DOCSLIB.ORG

The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Iroquoian Borderlands, 1720-1780

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Iroquoian Borderlands, 1720-1780 W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2002 The texture of contact: European and Indian settler communities on the Iroquoian borderlands, 1720-1780 David L. Preston College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Preston, David L., "The texture of contact: European and Indian settler communities on the Iroquoian borderlands, 1720-1780" (2002). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623399. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-2kj3-rx94 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Reproduced with with permission permission of the of copyright the copyright owner. owner.Further reproductionFurther reproduction prohibited without prohibited permission. without permission. THE TEXTURE OF CONTACT: EUROPEAN AND INDIAN SETTLER COMMUNITIES ON THE IROQUOIAN BORDERLANDS, 1720-1780 A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by David L. Preston 2002 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ©Copyright by David L. Preston All Rights Reserved 2002 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. .APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of D o cto r o f Philosophy David L Preston Approved. February 2002 A kZlU. James Axtell Janies P W hittenburi Kris Lane William Pencak Pennsylvania State University ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF MAPS vi ABBREVIATIONS vii ABSTRACT ix INTRODUCTION 2 PARTI LAND 20 CHAPTER I. MOHAWK AND EUROPEAN SETTLER COMMUNITIES 23 IN THE MOHAWK VALLEY, 1700-1755 CHAPTER II: DISPOSSESSING THE INDIANS: 87 PROPRIETORS, SQUATTERS, AND NATIVES IN THE SUSQUEHANNA VALLEY, 1730-1755 PART II: WAR AND PEACF. CHAPTER HI: "THE STORM WHICH HAD BEEN SO LONG GATHERING": 128 WARFARE AND VIOLENCE ON THE PENNSYLVANIA FRONTIER, 1755-1763 CHAPTER IV: MAINTAINING PEACE ON THE NEW YORK-IROQUOIS 167 BORDERS DURING THE SEVEN YEARS’ WAR ERA PART IIL IMPERIAL CRISIS AND REVOLUTIONARY RESOLUTION CHAPTER V: THE TROJAN HORSE OF EMPIRE 215 EPILOGUE: THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION ON THE NEW YORK- 271 PENNSYLVANIA-SIX NATIONS BORDERS BIBLIOGRAPHY 295 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My gratitude and respect for the many teachers, colleagues, and friends who have shaped my work is ineffable. These terse acknowledgments cannot begin to do them justice. It is impossible for me to imagine a more perfect advisor and mentor than James Axtell. His encouragement, unfailing support, and example as a teacher and scholar have been inspirational. My committee members and mentors, Jim Whittenburg, Kris Lane, and Bill Pencak, greatly improved the dissertation through their insightful and challenging comments. I also offer my thanks to Carol Sheriff, who taught me so much about frontier and western history, and whose example of a professional historian will always be with me. My studies with Mike McGiffert, Melvin Ely, Dale Hoak, Ed Crapol, Ron Hoffman, and the late John Selby also shaped my interpretations. Many institutions have facilitated my research and writing through generous financial support. The College of William and Mary provided a graduate assistantship, sponsored my forays to archives and conferences, and awarded me three fellowships that enabled me to write the dissertation. In 1999,1 received a Larry Hackman Research Grant from the New York State Archives. Until I met Dr. James Folts at the State Archives, I never fully realized how deeply historians are indebted to archivists. He generously shared his consummate knowledge of colonial sources. I also thank the following staff members of the State Archives, New York State Library, and New York State Museum: Bill Evans, Dick Andress, Bill Gorman, Billie Aul, and Steve Bielinski. A fellowship from the Gilder-Lehrman Institute of American History enabled me to research in the New-York Historical