Volume: VI, Number: II July - December, 2018 ISSN: 2319-8192 Intellection $%LDQQXDO,QWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\5HVHDUFK-RXUQDO Editorial Board Chief Editor: Prof. Nikunja Bihari Biswas, Former Dean, Ashutosh Mukharjee School of Educational Sciences, Assam University, Silchar Editor Managing Editor Dr.Baharul Islam Laskar , Dr. Abul Hassan Chaudhury Principal , Assistant Registrar, M.C.D College, Sonai, Cachar Assam University, Silchar Associate Editors Dr. S.M.Alfarid Hussain, Dr. Anindya Syam Choudhury, Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Associate Professor, Department of English, Communication, Assam University, Silchar Assam University, Silchar Assistant Managing Editors Dr. Monjur Ahmed Laskar, Dr. Nijoy Kr Paul Research Associate, Professional Assistant, Central Library, Bioinformatics Centre, Assam University, Assam University, Silchar EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Humayun Bokth , Prof J.U Ahmed , Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Department of Management, NEHU, Assam University Tura Campus Dr. Merina Islam, (founder Editor), Dr. Pius V.T, Associate Professor, Department of Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Philosophy , Cachar College, Silchar Assam University, Silchar Dr. Kh Narendra Singh, Prof Sk Jasim Uddin, Head, Department of Anthropology, Department of Chemistry, Assam University, Assam University, Diphu Campus Silchar Dr.Himadri Sekhar Das , Dr. Debotosh Chakraborty Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Assistant Professor, Department of Political Assam university, Silchar Science, Assam University, Silchar Dr. Moynul Hoque, Dr. Md. Aynul Hoque, Assistant professor, Department of History, Former Assistant Professor, Gurucharan College, Silchar NERIE, Shillong Dr. Taj Uddin Khan Dr. Subrata Sinha, Assistant Professor, Deptt.of Botany, System Analyst, Computer Centre, S.S.College, Hailakandi Assam University, Silchar Dr. Ayesha Afsana Dr. Ganesh Nandi Former Guest Faculty, Deptt. of Law, Asstt. Professor, Deptt. of Visual Arts, Assam University, Silchar Assam University, Silchar
Disclaimer : Opinion expressed in the articles are those of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect the opinion and views of the Editorial Board or Advisory Board and even Barak Education Society, Silchar. Cover designed by: Mr. Baharul Islam Laskar, Department of Visual Arts, Assam University To contact: Chief Editor: Phone No. 9435072204(M), Email id: [email protected] Editor: Phone: 9435988843 (M), Email id: [email protected] N.B. All concerned with the journal have extended honorary service voluntarily for the publication of the journal smoothly.
Volume: VI, Number: II July – December, 2018 ISSN: 2319-8192 Intellection $%LDQQXDO,QWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\5HVHDUFK-RXUQDO Advisory Board Chief Advisor Prof. Tapodhir Bhattacharjee, Former Vice Chancellor, Assam University, Silchar $GYLVRUV Prof. Y. V. Satyanarayan, 3URI'HYHQGUD1DWK7LZDUL )RUPHU(PHULWXV3URIHVVRU 'HSDUWPHQWRI3KLORVRSK\DQG5HOLJLRQ 'HSDUWPHQWRI3KLORVRSK\ %HQDUDV+LQGX8QLYHUVLW\ $QGKUD8QLYHUVLW\9LVDNKDSDWQDP$3 9DUDQDVL83 Prof. Yasien Mohamed, Prof. Dr. Abdul Jalil Bin Othman, ($UDELF ,VODPLF6WXGLHV )DFXOW\RI(GXFDWLRQ 'HSDUWPHQW)RUHLJQ/DQJXJHV 'HSDUWPHQWRI/DQJXDJHDQGOLWHUDU\(GXFDWLRQ 8QLYHUVLW\RIWKH:HVWHUQ&DSH6RXWK$IULFD 8QLYHUVLW\RI0DOD\D0DOD\DVLD Prof. Dr. Md. Saiful Islam Prof. M Asad Uddin 'HSDUWPHQWRI(FRQRPLFV 'HSDUWPHQWRI(QJOLVK .KXOQD8QLYHUVLW\%DQJODGHVK -DPLD0LOOLD,VODPLD1HZ'HOKL Prof. Niranjan Roy, 3URI$VRNH.U6HQ 'HDQ6FKRRORI(FRQRPLFV &RPPHUFH 'HDQ6FKRRORI3K\VLFDO6FLHQFHV $VVDP8QLYHUVLW\6LOFKDU $VVDP8QLYHUVLW\6LOFKDU
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Intellection
A Bi-annual Interdisciplinary Research Journal 7KLVLVVXHRIWKHMRXUQDOLV Dedicated to the memory of
Mahatma Gandhi
Veteran Freedom Fighter and the Father of our Nation, on the occasion of his 150th birth anniversary Intellection: A Bi-annual Interdisciplinary Research Journal, July - December, 2018 Vol. VI, No. II, ISSN: 2319-8192
EDITORIAL
It is with great pride, enthusiasm, and anticipation Barak Education Society and the ‘Editorial Board’ is delighted to publish the 12th successful issue ‘INTELLECTION’. The objective of our Journal is to publish up-to-date, high-quality and original research papers alongside relevant and insightful reviews. With these objectives ‘Intellection’ has started its swift journey from January’ 2013 and the with the passage of time ‘Intellection’ has occupied its place in the web and also in the list of approved journals by University Grants Commission (UGC) the apex academic body of the Country. Our appeal for paper contribution and write-ups for publication in the journal ‘Call for Papers’ got good responses from every corner. The paper contributors have spent their time and energy to produce good articles, but we could not include all; even after declining several articles on review, we had to include thirteen papers in this issue. Being an interdisciplinary journal this issue of ‘Intellection’ like its earlier issues includes articles from Literature, Sociology, Philosophy, History, Economics, Politics, Art and Culture etc, which makes the issue much more vibrant and useful to academic readers. It gives us an opportunity to thanks all the journal's contributors and supporters. On behalf of the Editorial Board and the Barak Education Society, I would like to express our gratefulness to the authors of articles published during the past years, and to acknowledge generous help which we obtained from the peer- reviewers during the process of publication of the issue. The collective efforts you rendered make it possible for us to publish the journal successfully and to the best of our capabilities. We solicit your support and help for the future issues of the journal too and believe that this issue of the journal would turn out to be of significant use to all categories of readers, especially researchers and educators. Needless to say, any papers that you wish to submit, either individually or collaboratively, are much appreciated and will make a substantial contribution to the continuous development and success of our journal. Best wishes and thank you in advance for your contribution. We welcome feedbacks, remarks and suggestions from all our readers regarding this issue and for improvement of our future issues. You can access the soft copies of the journal since its inception at http://www.besngo.org and mail your responses to [email protected]. I look forward to our journey together as we develop ‘Intellection’ into its fullest potential.
With warm regards
Dated: Silchar Dr. Baharul Islam Laskar The 30th September’ 2018 Editor, Intellection Intellection: A Bi-annual Interdisciplinary Research Journal,July - December, 2018 9RO9,1R,, ISSN: 2319-8192 (Included in the list of UGC approved research journals) CONTENTS …………..
