), as being upon the "chief " or uppermost part of the shield. The Crest interprets itself, while "ppr" merely signifies that the pelican should be postured and coloured naturally. Arms: Gules, a fesse between eight billets or. Crest: Out of a ducal coronet or, a lions head gules. Motto: " Fortiter et recte " (Bravely and Rightly). Armorial bearings as originally granted to Sir Richard May, of London (Temp. James I.); and Sir Humphrey May, Master of the Rolls, 1629. A fesse, a pale, a bend or a bar, are ordinary bands which cross the shield respectively, horizontally, perpendicularly, diagonally and horizontally.