Society’s rich collections in 2001. I especially thank Alyssa Shirley, Michael Ferrer, and Phil Lauer for diligently tracking down manuscripts for me. The staffs of the Pennsylvania State Archives, Pennsylvania Historical Society, and Earl Gregg Swem Library at William and Mary were also invaluable. Andre Senecal of the University of Vermont graciously shared his expertise on the New France-New England borderlands as we visited sites in Quebec, Vermont, and New York in 2000. I also thank Bob Emerson, Director of Old Fort Niagara, for inviting me to give a public lecture in 2001 and for his family’s hospitality during my visit. Many friends either read and commented on various drafts or made this a better work through our conversations and friendships: Mike Simoncelli, Pat O’Neil, Jody Allen, Jim Piecuch, Bill Carrigan, Emily Blanck, Paul Moyer, Jeff McClurken, Dan Ingram, Sharon Sauder Muhlfeld, Steve Feeley, Todd Pfannestiel, Christina Bames, Sharon Romeo, Carla Messenger, James Baker, Cristine Maglieri, Jared and Susan Williams (who provided a home away from home), and my colleagues in the National Park Service. Finally, I wish to thank my beloved parents and brother, whose selfless love, true character, and quiet encouragement and strength have always sustained me. I dedicate this work to them. IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Indian-Colonist Murders and Assaults on the New York- 210 Iroquois Borders, 1756-1772 2. Services Provided to Indians by European Settlers 213 During Conferences and Treaties in Colonial New York 3. Indian-Colonist Murders in Greater Pennsylvania and 263 the Ohio Country, 1760-1774 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF MAPS Map Page 1. Schoharie Mohawk Map, 1734 3 vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABBREVIATIONS Bouquet Stevens, Sylvester K, Donald H. Kent and Louis M. Waddell, eds. The Papers Papers of Henry Bouquet. 6 vols. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1951-1994. CE Cadwallader Colden Papers. In Collections of the New-York Historical Society. Vols. 9-10, 50-58, 67-68. New York: New-York Historical Society, 1876-77, 1918-25, 1934-35. DHNY O’Callaghan, E.B., ed. Documentary History of the State of New-York. 4 vols. Albany: Weed, Parsons & Co., 1849-1851. dr c h n y O’Callaghan, E.B. and Berthold Femow, eds. Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York. 14 vols. Albany : Weed, Parsons and Co., 1855. ERNY Hastings, Hugh, ed. Ecclesiastical Records of the State of New York. 7 vols. Albany: J.B. Lyon, Co., 1902. HNAI Sturtevant, William C„ ed. Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 15, Northeast. Edited by Bruce G. Trigger. Washington, D C : Smithsonian Institution, 1978. HSP Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. IIDH Jennings, Francis, William N. Fenton, Mary A. Druke, and David R. Miller, eds. Iroquois Indians: A Documentary History of the Diplomacy of the Six Nations and Their League. 50 microfilm reels. Woodbridge, Ct.: Research Publications, 1984. ISM Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library. 32 vols. Springfield: Illinois State Historical Library, 1915-40. MPCP Hazard, Samuel, ed. Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania. 16 vols. Harrisburg: Theophilus Fenn & Co., 1838-1853; vols. 1-3 reprinted, Philadelphia: Jo. Sevems and Co., 1852. NYCM New York Council Minutes, 1668-1783 (1895), New York State Archives NXCMSS New York Colonial Manuscripts, 1638-1800 (A1894), New York State Archives vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. NYHS New-York Historical Society, New York City NYSA New York State Archives, Albany, N Y. NYSL New York State Library, Albany, N.Y. EA Pennsylvania Archives. 9 series, 138 vols. Philadelphia and Harrisburg, 1852-1949. PMHB Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography PSA Pennsylvania State Archives, Harrisburg, Pa. SWJE Sullivan, James, et. al., eds. The Papers of Sir William Johnson. 14 vols. Albany: State University of New York, 1921-1963. VMHB Virginia Magazine of History and Biography WMO William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series WPAHM Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine viii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT "The Texture of Contact" is a comparative study of cultural interactions between European and Indian settler communities along the Six Nations’ borders with New York and Pennsylvania from 1720 to 1780. It particularly examines "everyday encounters" between ordinary settlers and Indians—a dimension of colonial