Page Nos Issues in English Language Teaching: Gender in Language Education - Prof K.M.Baharul Islam Emotional Scaffolding and Classroom Discipline: The Connectives - Dr.Asha Joseph and Prof Geetika Bagchi National Consciousness and the Politics of Folktale and Fairytale Collections: A Study with Reference to Grimms’ Kinder-und Hausmärchen - Ms. Tanima Dutta
4. Educational Status Among the Tea Garden Workers: A Case Study of Cachar District of Assam - Mr. Pradip Kurmi and Prof Sumanash Dutta
SaŵƑaya as a Logical Method - Ms. Jhumpa Bagchi Great Mask Making Tradition at Satras in Majuli, Assam Initiated by Srimanta Sankardeva - Mr. Nippan Das 7. Gaon Sabha and Rural Development: A Study of Hailakandi District in Assam -Dr. Nazmul Hussain Laskar 8. Transition of the Barman from Hill Tribe to Plain Tribe in 43-47 South Assam - Ms.Maumita Nath
Contd. Intellection: A Bi-annual Interdisciplinary Research Journal, July- December, 2018 9RO9,1R,, ISSN: 2319-8192 (Included in the list of UGC approved research journals)
Page Nos Social Impact of Tobacco Dependence: A Sociological Analysis - Mr. Sunjit Bosumatary and Dr. Humayun Bokth
Emerging Trends in Public Art Practice in India: Towards a Dialogic Performative Dode - Mr. Sanchayan Gosh
Political Participation and Voting Behaviour: A Comparative Study of the Rural and Urban Areas of Cachar District of Assam - Ms. Khushbu Barbhuiya
12. Glancing At Cachar Through the Lens of History After 1832: A Phase of Transition - Ms. Jhuma Banerjee Policy Framework of India’s Response to Global Climate Change - A Critical Analysis - Mr. Belayet Hussain Mazumder and Dr. Madhumita Dhar Sarkar ,QWHOOHFWLRQ $%LDQQXDO,QWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\5HVHDUFK-RXUQDO-XO\'HFHPEHU 9RO9,1R,, ,661
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&KDQJH DPRQJ WKH HOHPHQWV RI WKH %HQJDOL $VVDPHVH +LQGL DQG %DUPDQV RI %DUDN 9DOOH\ $Q 8QSXEOLVKHG (QJOLVK FXOWXUHV LV YLVLEOH 3ROLWLFDO 3K'7KHVLV6XEPLWWHGWRWKH$VVDP8QLYHUVLW\ PRGHUQL]DWLRQ LQYROYHV WKH SURFHVV RI HWKQLF 6LOFKDU LGHQWLILFDWLRQ x 6HQ*/LIHLQ.DFKDUL.LQJGRPDW 5HIHUHQFHV .KDVSXU6LOFKDU 3XWKLJDU 47 Intellection: A Bi-annual Interdisciplinary Research Journal, July - December, 2018 Vol. VI, No. II ISSN: 2319-8192 Social Impact of Tobacco Dependence: A Sociological Analysis Sunjit Bosumatary1 and Dr. Humayun Bokth2 1Ph.D Scholar, Assam University, Silchar Email: [email protected] 2Associate Professor Deptt. of Sociology, Assam University, Silchar Email: [email protected] Abstract Health is an important aspect of human kind. Dependence on intoxicants like nicotine as contained in tobacco results in various kinds of illness. Disease and deformities caused by tobacco affects the entire society in terms of physical health, cultural life and emotional state of being. Tobacco claims more than 7 million deaths of people every year which brings huge loss in many dimensions for human kind. Because of that reason, tobacco related problems have been regarded as ‘Tobacco Epidemic’ by World Health Organisation. The three dimensional social impact of tobacco dependence i.e. physical, emotional and cultural brings unexpected and undesirable consequences for victims and society. Despite knowing its negative impact people use it in a mood of fashion or under compulsion .The dependence on these substances is not easy to minimise because of the role played by agents and determinants like media, market ,power (political and bureaucratic), culture and tradition. Therefore, substance abuse or dependence continues to prevail in society. Keywords: Dependence, Health, Society, Physical, Emotional, Cultural. Introduction are the result of direct tobacco use while around Tobacco dependence has been one 890000 are the result of non-tobacco user being 2 of the major topics in studies of social exposed to secondhand smoke. As per present consequences of substance abuse or addiction situation; figure is expected to rise to more than as its adverse effects on health, directly or 10 million deaths a year by 2030.3 indirectly contradicts the human development. Tobacco is deadly in any form or Tobacco dependence is a term, used to denote a disguise. Scientific evidence has unequivocally person’s dependence on tobacco substances established that exposure to tobacco causes containing nicotine, withdrawal of which causes death, disease and disability. According to the inconvenience to the tobacco dependent parson. International Agency for Research on Cancer Tobacco dependent people have to use tobacco (IARC) monograph, there is sufficient evidence substances frequently to feel it; absence of in humans that tobacco causes cancer of lung, which results in discomfort and mental stress. oral cavity, stomach, pancreas, liver, kidney, Tobacco dependence and resultant continuous urinary, bladder, uterine cervix and bone use of tobacco substance which is hazardous to marrow etc.4 According to the latest estimates in health, creates disorder in terms of physical, the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study mental and social well-being.1 published in medical journal- ‘The Lancet’ in The tobacco epidemic is one of the 2015; over 11 per cent of 6.4 million deaths biggest public health threat, the world has ever worldwide by tobacco was caused by smoking faced, killing more than 7 million people a year and 52.2 per cent of them took place in China, 5 or an average of one death in every less than 6 India, USA, and Russia. Data from several seconds. More than 6 million of those deaths studies indicate that tobacco smokers have 2-3 48 Social Impact of Tobacco Dependence: A Sociological Analysis ISSN: 2319-8192 fold higher relative risk of coronary heart Reinforcement Theory discussed by B.F Skinner disease (CHD), 1.5 times for stroke, 1.4 times and Strain Theory developed by R.K. Merton for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease discusses human motivation and personality, (COPD) and 12 fold risks for lung cancer. concerning people's inherent growth tendencies These risks have an age-gradient with higher and their innate psychological needs. These relative risk (5-6 times) in the younger age theories particularly focused on the processes groups, and are similar for both men and through which a person acquires the motivation women.6 for initiating new health-related behaviour and After identifying such a huge maintaining them over time.8 These theories problem caused by tobacco, it has come to be provide us important leads in understanding the regarded as an epidemic. Hence, health hazards behaviour of tobacco dependent person as well of tobacco attracted the attention of as others. organisations like WHO by the end of 20th Psychoanalytic Theory developed century and they declared it as tobacco by Sigmund Freud assumes that unconscious epidemic. To minimize the problem originated psychological process and early childhood by tobacco, many programmes and experiences determine a person’s personality Organisations have emerged. Accordingly the and behaviour. Freud contended some stages of World Health Organisation (WHO) Framework behaviour which progresses along with age i.e. Convention on Tobacco Control was oral, anal, oedipal, latency, genital, frustration constituted in 1993 (ibd) and many countries in etc. So, their perception on phenomena for collaboration of World Health Organisation, which they are performing behaviour is taking initiative role to control the use of unconscious and irrational; but still they operate tobacco but still then a huge number of people their behaviour with their psychological belief are suffering from tobacco epidemic and all which is best perception for them (ibid). Socio- tobacco products are still available in open cultural Theory developed by Vygotsky is also market. an emerging theory in psychology that looks at Theoretical Perspective the important contributions that society makes Social theory provides us with an to individual behavioural development. explanatory scheme to examine the nature of This theory stresses the interaction between tobacco dependence, reasons for such behavioural development and the culture in behaviour, and imitation of such behaviour which people live. Social-ecological model despite its negative impact. As we shall see, the developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner also Autonomy Theory of E.L. Deci and R.M. Ryan emphasizes the reciprocal relationship between provides a new conceptualization of what it behaviours and the social environment. Created means to be dependent on nicotine. In this an environment by social members that is model, tobacco dependence is evaluated in conductive to individual who make changes in relation to its impact on the user's physical and promoting and adoption of behaviours and social well-being. It gives moralistic judgments interventions (ibid). of substance abuse as it is considered as a self By examining the concepts and destructive behaviou.7 explanatory schemes offered in above theories Behaviour theory like- Differential it can be shown that the economic loss, health Association Theory developed by Edwin problems, behavioural change, cultural conflicts Sutherland, Social Learning Theory and Social which result from the use of tobacco substances Cognitive Theory proposed by A. Bandura are directly or indirectly affecting individual’s discusses how people learn behaviour through social status, life, and the nation to which observing others’ behavior, attitudes, and tobacco dependent victim belongs to. outcomes of those behaviors. On the other