DOCSLIB.ORG

(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0072836A1 Mills (43) Pub

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0072836A1 Mills (43) Pub US 20140072836A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0072836A1 Mills (43) Pub. Date: Mar. 13, 2014 (54) H2O-BASED ELECTROCHEMICAL (52) U.S. Cl. HYDROGEN-CATALYST POWER SYSTEM CPC ....................................... H0IM 8/06 (2013.01) USPC ............................................... 429/8; 429/422 (75) Inventor: Randell Lee Mills, Cranbury, NJ (US) (57) ABSTRACT (73) Assignee: BLACKLIGHT POWER, INC., An electrochemical power system is provided that generates Cranbury, NJ (US) an electromotive force (EMF) from the catalytic reaction of Appl. No.: 14/005,851 hydrogen to lower energy (hydrino) states providing direct (21) conversion of the energy released from the hydrino reaction (22) PCT Filed: Mar. 30, 2012 into electricity, the system comprising at least two compo nents chosen from: H2O catalyst or a source of H2O catalyst; (86) PCT NO.: PCT/US12A31639 atomic hydrogen or a source of atomic hydrogen; reactants to form the H2O catalyst or source of H2O catalyst and atomic S371 (c)(1), hydrogen or source of atomic hydrogen; and one or more (2), (4) Date: Nov. 21, 2013 reactants to initiate the catalysis of atomic hydrogen. The electrochemical power system for forming hydrinos and elec Related U.S. Application Data tricity can further comprise a cathode compartment compris (60) Provisional application No. 61/472,076, filed on Apr. ing a cathode, an anode compartment comprising an anode, 5, 2011, provisional application No. 61/482.932, filed optionally a saltbridge, reactants that constitute hydrino reac on May 5, 2011, provisional application No. 61/485, tants during cell operation with separate electron flow and ion 769, filed on May 13, 2011, provisional application mass transport, and a source of hydrogen. Due to oxidation No. 61/490,903, filed on May 27, 2011, provisional reduction cell half reactions, the hydrino-producing reaction application No. 61/498,245, filed on Jun. 17, 2011, mixture is constituted with the migration of electrons through provisional application No. 61/505,719, filed on Jul. 8, an external circuit and ion mass transport through a separate 2011, provisional application No. 61/515,505, filed on path Such as the electrolyte to complete an electrical circuit. A Aug. 5, 2011, provisional application No. 61/538,534, power source and hydride reactor is further provided that filed on Sep. 23, 2011, provisional application No. powers a power system comprising (i) a reaction cell for the 61/566.225, filed on Dec. 2, 2011, provisional appli catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos, (ii) a chemical cation No. 61/559,504, filed on Nov. 14, 2011, provi fuel mixture comprising at least two components chosen sional application No. 61/578,465, filed on Dec. 21, from: a source of H2O catalyst or HO catalyst; a source of 2011, provisional application No. 61/591,532, filed on atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; reactants to form the Jan. 27, 2012, provisional application No. 61/612,607, Source of H2O catalyst or H2O catalyst and a source of atomic filed on Mar. 19, 2012. hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; one or more reactants to ini tiate the catalysis of atomic hydrogen; and a Support to enable Publication Classification the catalysis, (iii) thermal systems for reversing an exchange reaction to thermally regenerate the fuel from the reaction (51) Int. C. products, (iv) a heat sink that accepts the heat from the power HOLM 8/06 (2006.01) producing reactions, and (v) a power conversion system. 474 473 s 476 as a a a a ATC 2 Patent Application Publication Mar. 13, 2014 Sheet 1 of 5 US 2014/0072836A1 Fig. 1 i Patent Application Publication Mar. 13, 2014 Sheet 2 of 5 US 2014/0072836A1 Fig. 2 44 sos473 476 Na - - - - - - - - - AfC -- 472 Patent Application Publication Mar. 13, 2014 Sheet 3 of 5 US 2014/0072836A1 Fig. 3 Patent Application Publication Mar. 13, 2014 Sheet 4 of 5 US 2014/0072836A1 Fig. 4 603 6O7 600 Patent Application Publication Mar. 13, 2014 Sheet 5 of 5 US 2014/0072836A1 US 2014/007283.6 A1 Mar. 13, 2014 H2O-BASED ELECTROCHEMICAL borides, chalcogenides, silicides, phosphides, and carbides, HYDROGEN-CATALYST POWER SYSTEM metals, metal oxides, nonmetals, and nonmetal oxides; oxides of alkali, alkaline earth, transition, inner transition, CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED and earth metals, and Al, Ga, In, Sn, Pb, S, Te, Se, N, PAs, Sb, APPLICATIONS Bi, C, Si, Ge, and B, and other elements that form oxides or 0001. This application claims the benefit of priority of oxyanions; at least one oxide such as one of an