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1996 Military Customer Satisfaction Survey
    2010 CIVIL WORKS PROGRAMS CUSTOMER SATISFACTION SURVEY July 2011 This report prepared by: Linda Peterson, CECW Survey Manager US Army Engineer District, Mobile CESAM-PM-I 109 ST Joseph St Mobile, AL 36602 Phone (251) 694-3848 CONTENTS Page Executive Summary ………………………………………………………... 1 Section 1: Introduction 1.1 Background ……………………………..…………………………..….. 3 1.2 Survey Methodology …………………..……………………………..... 4 Section 2: Results of 2010 Survey 2.1 Customer Demographics ……………………………………………… 5 2.2 Survey Items and Scales …………………………….……………...... 12 2.3 Customer Comments ……………………………….....…..………….. 15 Section 3: Comparison of Ratings by Customer Subgroups 3.1 Ratings by Respondent Classification……….…………..…..........… 19 3.2 Ratings by Business Line.………………….……….…………....…… 21 3.3 Ratings by Project Phase ………………….……………………......... 24 3.4 Ratings By Survey Year ………….……………………………...……. 26 Section 4: Summary ………….………………………..………...…….…... 29 Tables & Figures Table 1: Respondent Classification........................................................ 6 Table 2: Primary Business Lines ……..…….……….……...……..……... 8 Table 3: ‘Other’ Business Lines..…….……….………...………....……… 8 Table 4: Project Phases ………………………....………………………... 9 Table 5: Corps Divisions..…………………..……..................………....... 10 Table 6: Corps Districts…......................................................………….. 11 Table 7: Survey Scales .………...........………………....…….…….......... 13 Table 8: Item Ratings …...………..........……………………....….………. 14 Table 9: Item Comments ..………………..………..…………..…..……… 16 Table
    [Show full text]
  • The Principal Indian Towns of Western Pennsylvania C
    The Principal Indian Towns of Western Pennsylvania C. Hale Sipe One cannot travel far in Western Pennsylvania with- out passing the sites of Indian towns, Delaware, Shawnee and Seneca mostly, or being reminded of the Pennsylvania Indians by the beautiful names they gave to the mountains, streams and valleys where they roamed. In a future paper the writer will set forth the meaning of the names which the Indians gave to the mountains, valleys and streams of Western Pennsylvania; but the present paper is con- fined to a brief description of the principal Indian towns in the western part of the state. The writer has arranged these Indian towns in alphabetical order, as follows: Allaquippa's Town* This town, named for the Seneca, Queen Allaquippa, stood at the mouth of Chartier's Creek, where McKees Rocks now stands. In the Pennsylvania, Colonial Records, this stream is sometimes called "Allaquippa's River". The name "Allaquippa" means, as nearly as can be determined, "a hat", being likely a corruption of "alloquepi". This In- dian "Queen", who was visited by such noted characters as Conrad Weiser, Celoron and George Washington, had var- ious residences in the vicinity of the "Forks of the Ohio". In fact, there is good reason for thinking that at one time she lived right at the "Forks". When Washington met her while returning from his mission to the French, she was living where McKeesport now stands, having moved up from the Ohio to get farther away from the French. After Washington's surrender at Fort Necessity, July 4th, 1754, she and the other Indian inhabitants of the Ohio Val- ley friendly to the English, were taken to Aughwick, now Shirleysburg, where they were fed by the Colonial Author- ities of Pennsylvania.