hand 49 Intellection: A Bi-annual Interdisciplinary Research Journal, Vol. VI, No. II July- December, 2018 Methodology i. Stain teeth yellow and black: It can be Methods adopted for writing this paper expensive to try to whiten teeth stained by are descriptive and analytical in nature. An tobacco smoking and chewing. Having yellow attempt has been made to explore the and black teeth makes a person look older and juxtaposition between empirical findings and is unattractive to others. theoretical perspectives with respect to tobacco ii. Stain fingernails and skin: People can dependence by description and analysis of develop yellow fingernails and skin from already published materials. smoking, which also makes them look Social Impact unhealthy and unattractive. Tobacco dependence has basically iii. Increase tooth decay: Tobacco dependent negative impact in society which brings social person may lose their teeth to early tooth decay. degradation or conflicts in the system, including iv. Causes a cough: which may make other social problems. Tobacco can impact some people avoid the smoker. more aspects of human system like economic, v. Wrinkle skin: This makes smokers look older environment etc. which are directly or than they are. indirectly related to the society.9 Hence, social vi. Cause bad breath. People may not want to impact of tobacco epidemic includes get very close to a smoker, and they especially individual’s inability to produce or disability to might not want to kiss them. carry out their duties and ultimately death. vii. Make clothes smell bad: Many people don't Tobacco basically can affect society in three like the smell of smokers as well as smokeless dimensions, they are: i) physical, ii) emotional tobacco leaf, and some are even allergic to the and iii) cultural. smoke and will keep their distance. Physical Impact viii. Interfere with sex life: Cigarette smoking not Generally, physical impact of tobacco only makes smokers less attractive to others; it is mostly related to the negative health can also interfere with relationships later in life. consequence. That negative health impact Smoking can cause sexual dysfunction in makes an individual suffer or may bring an end males, and in females it can cause reduced of life also. Physical impact of tobacco fertility, miscarriage, and increased risk of dependence can be categorised into two (a) losing babies to Sudden Infant Death serious impact and (b) light impact. The serious Syndrome. physical health problems caused by tobacco use ix. Lower ability to smell and taste: This can are non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like- lead a tobacco user to a reduced enjoyment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, chronic food. So, going out to eat with friends or respiratory diseases and diabetes. In this type of enjoying someone’s cooking is less fun. impact people suffers with deep pain for which x. Increase asthma: Difficulty breathing may reason people have to restrict diet and spend a limit a person’s ability to do things with others. huge amount of money or lose property in xi. Decrease athletic ability: Smokers generally course of treatment. On the other hand the don’t perform as well as athletes who don’t .10 second type of impact is based on the effect of smoke tobacco on an individual's body and their Emotional impact behaviors. It is light impact because this Since initiative was taken by the World problem can be minimized if consumption Health Organisation on tobacco control, many amount of tobacco substance is minimized. As countries have taken up publicity campaign to per the ‘Teen Smoking’ group’s viewpoints the widespread the health hazards of tobacco identified light physical impacts for tobacco through awareness campaign, education etc. For dependence are as bellows. these reasons a tobacco dependent persons feel unhealthy and unsafe resulting in mental stress 50 Social Impact of Tobacco Dependence: A Sociological Analysis ISSN: 2319-8192 but still then they cannot quit it for their changing the prevailing cultural practices dependence on tobacco. In the same time a through their behaviour. With respect to tobacco dependent person may face mental changing cultural practices, individuals stress because of inability to use tobacco in dependent on tobacco select a separate place to many restricted places like- office, public place, expose their behaviour and that lead them to hotel or restaurant etc. The family members lose old relationship of connectivity to those also feel unsafe and always stay in fear for the people who are not belonging to same health consequences of tobacco dependent behavioural category, for which reason they person and they also feel unsafe because they introduce a new platform (less numbers of might be impacted for second hand health connectivity) and discover a new level of hazard of tobacco. The friends, colleagues as entertainment among tobacco user friends well as other people who are non-tobacco users which bring changes in old relationship and might not like the tobacco user. Even conflict creates a new circle of friendship. Relating to may also arise for the fear of second hand this view Quincy Afraid of Hawk, research hazards of tobacco. assistant at ‘Black Hills Center for American Therefore, emotional impact of tobacco Indian Health’ said that it was a contradiction to dependence is not only at the individual level his tribe's value system and a misconception the but also at social level which creates situations use of tobacco for pleasure and addiction. What of conflict, disrespect and disobedience was traditionally used for tobacco was taken between tobacco dependent and non-tobacco from the bark of the red willow tree for cultural users. Emotional impact of tobacco dependence practices only.11 is thus always based on creating deviant Therefore, cultural impacts of tobacco behaviour among social members and leads to dependence are based on dis-connectivity in the unpleasant life. Thus, emotional impact can nature among the members of society and affect individuals, family members and the introduction to the new behaviours which are community as a whole. socially negligible. A brief description of Cultural Impact socio-cultural impact of tobacco dependence is Behaviour associated with tobacco given below- dependence does not merely impact on physical i. Tobacco consumption makes changes in and emotional well being of a person but also cultural values and may even create conflict. As affects cultural value system of a society. In such respect among juniors and seniors or that case individuals create new cultural youngsters and elders disappear and creates dimension or change the old one. Tobacco disrespect among them and ultimately conflict dependent people create new cultural originate. circumstances whereby they are viewed in a ii. In many countries a person may smoke particular way by others or non-tobacco users outside or in certain designated areas only. This for their unique behaviour. This is so as non- forces a person who is a student or an employee tobacco users judge them with a different vision to take cigarette breaks outside, even if it is resulting from the scare associated with the raining, snowing, or very hot. When a person is harmful effects of tobacco. It happens right on an airplane or other place where smoking is from when people expose their tobacco use for illegal they may get impatient and unpleasant the first time before others, and then other because they need to smoke cigarette and people start judging them with a different ultimately by breaking rules and regulations yardstick or evaluate these people negatively. In they are doing it in toilet or washroom which is this way they themselves create a new identity an unhygienic and risky habit. for them in society. Tobacco users are not only iii. People who smoke in their car or their house facing these problems but also responsible for may create trouble for non-tobacco user friends 51 Intellection: A Bi-annual Interdisciplinary Research Journal, Vol. VI, No. II July- December, 2018 or guests if they come or visit to their car or economic, environmental and social. Social house; because others don't want to use a car or impact is based on biological, emotional and live in a house that smells. cultural aspects of individual and society. iv. People who smoke may be regarded as less Although people know that tobacco is intelligent or as poor by others in terms hazardous to health as well as society; still it is behavioural practices. freely available in open places because of some v. It may be difficult to make a good major agents like- media, distributor, market impression when tobacco users, especially etc. and determinants like- power (political and smokers, look for a job because of the stains on bureaucratic power), culture and tradition etc. their body and the smell of cigarette smoke. So, it can be said that this behaviour of tobacco This is especially true for jobs where the person dependence is conditioned by society itself and is going to be interacting with the public or its outcome affect the individuals as well as representing a company. society as a whole. vi. Most non-tobacco users don't want to be References around tobacco users especially, smokers, if 1. Gupta, Bhawna. 2013. Burden of Tobacco they are allergic to smoke or pregnant women, Consumption in Rural/Urban Areas of India. or have young children. Smokers may get dirty Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, Vol looks from others who don't want to be exposed 14. to their smoke. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.5. vii. If a person is not legally allowed to smoke 3323 i.e. minors, he/she may also get in trouble at 2. World Health Organisation, 2017 institutions, public place or at home. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs339/ viii. Tobacco products are expensive and user en/ Access date- 30/11/2017. may therefore have less money for other 3. Peto R & Lopez A. 2001. Future worldwide expenditure because they spend their money for health effects of current smoking patterns. In: purchasing tobacco products. In that way they Koop CE, person CE, Schwarz MR, eds. San may become habitually miser and unhealthy Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass. behaviour may be found in society. 4. Ruth, Roemer et al. 2005. American Journal Conclusion of Public Health. June, Vol. 95, No. 6. The sociological analysis on health doi:10.2105/AJPH.2003.025908) of individual and its total physical structure as a 5. Taylor AL, Roemer R. An International social object has connected to emotional and Strategy for Tobacco Control. Background cultural aspect of society where individual acts Document for the World Health Organization for as an active agent and draws and redraws the WHA 48.11, WHO Doc. WHO/PSA/96.6, 1996. action in collaboration to the stock of 6. Peto R, Lopez AD, Boreham J, Thun M. knowledge collected from society itself. Since 1994. Health C Jr. Mortality from smoking in every individual is an active agent of society, if Developed Countries 1950-2000. Indirect something inconvenient happens to the estimates from National Vital Statistics. Oxford: individual then it can impact whole society too Oxford University Press. for some time. Individuals start tobacco 7. Joseph R. Di Franza, MD. Medscape. consumption as a passion or as an object of Implications of the Autonomy Theory of Nicotine entertainment on some occasion. But later due Dependence. to dependence on ingredient substances like https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/440407 nicotine it becomes a permanent habit for those 8. Greenhalg, EM; Stillman, S. et al. Tobacco in people. If it is habitual dependence then it Australia. Theories about Smoking and Quitting. creates negative impact on individual in many Cancer Council Victoria. ways. The three major impact of tobacco are www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/7-3-methods- 52 Social Impact of Tobacco Dependence: A Sociological Analysis ISSN: 2319-8192 services-and-products-for-quitting-co. Access on consequences-of-smoking.html. Accessed on 25- 20-August, 2018. 08-2018. 9. Naganathan, Venkatesh. 2013. International 11. Steen, Jomay. 2008. Tobacco's cultural Journal of Business and Management Invention. impact. www.ijbmi.org Volume 2 Issue 3 ǁ March. 2013ǁ http://rapidcityjournal.com/news/science/health- PP.46-53 med-fit/tobacco-s-cultural- 10. Social Consequences of Smoking. Teen impact/article_da4f7545-5d6d-53bd-909e- Smoking. 630f6d4855e5.html. http://www.teensmoking.us/content/social- 53 Intellection: A Bi-annual Interdisciplinary Research Journal, July - December, 2018 Vol. VI, No. II ISSN: 2319-8192 Emerging Trends in Public Art Practice in India: Towards a Dialogic Performative mode Sanchayan Ghosh Associate Professor Department of Painting, Kala Bhavan Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan Email: [email protected] Abstract Public Art is an evolving term in visual culture. Generally associated with art in public space public art has its immediate root in Victorian tradition and is mostly associated with urban planning and transformation. Reclaiming the Greek and Roman tradition of monuments in Victorian age public art became associated with the projection of power of state and nation and remained confined within state sponsored public monuments in city squares or general public spaces. In the last 60 to 70 years reengagement of art with public space has transformed the definition of public art from being mere display of art in public space to more critical engagement with public. Public engagement has replaced the earlier notions of art as mere demonstration in public to more micro level social engagement. Public art in India is still confined within the Victorian legacy of public monuments or mere display of art works for entertainment in public. Public space in India is a multilayered social, cultural phenomenon and new approaches are emerging to engage with its complexity and diversity to generate a public sphere. This paper will engage with the recent state of public art in India and specifically refer to public art as a dialogic performative process of collective engagement. Keywords: Public Art, public sphere, dialogic process, community engagement, participation, site specific, performative. Introduction rather the word jana and gana are also The word Public has its roots in the separately associated with something public Latin word publicus which refers to like Jana samavesh (public gathering), Gana conjunction of the adult people. The term Sanskriti (Public Culture). public refers to a heterogeneous group of Modernism interpreted public as a people. The evolution of Community (a homogenous entity differentiated only by homogenous group of people) into a public is economic class difference. Karl Marx defined the history of evolution of social culture from public property as the form of property in an agriculture based production of village life which use of a given product of labour is to a service based job oriented lifestyle of subject to the will of the whole community. urban network. In India, the word public has Avant-garde approached public as a almost become part of the colloquial homogenized entity and intended to transform language system although it has its versions it from outside. It explored art as a tool of in the regional linguistic practice. In Bengali change and reaching out to the public. In that language the nearest term that would sense the practice of art remained a separate associate with public would be Janagan; body of knowledge that needs to be informed to educate a public. There is a hierarchy in 54 Emerging Trends in Public Art Practice ...... Performative mode ISSN: 2319-8192 this point of view and, early practice of public art in this respect can go beyond public ethics art has suffered from this notion of how art and emerge as free space of individual can engage in public space keeping the notion imagination towards a heterogeneous dialogic of art and artists’ position fixed. It was Jürgen public sphere where ethics is determined by Habermas who referred to the existence of a the boundaries of individual ownership to a bourgeois public sphere during the French process and existence. Revolution that generated the possibility of Art in public space has its reference participation of the multiple voices in public to the practice of public monuments or debate. He also emphasized the existence of sculptures of queens or individual heroes, ideology in a public sphere and introduced poets and writers, installed in public space the notion of multiplicity as the true form of and were introduced as an extension of the critical dialogue. In this context I would shift practice initiated during the Victorian age the focus to the practice of Public art where during the British colonial period. It projected PUBLIC is in capital letter and is at the center a certain vertical notion of public monuments of the process and the dialogue. Artist that stood independent of the architecture. becomes more of an initiator or a facilitator The emergence of Public monuments in and equally visible and participant in the public life independent of architecture shifted process of making. The social and cultural the focus from public participation to the idea gesture that emerges out of such encounter or of public fear or public homage. Earlier engagement is an outcome that is owned both architecture as a public space for meeting was by the initiator and the participants. There is a inviting public participation but emergence of situation of reciprocity in the process. public monuments became spaces for Art in Public Space and Public Art demonstration of institutional power or places Artists through out 20th century made for public contention/ challenge. different attempts to take art outside the white Urban planning is a staged process of cube of gallery display and make art available reclaiming our experience of nature. It is also in public space to generate public sphere and about mapping space according to a specific create more direct dialogue with public. In relationship of user-ship and functionality. In most cases public art is generated with public case of a city, institutional forms are multiple fund acquired through tax by the Government and so are their functionality and or in other cases through lottery or bank specializations. So city spaces are divided money etc. So public art is made for the into zones of areas, like domestic zones, people and it intends to generate a sense of office and administrative zones, commercial ownership in public memory by incorporating and market zones. Now these individual their participation in the process. Although art zones have individual ritual of daily activity in public space is traditionally used to impose and that defines its publicness. Hence, public power and authority of the state and other spaces in an urban context are a forms of public or private institutions, in heterogeneous state of public engagement