    [Show full text]
  • In Search of the Indiana Lenape
    IN SEARCH OF THE INDIANA LENAPE: A PREDICTIVE SUMMARY OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THE LENAPE LIVING ALONG THE WHITE RIVER IN INDIANA FROM 1790 - 1821 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS BY JESSICA L. YANN DR. RONALD HICKS, CHAIR BALL STATE UNIVERSITY MUNCIE, INDIANA DECEMBER 2009 Table of Contents Figures and Tables ........................................................................................................................ iii Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 Research Goals ............................................................................................................................ 1 Background .................................................................................................................................. 2 Chapter 2: Theory and Methods ................................................................................................. 6 Explaining Contact and Its Material Remains ............................................................................. 6 Predicting the Intensity of Change and its Effects on Identity................................................... 14 Change and the Lenape .............................................................................................................. 16 Methods ....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Now Have Taken up the Hatchet Against Them”: Braddock’S Defeat and the Martial Liberation of the Western Delawares
    We “Now Have Taken up the Hatchet against Them”: Braddock’s Defeat and the Martial Liberation of the Western Delawares N 1755 WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA became the setting for a series of transforming events that resonated throughout the colonial world of INorth America. On July 9, on the banks of the Monongahela River— seven miles from the French stronghold of Fort Duquesne—two regi- ments of the British army, together with over five companies of colonial militia, suffered a historic mauling at the hands of a smaller force of French marines, Canadian militia, and Great Lakes Indians. With nearly one thousand casualties, the defeat of General Edward Braddock’s com- mand signified the breakdown of British presence on the northern Appalachian frontier. This rout of British-American forces also had an immense effect on the future of Indians in the Ohio Country, particularly the peoples of western Pennsylvania referred to as the Delawares. I would like to thank the anonymous readers and my teachers and trusted colleagues, Dr. Holly Mayer of Duquesne University and Dr. Mary Lou Lustig, emeritus West Virginia University, for their constructive criticisms and helpful suggestions as I worked through the revision process for this article. THE PENNSYLVANIA MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY Vol. CXXXVII, No. 3 ( July 2013) 228 RICHARD S. GRIMES July From late October 1755 through the spring of 1756, Delaware war parties departing from their principal western Pennsylvania town of Kittanning and from the east in the Susquehanna region converged on the American backcountry. There they inflicted tremendous loss of life and cataclysmic destruction of property on the settlements of Pennsylvania and Virginia.
    [Show full text]
  • 02070001 South Branch Potomac 01605500 South Branch Potomac River at Franklin, WV 01606000 N F South Br Potomac R at Cabins, WV 01606500 So
    Appendix D Active Stream Flow Gauging Stations In West Virginia Active Stream Flow Gauging Stations In West Virginia 02070001 South Branch Potomac 01605500 South Branch Potomac River At Franklin, WV 01606000 N F South Br Potomac R At Cabins, WV 01606500 So. Branch Potomac River Nr Petersburg, WV 01606900 South Mill Creek Near Mozer, WV 01607300 Brushy Fork Near Sugar Grove, WV 01607500 So Fk So Br Potomac R At Brandywine, WV 01608000 So Fk South Branch Potomac R Nr Moorefield, WV 01608070 South Branch Potomac River Near Moorefield, WV 01608500 South Branch Potomac River Near Springfield, WV 02070002 North Branch Potomac 01595200 Stony River Near Mount Storm,WV 01595800 North Branch Potomac River At Barnum, WV 01598500 North Branch Potomac River At Luke, Md 01600000 North Branch Potomac River At Pinto, Md 01604500 Patterson Creek Near Headsville, WV 01605002 Painter Run Near Fort Ashby, WV 02070003 Cacapon-Town 01610400 Waites Run Near Wardensville, WV 01611500 Cacapon River Near Great Cacapon, WV 02070004 Conococheague-Opequon 01613020 Unnamed Trib To Warm Spr Run Nr Berkeley Spr, WV 01614000 Back Creek Near Jones Springs, WV 01616500 Opequon Creek Near Martinsburg, WV 02070007 Shenandoah 01636500 Shenandoah River At Millville, WV 05020001 Tygart Valley 03050000 Tygart Valley River Near Dailey, WV 03050500 Tygart Valley River Near Elkins, WV 03051000 Tygart Valley River At Belington, WV 03052000 Middle Fork River At Audra, WV 03052450 Buckhannon R At Buckhannon, WV 03052500 Sand Run Near Buckhannon, WV 03053500 Buckhannon River At Hall, WV 03054500 Tygart Valley River At Philippi, WV Page D 1 of D 5 Active Stream Flow Gauging Stations In West Virginia 03055500 Tygart Lake Nr Grafton, WV 03056000 Tygart Valley R At Tygart Dam Nr Grafton, WV 03056250 Three Fork Creek Nr Grafton, WV 03057000 Tygart Valley River At Colfax, WV 05020002 West Fork 03057300 West Fork River At Walkersville, WV 03057900 Stonewall Jackson Lake Near Weston, WV 03058000 West Fork R Bl Stonewall Jackson Dam Nr Weston 03058020 West Fork River At Weston, WV 03058500 W.F.