and contemporary times over the last 50 years, multiple methods needs to be adopted to public art has emerged as a process of art engage in these contexts. experience that is more participatory, Public art in India is mostly interactive and dialogical. In this respect associated around Art in public space. So pubic art intends to generate a public sphere when colonialism was replaced by where public can come and meet and share nationalism the framework of public display freely. Although Habermas referred to a of art remained the same, only the public sphere he also referred to the ethical iconography or the visual elements public sphere for the common good. Public transformed. It was more about trying to find 55 Intellection: A Bi-annual Interdisciplinary Research Journal, Vol. VI, No. II July- December, 2018 spaces for art (paintings or sculptures) in participation. It was a project meant for an different public venues. Most of the time, it imaginary public of a free world. So as the had no connection to the location or the kind community life evolved with specific goal of of activity that goes on, in those places. It is a cosmopolitanism it nurtured the strategies of parallel network of public promotion either cultural practices that will constitute a initiated by the policies of the government or community and also project a public culture. by local political agendas. Therefore, public The outdoor sculptures of Ramkinkar in art remained confined either to satisfy Santiniketan sustained to the pedagogic government policies or local political or intentions of the growing institution of cultural jingoism. bridging spaces between practice and public Parallel to this hegemonic, life. Earlier, institutional practice in homogenized public art practice 20thcentury Santiniketan tried to engage with the life public art also evolved into more dialogical, around and generated gestures that could participatory, public engagement based extend to the overall public culture around. practice that is temporary, interactive and The practice of outdoor sculptures by participatory. But it happened on a more Ramkinkar in Santiniketan that remain as a personal initiative that engaged in a more pioneering activity in the history of Indian intimate way to the specific social and Modern art was part of an extended political contexts. These activities are more pedagogic process. The integrated performative and site and context specific. It interdependent pedagogy of Santiniketan with emerged out of more direct contact and a critical view point on public culture inspired relation with specific pubic contexts and that different students from different perspectives. way looked at public art as an engagement. In recent times festival has taken over our In this context, I would like to trace imagination of public art in a wrong way. back to public actions of Rabindranath Mikhail Bakhtin referred the idea of carnival Tagore like Rakhi Bandhan (tying of knots to as the parallel system of non hierarchical both Muslims and Hindus in protest against space of free meeting of the people beyond the partition of Bengal initiated by British history and memory in a dialogical state of East India Company, 1905) or Mahatma the body where everything collided in the Gandhi’s Satyagraha or Dandi March (against state of the present. He also refers, that it is the British Raj) in the context of Indian some thing that runs parallel to the hierarchic independence movement. Bith these model of the state sponsored public festivals. initiatives tried to incorporate the social Although in India the notion of carnival is not practice as a cultural action. But Public art is there but the idea of festival or mela has been also not just a social intervention but a there through history as the extended space of dialogue with existing institutional forms and social and cultural faith. Infact many of the proposing newer forms of institution that religious festivals emerged as a platform of could propose and generate public sphere. In community festival that were owned by the this context dialogue between institution and people. The barwari (public) durga puja got specific social contexts are extremely initiated as a process of transforming durga important. puja from a private feudal festival to a public Rabindranath Tagore’s Santiniketan one and owned by the local residents as a project is both a pedagogical project and a community festival. Today, in the hands of project of initiating an eclectic community. It neoliberal cultural and economic players, it recognized individuality and collectivism as has become a mere spectacle of unregistered the two sides of a coin. It explored both wealth and political collaboration. The local pedagogic intervention and community 56 Emerging Trends in Public Art Practice ...... Performative mode ISSN: 2319-8192 community has no direct role but to observe public institutions and architectures to re- the spectacle as a mere observer. engage with the social, cultural and political Emerging trends of Public Art in India memories of specific sites and locations. In Bangalore artist led public initiatives found Public art today has to re-engage with an intense network as artists came together these tools and reclaim the dialogic part of through public art residencies or performance festival rather than spectacle of the event. In projects to engage with the social life. 1 this respect emergence of temporary public Shanti Road, Bar1, Zaga are some of those art is generated by private initiatives to re- initiatives. In Bengal (early 21st century) there engage with local residents or areas are being are initiatives like Khoj Kolkata who initiated taken up by artists by forming local collective dialogues in public architectures institutions as collectives. 1990s saw the and community situations. Recent times emergence of other approaches to public art numerous artist initiatives have come forward that would engage and evolve through a to share their practice in public and take dialogue and working together with public in process as cultural dialogue. Humdasti, a more private way in the form of Chander Haat, or performance festivals like communities of inhabitants rather than Kipaf have been regularly intervening in the community in the traditional sense. In this streets and urban spaces of Kolkata. process artists became both cultural Although these collectives have been able to producers, cultural curators and facilitators to generate very intimate social and cultural initiate spaces for possible public dialogues forms of dialogue, most of them are time and conversations. They are sometimes bound and situational. They are more referred to as community based art practice, interventions than engagement. They have to or socially engaged art practice or simply go beyond the developmental approach of conversations. reconstruction, revival of economic In India, it emerged as protest sustenance to a more conversational and language with Sahmat in late 1980s with the reciprocal coexistence so that it can sustain murder of Safdar Hashmi in New Delhi. Later and survive as a social and cultural on, Emergence of artist collectives like Open phenomenon and not as an outcome or end Circle (Mumbai), Sarai and Raqs Media result of achievement. Collective( New Delhi), Khoj Artist Public art in India has to evolve from the Association (New Delhi) or Periferry in point of view of taking art to public and (Guwahati) and later in recent times Camp intervening in public spaces to a more (Mumbai) evolved a research based social participatory process of engaging specific and public engagements that adopted social context and create more immersive dialogues forms like meetings, group workshops, that would generate from public conversation. community interventions and intended But they are long term process of engagement towards generating multiple community which needs a direct participation and engagements within the heterogeneous entity visibility of public institutional support that of public space. Other than these collectives, will not interfere but facilitate the intension there are individual artists working on and the process of the dialogue. Presence of a personal initiative to engage in specific public public museum can create a lot of credibility situation and not trying to generate art works and faith in this respect, which can work in for public display. Artists like K.P.Suman, collaboration with Government public sector. Navjot Altaf, all initiated dialogues in Public art can truly become public, if the specific community contexts addressing the visibility of the multiple private and public local context and community participation. institutions is incorporated within the process Artists like Vivan Sundaram, intervened in 57 Intellection: A Bi-annual Interdisciplinary Research Journal, Vol. VI, No. II July- December, 2018 so that sustainable methods of participation industry and culture in relation to the can be generated to project public sphere. stranded ferries of Brahmaputra and the Last century saw the emergence of life on the riverbank. multiple exhibition festival formats in visual Participation as a researcher art that incorporate the publicness of art In this respect a LIVE CAMP through negotiations between private and called THE ANCHOR HOUSE was setup public organization. Initiatives like biennale on the ferry M.V. Chandardinga, docked has taken up these issues where government near Sukreshwarghat, Guwahati and called public funding would collaborate with private to host interactive tea ADDA to participate museums to generate non profit politically on the everyday life on the ferry and the engaged public festival of art. In India, Kochi river bank and reflect upon the different Muziris Biennale is an important example of layers in which the river exists in the artist initiatives transformed into a public everyday life of the people of Assam in event. The private public collaboration has general and Guwahati in particular. The worked to a certain extent to retain the Anchor House became the site for a independent unmediated expression of the possible interactive space in future for artists. hosting memories of different kinds of Specific Case Study human applications social, cultural, and In this respect last 20 years my own technological that is in the state of engagement in public space have traversed transition in the last two weeks of the different public situations in urban spaces in month of December, 2009. general to more specific community situation The location of the ferry on the in different social and cultural situations. As a bank of the Brahmaputra river is of specific pedagogue in Kala Bhavana, Santiniketan I significance. These ferries are Government have also explored the academic space as a appointed vehicles for transport of goods community situation to intervene in the by the water ways. So, a dedicated team of institutional space and generate collectivism captain, sailors was appointed to maintain through pedagogy. Here let me share a the ferry all through their job till specific dialogic performative engagement retirement. Presently with the shift of the with public life of Guwahati in collaboration transport system from waterways to with Periferri run by Desire Machine railways and roadways most of the time Collective, Assam and Regional Lalit Kala these ferries remain stranded on the bank of Kendra, Kolkata in 2009 the river Brahmaputra and so are the crew Shifting anchors….Floating memories….. members together with the captain. The (A dialogic Performative Public Art Anchor house hosted interaction sessions Project in Guwahati) with filmmakers, poets, social activists, Location as context performers living in and around Guwahati. This project was about exploring They shared their memory and experience the transforming relationship of a river and of living in the city and their relation to the a city in relationship to Brahmaputra and river. Anchor House hosted interaction Guwahati. This research and session with the workers of the documentation based interactive public art Government Ferry and also the Unions project, tried to locate the different forms associated with the ferry. of economic and cultural transactions that It also focused on the notion of life happen with the river Brahmaputra as a in relation to the temporary existence of the host, and in the floating space between Dhobis on the bank of Brahmaputra and the labour and economy, migration and identity, stranded workers of the steamers on the 58 Emerging Trends in Public Art Practice ...... Performative mode ISSN: 2319-8192 bank of Brahmaputra. Moreover it initiated by a theatre actor from Assam. So generated collaborative performance a public event was generated inside the project during the two week period while ferry by projecting the different layers in the Anchor House was situated in the Boat. which the research process evolved during A local theater performer from Assam the stay and in the process it became a new generated a monologue on the transforming site between fact and fiction on the memory relationship of Brahmaputra River with the of the same site. All the participants who landscape of Assam. interacted in the process of the twelve days Documentation as a dialogical and other viewers visited this new situation process of Private engagement and it became a new situation of This process critically engaged with conversation between participants and the methodology of documentation as a viewers that generated the possibility of an collective recollection of past, present and extended public discourse. imagined self reflective practices of visual art Conclusion and other forms of practice associated to the Public art can survive as a critical notion of representation with specific platform for generating public sphere only reference to the memory of the river and the through private public participation and it has city.The role of the camera became an to emerge from the specific public context important participant in the conversation as and lifestyle.The role of public institutions in all the visitors to the Anchor House were this context is much crucial to generate a made aware of the recording and the camera sustained public intervention and dialogue man also became a conversant in the through public art. Museums as an interface interaction. In this way the presence of a of public and cultural institution have to certain institutional value was generated in expand their process of functioning into a the mind of the participants and a possibility wider spectrum of public engagement not of a future public sharing of the documents only within its own institutional space but was induced in the process. This led to a generating collaborative process with performative situation of the process and the individual practitioners to engage in specific whole conversation operated between a location and specific communities. In this reality and fiction. respect the Skulptur Projeke in Munster, Open Studio: from Private interaction to Germany is a fantastic example of sustenance Public sharing where a public art project emerges every 10 Finally there was an open day years to engage with the city and its locations presentation where the whole experience of in collaboration with a museum and the local the twelve days process was shared with people and public institutions. the public. All the different documentation In the age of internet and social in the form of videos and still photographs media, public sphere has evolved into a multi were projected on different spaces around layered conversation where simulation and the ferry.Two videos of the day’s records camouflage has become some of the new were projected on the tent of the Anchor tools of public domain. Public art has to House. Sounds of conversation of the ferry evolve from the binary between public sphere activities were shared in the neighbouring and public domain. It has to approach them as boats tied with the ferry. Finally a video the layered experience of both, where the projection of the banks of the river physical multi-sensory life of a live Brahmaputra and its everyday activity was interaction can have multiple life through projected halfway between the river and the social media to incorporate a wider critical bank inside which a performance was dialogue. Public art has to evolve from 59 Intellection: A Bi-annual Interdisciplinary Research Journal, Vol. VI, No. II July- December, 2018 demonstration of authorship to a more Bourgeois Society, translated into English by dispersed state of relation of the private and Thomas Burger with assistance of Frederick the public. It has to move beyond the notion Lawrence. Cambridge, Massechusetts: The of memory reconstruction to a more physical MIT Press. dialogical engagement of the present. • Mitchell, W.J.T. (1992), “The Violence of References Public Art: Do the Right Thing”, in Art and • Bakhtin, M.M. (1981). ed. Michael The Public Sphere. ed. W.J.T. Mitchell. Holquist, translated by Caryl Emerson and Chicago: The University of Chicago Press Michael Holquist. The Dialogic Imagination: (pp.29-47). Four Essays. Austin and London: University • Poggioli, Renato. (2011), The Theory of of Texas Press. the Avant-garde. Harvard University Press. • Habermas, Jürgen. (1962, Trans. 1991). • Tagore, Rabindranath. (1983), The Structural Transformation of the Public Introduction to Tagore. Kolkata: Visva Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bharati Publishing Department. 60 Intellection: A Bi-annual Interdisciplinary Research Journal, July - December, 2018 Vol. VI, No. II ISSN: 2319-8192 Political Participation and Voting Behaviour: A Comparative Study of the Rural and Urban Areas of Cachar District of Assam Khushbu Barbhuiya Research Scholar Department of Political Science, Assam University, Silchar Email: [email protected] Abstract In any political system, whether large or small, political participation is the most essential ingredient and as such occupies a prominent place. In fact, political participation is considered an important key to assess the nature and success of a democracy. Political participation generally refers to the participation of the people in the political affairs of a country. Voting is the main and direct form of political participation in a democracy. In a democratic political setup, each adult citizen by casting vote in election expresses his/her approval or disapproval of governmental decisions, policies and programmers of various political parties and the qualities of the candidates who are engaged in the struggle to get the status of being their representatives. Therefore, the most important question about an election is not concerned with who won but with why people voted the way that they did in election. Here comes the importance of voting behavior which is generally influenced by multiple factors. Thus, the present study based on both primary and secondary sources makes an attempt to study the political participation and voting behaviour in both the rural and