    [Show full text]
  • William A. Hunter Collection ,1936-1985 Book Reviews, 1955-1980
    WILLIAM A. HUNTER COLLECTION ,1936-1985 BOOK REVIEWS, 1955-1980 Subject Folder Carton "The Susquehanna By Carl Cramerl',Pennsylvania Magazine 1 1 -of History and Biography, Vol. LXXIX No.3, July 1955. &@$a-is "American Indian and White Relations --to 1830...11 By 1 William N. Fenton, et. al., Pennsylvania Magazine -of History -& Biography LXXXI, No.4, Oct. 1957. "Tecumseh, Vision of Glory by Glenn Tucker, "Ethnohistory 1 Vol. 4, No.1, winter, 1957. "Colonists from Scotland... by I.C.C.Graham,ll The New 1 York Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. XLI, ~c47 Oct., 1957. "Banners --in the Wilderness.. .. by H. T.W.Coleman," Pennsylvania History Vol.XXIV, No. 1: January 1957. "War Comes to Quaker Pennsylvania by Robert L.D. Davidson," 1 Pennsylvania~a~azine-of History and Biography, Vol.LXXI1, No.3, July 1958. "Indian Villages --of the Illinois Country.Historic Tribes By Wayne C. Temple."American Antiquity. Vol. XXIV No. 4: April 1, 1959. "Braddock's Defeat by Charles Hamilton." Pennsylvania History Vol. XXVII, No. 3: July, 1960. "American Indians, by William T. Hogan." Pennsylvania 1 Magazine -of History and Biography, Vol. LXXXV, No. 4:0ct.1961. "The Scotch-Irish: A Social History, by James G. Pennsylvania ~istory,Vol.XXX, No.2, April 1963. -----"Indians of the Woodlands ....By George E. Hyde" Pennsylvania 1 Magazine of History and Biography LXXXVII, NO.~: July, 1963. "George ----Mercer of the Ohio Company, By Alfred P. James", 1 Pennsylvania -History Vol. XXX, No. 4, October 1964. "The Colonial --Wars, 1689-1762, by Howard H. Peckham" 1 Pennsylvania Magazine -of Historx and Biography, LXXXVIII, No.
    [Show full text]
  • County of Butler Comprehensive Plan
    THE COUNTY OF BUTLER COMPREHENSIVE PLAN PHASE I (RECONNAISSANCE REPORT) 1997 Prepared by the Butler County Planning Commission The preparation of th~sreport was financed in part through a State Planning Assistance Grant (SPAG) from the Department of Community and Economic Development, under the: provisions of Act 5A, approved June 30, 1995, as administered by the Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development, Strategic Planning and Program Operations Office. p James L. Kennedy, Chairman William L. McCarrier Glenn L. Anderson PlanninP Commission Jeffrey M. Thompson, Chairman Howard L. Graham Paul M. Montgomery Theodore J. Walwik Howie J. Pentony Frank E. Uhl Kenneth M. Thomas James F. Peters Daniel D. Santoro Planning Director David P. Johnston TABLE OF CONTENTS m History and Historic Preservation ........................................... HHPl Native American Prehistory ............................................ HHPl Heritage of the Native American Period ................................... HHP2 The Early Historic Period: Pre-Settlement ................................... HHP3 Heritage of the Native-White and Colonial Conflicts in Butler County ............."P4 PlaceNarnes ..................................................... HHP4 DonatiodDepreciation Lands ........................................ HHP4 Initial Settlement of the County, 1790-1860 ................................ HHPS The Heritage of the Era of Settlement in Butler County ....................... HHP7 The Industrial Revolution - 1860-1945 ...................................