urban areas of Cachar district of Assam in a comparative perspective. Keywords: Political Participation, Voting Behaviour, Rural Area, Urban Area, Cachar district. Introduction In any political system, whether large or activities which directly or indirectly influence small, political participation is the most the behaviour and actions of decision-makers’.2 essential ingredient and as such occupies a Political participation includes a number of prominent place. It is the principal means voluntary activities viz., voting, contesting through which the consent is granted or elections, taking party membership, attending withdrawn in a democratic society and rulers party meetings or rallies, participating in are made accountable to the ruled.1 Political processions, participating in canvassing, participation is, therefore, taken as an important making financial contribution, distribution of key to assess the nature and success of a party leaflets or put up party posters and so on. democracy. If majority of the people of a Voting is the main and direct form of political country participate in its political affairs it is participation in a democracy. In a democratic considered as democratically more advanced political setup, each adult citizen by casting than the country with least political vote in election expresses his/her approval or participation. Generally, political participation disapproval of governmental decisions, policies refers to the participation of the people in the and programmers of various political parties political affairs of a country. Norman D. Palmer and the qualities of the candidates who are defines political participation as ‘the engaged in the struggle to get the status of being involvement of citizens in such political their representatives.3 Therefore, the most 61 Political Participation and Voting Behaviour...... Cachar District of Assam ISSN: 2319-8192 important question about an election is not Objectives concerned with who won but with why people 1. To assess and compare the voting voted the way that they did in election. Here tendency of the rural and urban people. comes the importance of voting behaviour 2. To assess and compare the extent of which is generally influenced by multiple rural and urban peoples’ participation in factors. Paul F. Lazersfeld defines voting political activities except voting. behaviour as ‘political attitudes and their sources, party election and candidate 3. To identify and compare the factors that preferences, source of political information and influences the voting behaviour of the rural the process by which the voter makes his and urban people. political decisions- in fact all manner of Description of the Research Area affecting an individual political behaviour’.4 The present study is conducted in Cachar Thus, voting behaviour apart from being one’s district which is located in the southern part of 0 political choice and aptitude indicates the Assam. It lies between longitude 92 24' and 0 0 0 dynamics that one employs in the achievement 93 15' East and latitude 24 22' and 25 8' North of a collective end. Voting behaviour of the and is bordered on the North by Dima Hasao individuals is generally determined by race, district of Assam and the state of Meghalaya, on religion, casteism, regionalism, language, the East by Manipur, on the South by Mizoram charismatic leadership, ideology, local issues, and on the West by Hailakandi district and political wave etc. These factors by and large Bangladesh. The total geographical area of affected the frequency of political participation Cachar district is 3786 sq. km. which as well as the direction of vote and interest in constitutes 4.8% of total geographical area in politics, which, in turn, have an impact on the Assam. As per the 2011 Census, Cachar district voting turnout. This fact applies to every has a total population of 1736617 of which democratic system and, as such, India is no 886284 (51.03%) are males and 850333 exception. India is the largest democracy in the (48.96%) are females. The literacy rate of world. Widespread political interest and active Cachar district is 80.36% (as per the 2011 participation of the people in politics is the sine Census) of which male and female literacy rates qua none of a successful democracy. Therefore, are 85.85% and 74.62% respectively. The the Indian Constitution through the demographic pattern of Cachar district is Fundamental Rights ensures the people’s right cosmopolitan. It is mostly dominated by to participate in politics without any Bengali-speaking Hindus and Bengali-speaking distinctions. Besides, Articles 325 and 326 of Muslims. Besides, it is the homeland of the Indian Constitution guarantees political Manipuris, Kacharis, Hmars, Rongmei Nagas equality to all i.e., equal right to participate in and Tea Garden communities. Of the total political activities and right to vote population of Cachar district, Scheduled Caste respectively.5 The aim of these constitutional (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) constitute promulgations is to promote and enhance 15.25% and 1.01% respectively. The district people’s participation in the political process of mostly comprises of rural population. As per our country. The present study, therefore, the 2011 Census, 81.80% population of Cachar makes an attempt to study the political district lives in rural areas, while the remaining participation and voting behaviour in both the 18.20% population lives in urban areas. Since rural and urban areas of Cachar district of the major part of the district resides in rural Assam in a comparative perspective. The study areas their main occupation is agriculture and is imperative to understand the ground realities allied activities. The working force of Cachar as well as to forward the possible solution of the district as per the 2011 census is 35.01% and existing problems. the non-workforce is 64.99%. Of the total working population of Cachar district, 19.79% 62 Intellection: A Bi-annual Interdisciplinary Research Journal, Vol. VI, No. II July- December, 2018 people are cultivators, 11.29% people are sampling is the selection of the respondents. In agricultural labourers, 4.02% people are this stage, equal number of respondents i.e., 120 household industry workers and 64.89% people respondents (60 from each selected village) are are engaged in other types of occupation. selected from the rural area and 120 Administratively, Cachar district is divided into respondents (60 from each selected ward) are 2 Sub-divisions (Silchar and Lakhipur), 1 Zilla selected from the urban area. In this way, a total Parishad, 5 Revenue Circles, 15 Anchalik of 240 respondents are selected randomly from Panchayats and 163 Gaon Panchayats which the latest electoral roll. The selected villages comprise 1040 villages including 42 from Cachar district are East Gobindapur Part- uninhabited villages. II and Joypur Part- III and selected wards are Methodology and Data Base Ward- 8 (Silchar Municipal Board) and Ward- 5 The present study is based on both (Lakhipur Municipal Board). The secondary primary and secondary data. To collect the data are collected from books, journals and primary data, a structured interview schedule is internet. The collected data are processed, used. Multi stage sampling technique is used in tabulated and classified through the SPSS. the present study. Since the study is concerned Data Analysis with political participation and voting behaviour The data collected by using face to face in rural and urban areas of Cachar district, interview method are feed into the SPSS and therefore, villages and wards of the district are used to analyse the different results related to considered as the first stage sampling units and the present study. Accordingly, the calculated the electorates constituted the second stage results are as follows. sampling units. Cachar district is fragmented 1. Voting Tendency into 1040 villages and 38 municipality wards Casting of vote in elections not only (Silchar Municipal Board- 28 and Lakhipur indicates the political consciousness of a citizen Municipal Board- 10). In the first stage, two but also considered to be a noble duty of a good villages and two wards are selected through citizen. Thus, an attempt has been made to purposive sampling on the basis of the understand the voting tendency of the demographic features. The second stage in the respondents. Table 1: Distribution of Respondents according to their Voting Tendency Casting of Vote Total Settlement Yes No 109 11 120 Rural 90.83% 9.16% 50.00% 113 7 120 Urban 94.16% 5.83% 50.00% 222 18 240 Total 92.50% 7.50% 100% (5.83%) respondents are reside in urban area. The above table reveals that out of 240 This table makes clear that though there is respondents, 222 (92.50%) respondents little gap between the rural and urban voting exercise their right to vote in elections on a tendency, the people of urban areas are more regular basis of which 109 (90.83%) conscious about casting their votes in elections respondents are live in rural area and 113 than the people of rural areas. (94.16%) respondents are reside in urban area, 2. Participation in Political Activities while only 18 (7.50%) respondents are found except Voting to be irregular voters of which 11 (9.16%) respondents are live in rural area and 7 63 Political Participation and Voting Behaviour...... Cachar District of Assam ISSN: 2319-8192 Political participation is the process forms of political participation. Therefore, an through which people voluntarily get involved attempt has been made to study the in the political process of a country. Exercise involvement of the respondents in political of franchise is the primary form of political activities except voting. participation. Besides voting, there are other Table 2: Distribution of Respondents according to their Participation in Political Activities except voting Settlement Enrolment in a Political Party/Participation Total in Party Meetings or Rallies/ Motivation/ Fund Raising/ Other Activity Yes No Rural 56 64 120 46.66% 53.33% 50.00% Urban 73 47 120 60.83% 39.16% 50.00% Total 129 111 240 53.75% 46.25% 100% The above data shows that out of 240 table it becomes proved that the urban people respondents, 129 (53.75%) are found to have take more interest in participating in political involved in other political activities except activities except casting their votes in voting of which 56 (46.66%) respondents are elections than the rural people. reside in rural area and 73 (60.83%) 3. Factors Influencing Voting respondents are live in urban area, while 111 Behaviour (46.25%) respondents do not take much There are many factors that influence a interest in political activities except exercising voter to make up his mind to vote for a franchise of which 64 (53.33%) respondents particular political party or a candidate. It is are reside in rural area and 47 (39.16%) thus necessary to study the sources of voting respondents are live in urban area. From this behaviour of the individuals. Table 3: Distribution of Respondents according to Factors that Influence their Voting Behaviour Settlement Factors Influencing Voting Behaviour Total Ideology Programme Personality Religious Caste Local of the s and of the Consciou Conscio Issues of Party Policies of Candidate sness usness Electricity the Party , Road and Water Rural 5 14 13 53 12 23 120 4.16% 11.67% 10.83% 44.17% 10.00% 19.16% 50.00 % Urban 7 22 54 9 10 18 120 5.83% 18.33% 45.00% 7.50% 8.33% 15.00% 50.00 % Total 12 36 67 62 22 41 240 5.00% 15.00% 27.92% 25.83% 9.16% 17.08% 100% Analysis of the above figures shows that out respondents are live in rural area and 54 of 240 respondents, a majority of 67 (27.92%) (45.00%) respondents are reside in urban area, have given precedence to ‘personality of the while 62 (25.83%) respondents have put candidate’ while voting of which 13 (10.83%) emphasis on ‘religious consciousness’ of 64 Intellection: A Bi-annual Interdisciplinary Research Journal, Vol. VI, No. II July- December, 2018 which 53 (44.17%) respondents are live in their religious sentiments the most even rural area and 9 (7.50%) respondents are without judging the acceptability of the party reside in urban area. Other factors viz., ‘local or candidate. issues of electricity, road and water’, Conclusion ‘programmes and policies of the party’, ‘caste Greater and active political participation consciousness’ and ‘ideology of the party’ is vital to the proper functioning of a have received priority of the electorates at the democratic political system. It is rightly said rate of 17.08%, 15.00%, 9.16% and 5.00% that in order to keep the cradle of democracy respectively. From the above data, it is clear rocking, the rope needs constant touch from that the rural voters have shown priority to the puller. The mere act of voting in elections religious consciousness, while the urban votes by vast majority of populace is not enough to have stressed on the personality of the call a country a successful democracy. The candidate in deciding on whom to vote for in success of a democracy requires that people in elections. it are participant, its nourishment and Findings of the Study sustenance comes from their equal, active and Amongst the different acts of political effective participation in all spheres of participation, voting has been found as the political life. However, the findings of the most popular act among the people in Cachar present study reveal that the rural people are district. An overwhelming majority of the less consciousness in comparison to the urban respondents said that they regularly voted in people in the fields of political participation elections. So far as the voting tendency in and voting behaviour. Most of the rural people rural areas is concerned, the aggregate of Cachar district are found to be apathetic percentage is little less than the urban areas. towards political activities except voting and Long distances of polling booths as well as have put more emphasis on religion in making low political awareness of the rural people are the decision on whom to vote for. It is, responsible for less voting tendency in rural therefore, necessary to enhance their political areas. Similar to voting tendency, the people consciousness by giving them proper of urban areas are found to be more interested education and political training. An increased in other political activities except voting political awareness removes the hurdles of compared to rural people. It shows that the political participation in rural areas and helps rural people do not take much interest in the rural people to realize the value of voting political activities except casting their votes in right and to vote prudently. When each and elections. This is due to the hardship in their every citizen of our country will understand personal lives as well as the rural political the importance of political participation and atmosphere. Regarding the factors that will exercise the franchise wisely then India influences the voting behaviour in Cachar will emerge as one of the strongest and district, it is found that majority of the people successful democratic countries in the world. of the district have stressed on personality of References the candidate while voting. Among them, the 1. Amal Kumar Mukhopadhyay, Political percentage of urban voter is comparatively Sociology, K. P. Bagchi & Company, Calcutta, much more than the rural voter. In case of the 2008, p. 120. rural voters, they have given precedence to 2. Bhawana Jharta, ‘Women and Politics in religious consciousness and ignore the other India’, Deep and Deep Publications, New factors in deciding on whom to vote for. It is Delhi, 1998, p. 10. important to note that most of the rural people 3. Zahida Akhter and Younis Ahmed Sheikh, are illiterate and ignorant and, therefore, they ‘Determinants of Voting Behaviour in India: give their votes in favour of the party or Theoretical Perspective’, Public Policy and candidate to which they expect to takes care of 65 Political Participation and Voting Behaviour...... Cachar District of Assam ISSN: 2319-8192 Administration Research, Vol. 4, No. 8, 2014, 5. Dipankar Saikia, ‘Political Participation of p. 104. Assamese Women’, 2016, retrieved on July 7, 4. Man Mohan Singh Negi, ‘Theoretic 2017 from http://iema.in/blog/political- Aspects of Electoral Behaviour’, The Indian participation-of-assamese-women. 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FOHDU 80 ,QWHOOHFWLRQ 9RO9,1R,,,661 3ULFH 6LQJOH&RS\ 5V July – December, 2018 Annual Subscription: Rs.350.00 (without postage) Rs.500.00 (with postage) Call for papers for next issue ( Vol.VII, No.I) It is for information of all interested researchers that the 13th issue (January – June, 2019) of bi-annual interdisciplinary research journal viz. Intellection (ISSN: 2319-8192) of Barak Education Society will be published tentatively in the month of January, 2019. Therefore, we would like to invite all academicians from various disciplines to contribute research papers for the ensuing issue of Intellection. ,WPD\NLQGO\EHQRWHGWKDWWKHIROORZLQJJXLGHOLQHVDUHUHTXLUHGWREHDGKHUHGWRIRUWKLVSXUSRVH 1. Research article must be original work of the author and co-author (if any) and unpublished which is to be certified by the author. 2. The title of the article should be appropriate for its contents. The article should be written with proper methodology. 3. There should be keywords, introduction, objective, data analysis, and findings. There must be references furnished as per system of research paper writing. 4. The article should be in 7 to 8 pages printed in A4 size paper and text should be in font size of 12 in Times New Roman with 1.5 spaces on one side with 3 cm margin. 5. The research article must have an abstract of not more than 200 words written properly. 6. The author should take sufficient care in avoiding for spelling and other grammatical mistakes. 7. The author(s) should send the article through e-mail as attachment file. In addition to hard copy may also be required to be sent. 8. A short note about the author should accompany the article which must contain full name, postal and email address, phone Number, academic accomplishment and positions held if any. 9. Maximum two articles in Bengali may be published in this issue on any topic relating to Bengali language and /or literature 10. Article accepted after proper review will be published as per decision of the publication committee. The identity of the reviewer(s) cannot be disclosed.. 11. The Editorial Board have every right to reject any research article on reasonable ground. For further information one may request through email id given below. The last date for submission of full paper to the Editor / Managing Editor is the 31st October, 2018. 'U$+&KDXGKXU\ 'U%,/DVNDU 0DQDJLQJ(GLWRU (GLWRU,QWHOOHFWLRQ 3KRQH1R 3KRQH1R (PDLOLG DKFN[M#JPDLOFRP (PDLOLG EDKDUDZF#JPDLOFRP Published by Central Executive Committee, Barak Education Society, (Regn. No. RS/CA/243/54 of 1997-98), Hailakandi Road, P.O. Meherpur, Silchar- 788015, Assam, India.