    [Show full text]
  • Crayfishes of the Cheat River Watershed in West Virginia and Pennsylvania
    CRAYFISHES OF THE CHEAT RIVER WATERSHED IN WEST VIRGINIA AND PENNSYLVANIA. PART II. OBSERVATIONS UPON ECOLOGICAL FACTORS RELATING TO DISTRIBUTION1 FRANK J. SCHWARTZ AND WILLIAM G. MEREDITH Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Maryland and Ml. St. Mary's College, Emmittsburg, Maryland Schwartz and Meredith (1960) presented as Part I the localities and species of crayfishes (Decapoda) currently found throughout the Cheat River watershed of West Virginia and Pennsylvania. These records indicated that two species, Cambarus bartoni and Orconectes obscurus, now occupy the Cheat system. Litera- ture records occur for Cambarus bartoni carinirostris (Faxon, 1914; Ortmann, 1931) and Cambarus carolinus (Ortmann, 1931) in addition to the forms mentioned. Bick et al. (1953) have reviewed the meager literature relating to the ecology of acid mine streams. Bowden (1961) has called attention to the effects of strip mines on faunal ecologies. The former have also shown the detrimental effects to the fauna and ecology of a Louisiana acid stream after it was altered by channel dredging. A casual scanning of the data will reveal peculiarities in the distributions of the present species. C. bartoni, although taken at 138 stations of the 233 sampled (fig. 1), is absent today from the central portion and a number of the tributaries of the Cheat system. The greatest number of collections was made in the head- waters of the system. 0. obscurus (fig. 2) occurs in only a few of the lower elevation streams, and was absent from the headwaters and central zone of the watershed. C. b. carinirostris (fig. 1), a species once described from the Cheat system and whose center of abundance was believed to be in the Cheat system streams of Randolph, Tucker, and Pocahontas counties (Faxon, 1914), was not found during the present study.
    [Show full text]
  • Courier Subject Index
    New York State Covered Bridge Society Empire State Courier Subject Index Advertising signs June 1972, p 4 & 5; March 1975, p 6; November 1978, p 1 & 7; November 1979, p 1 & 3 (P); July 1980, p 8; November 1980, p 2 & 8 (P); March 1985, p 4 & 5; July 1986, p 6; July 1988, p 1 & 8 (P) Alaska 1st Judicial Div. Hyder September 1970, p 3 3rd Judicial Div. Afognak Island September 1970, p 1 Alaska's bridges September 1970, p 1 & 3 Allen, Richard Sanders November 1980, p 3 (P); March 1984, p 5 & 7 (P) Anderson, Stott October 1972, p 5 (P) Arizona November 1978, p 2 (P) Gila County Roberts Ranch June 1969, p 3 Maricopa County Tempe August 1967, p 5 Navajo County Maureta B. Thomas Memorial November 1978, p 2 Arizona bridges August 1967, p 5 (P); June 1969, p 3 (P) Arm chair covered bridging June 1973, p 3 & 5 Arson September 1966, p 1; August 1967, p 7 & 8; December 1967, p 4; June 1968, p 5 (P); February 1969, p 4; September 1970, p 2; November 1971, p 3 & 6; February 1972, p 2 (P); November 1976, p 3 (P); July 1978, p 7; July 1981, p 2 Auvil, Myrtle March 1986, p 5 (P) Books Alabama's Covered Bridges, past and April 1974, p 6 present by A.G. Prince Covered Bridges of Mass., A Guide by July 1978, p 7 A. R. Howard Covered Bridges of Somerset County, March 1980, p 2 PA by Sheldon Barkman Covered Bridges of the Middle Atlantic September 1966, p 8 States by R.
    [Show full text]
  • War Council to Meet on the ‘FIFTEENTH of the MOON’; the Phases of the Moon Were Used As the Indians’ Way of Establishing Time
    THE PONTIAC COUNCIL & PONTIAC’S WAR* Historical background: 1763 *Variously referred to as Pontiac’s War, Pontiac’s Uprising, Pontiac’s Rebellion, or the Conspiracy of Pontiac. WHO: PONTIAC, or Obwandiyag (born ca. 1720 – April 20, 1769), was a Native American Ottawa war leader, remembered for his participation in the struggle against British occupation of the Great Lakes region that bears his name: Pontiac's War. Pontiac rose to great fame and importance during this war, and yet the documentary evidence of Pontiac's life is scanty. Much of what has been written about the chief has been based on tradition and speculation, and so depictions of him have varied greatly over the years. Beyond Pontiac himself, we turn to a literal cast of thousands on the 1763 stage: the CHIEFTAINS and WARRIORS of the Indian Nations of the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley regions; the British SOLDIERS and OFFICERS who commanded and garrisoned the forts in the region; the British SETTLERS with the aim of moving westward from the crowded English/American colonies; the French HABITANTS who had lived in the region for generations; and the French & British TRADERS, all hoping to make their fortunes here. [For a list of important names see the last pages.] [portrait of Pontiac by John Mix Stanley, Detroit Historical Museum] Flag of New France 1760 Flag of Britain 1760 WHAT: It is said that Pontiac’s April 1763 COUNCIL on the ECORSE RIVER* was the largest Indian council attended by multiple Nations yet to meet in the western territory. Chiefs and warriors of the Great Lakes Nations were summoned together, and in a few weeks’ time over a dozen tribes would join the campaign.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronicles of Border Warfare.” the Modern Title Page and Verso Have Been Relocated to the End of the Text
    Project Gutenberg's Chronicles of Border Warfare, by Alexander Scott Withers This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: Chronicles of Border Warfare or, a History of the Settlement by the Whites, of North-Western Virginia, and of the Indian Wars and Massacres in that section of the Indian Wars and Massacres in that section of the State Author: Alexander Scott Withers Editor: Reuben Gold Thwaites Release Date: June 26, 2009 [EBook #29244] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRONICLES OF BORDER WARFARE *** Produced by Roger Frank, Mark C. Orton and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net Transcriber’s Note This is a 1971 reprint edition of the 1895 edition of “Chronicles of Border Warfare.” The modern title page and verso have been relocated to the end of the text. The 1895 edition includes and expands on the original 1831 edition. Throughout this text, the pagination of the original edition is indicated by brackets, such as [54]. Capitalization standards for the time (i.e. “fort Morgan,” “mrs. Pindall,” “Ohio river”) have been preserved. Variable hyphenation has been preserved. Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved. Author’s punctuation style has been preserved. Typographical problems have been corrected as listed in the Transcriber’s Note at the end of the text.
    [Show full text]
  • “Jogging Along with and Without James Logan: Early Plant Science in Philadelphia”
    1 Friday, 19 September 2014, 1:30–3:00 p.m.: Panel II: “Leaves” “Jogging Along With and Without James Logan: Early Plant Science in Philadelphia” Joel T. Fry, Bartram's Garden Presented at the ― James Logan and the Networks of Atlantic Culture and Politics, 1699-1751 conference Philadelphia, PA, 18-20 September 2014 Please do not cite, quote, or circulate without written permission from the author These days, John Bartram (1699-1777) and James Logan (1674-1751) are routinely recognized as significant figures in early American science, and particularly botanic science, even if exactly what they accomplished is not so well known. Logan has been described by Brooke Hindle as “undoubtedly the most distinguished scientist in the area” and “It was in botany that James Logan made his greatest contribution to science.” 1 Raymond Stearns echoed, “Logan’s greatest contribution to science was in botany.”2 John Bartram has been repeatedly crowned as the “greatest natural botanist in the world” by Linnaeus no less, since the early 19th century, although tracing the source for that quote and claim can prove difficult.3 Certainly Logan was a great thinker and scholar, along with his significant political and social career in early Pennsylvania. Was Logan a significant botanist—maybe not? John Bartram too may not have been “the greatest natural botanist in the world,” but he was very definitely a unique genius in his own right, and almost certainly by 1750 Bartram was the best informed scientist in the Anglo-American world on the plants of eastern North America. There was a short period of active scientific collaboration in botany between Bartram and Logan, which lasted at most through the years 1736 to 1738.
    [Show full text]