alkaline, U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 61/472,076, filed Apr. 5, alkaline earth, transition, inner transition, and rare earth 2011: 61/482,932, filed May 5, 2011: 61/485,769, filed May metal, and Al, Ga, In, Sn, Pb, S, Te, Se, N. P. As, Sb, Bi, C, Si, 13, 2011: 61/490,903, filed May 27, 2011: 61/498,245, filed Ge, and B, and other elements that form oxides, and one Jun. 17, 2011: 61/505,719, filed Jul. 8, 2011: 61/515,505, oxyanion and further comprise at least one cation from the filed Aug. 5, 2011: 61/538,534, filed Sep. 23, 2011: 61/559, group of alkaline, alkaline earth, transition, inner transition, 504, filed Nov. 14, 2011: 61/566,225, filed Dec. 2, 2011; and rare earth metal, and Al. Ga, In, Sn, and Pb cations; 61/578,465, filed Dec. 21, 2011: 61/591,532, filed Jan. 27, LiAlO, MgO, Li TiO, or SrTiO; an oxide of the anode 2012; and 61/612,607, filed Mar. 19, 2012, all of which are materials and a compound of the electrolyte; at least one of a herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. cation and an oxide of the electrolyte; an oxide of the elec trolyte MOH (Malkali); an oxide of the electrolyte compris SUMMARY OF DISCLOSED EMBODIMENTS ing an element, metal, alloy, or mixture of the group of Mo, Ti, Zr, Si,Al, Ni, Fe, Ta, V, B, Nb, Se, Te W. Cr, Mn, Hf, Co, and 0002 The present disclosure is directed to an electro M", wherein M' represents an alkaline earth metal; MoC) chemical power system that generates at least one of electric ity and thermal energy comprising a vessel closed to atmo TiO, ZrO, SiO, Al-O, NiO. FeC) or FeO, TaO, Ta-Os. sphere, the vessel comprising at least one cathode; at least one VO, VO, VO, V.O.s, B.O., NbO, NbO, NbOs, SeO, anode, at least one bipolar plate, and reactants that constitute SeO, TeO, Te0, WO, WO, CrO, CrOs. CrO, CrOs. hydrino reactants during cell operation with separate electron MnO, MnO, MnO, MnO, MnO, Hf), CoO, CoO, flow and ion mass transport, the reactants comprising at least Co-O, CoO, and MgO, an oxide of the cathode material two components chosen from: a) at least one source of H2O: and optionally an oxide of the electrolyte: LiMoO, or b) at least one source of catalyst or a catalyst comprising at LiMoO, Li TiO, Li ZrOs. LiSiO, LiAlO, LiNiO, least one of the group chosen from nFI, OH, OH, nascent LiFeC), LiTaC), LiVO, LiBO7, LiNbO, Li-SeO. H2O, HS, or MNH, wherein n is an integer and M is alkali LiSeO, LiTe0s, LiTeC), Li WO, Li CrO, Li CrO7. metal; and c) at least one source of atomic hydrogen or atomic LiMnO, Li HfC), LiCoO, and MO, wherein M' repre hydrogen, one or more reactants to form at least one of the sents an alkaline earth metal, and MgO, an oxide of an ele Source of catalyst, the catalyst, the Source of atomic hydro ment of the anode or an element of the same group, and gen, and the atomic hydrogen; one or more reactants to ini LiMoO, MoC), LiWO, Li CrO, and Li Cr-O, with a Mo tiate the catalysis of atomic hydrogen; and a Support, wherein anode, and the additive comprises at least one of S. LiS, the combination of the cathode, anode, reactants, and bipolar oxides, MoC), TiO, ZrO, SiO, Al-O, NiO. FeC) or FeO. plate maintains a chemical potential between each cathode TaO, Ta-Os. VO, VO, VO, V.O.s, BO, NbO, NbO, and corresponding anode to permit the catalysis of atomic NbOs, SeO, SeO, Te0, Te0, WOWO, CrO. CrOs. hydrogen to propagate, and the system further comprising an CrO, CrO, MgO, TiO, Li TiO, LiAlO2, LiMoO or electrolysis system. In an embodiment, the electrolysis sys LiMoO, Li ZrOs. Li SiO, LiNiO, LiFeO, LiTaC), tem of the electrochemical power system intermittently elec trolyzes HO to provide the source of atomic hydrogen or LiVO, LiBO, LiNbO, Li-SeO, Li-SeO, LiTeC), atomic hydrogen and discharges the cell Such that there is a LiTeC), Li WO, Li2CrO, Li2Cr2O7. LiMnO, or gain in the net energy balance of the cycle. The reactants may LiCoO, MnO, and CeO. At least one of the following reac comprise at least one electrolyte chosen from: at least one tions may occur during the operation of the electrochemical molten hydroxide; at least one eutectic salt mixture; at least power system: a) at least one of H and H is formed at the one mixture of a molten hydroxide and at least one other discharge anode from electrolysis of HO; b) at least one of O compound; at least one mixture of a moltenhydroxide and a and O, is formed at the discharge cathode from electrolysis of salt; at least one mixture of a molten hydroxide and halide HO; c) the hydrogen catalyst is formed by a reaction of the salt; at least one mixture of an alkaline hydroxide and an reaction mixture; d) hydrinos are formed during discharge to alkaline halide; LiOH LiBr, LiOH LiX, NaOH NaBr, produce at least one of electrical power and thermal power; e) NaOH NaI, NaOH NaX, and KOH KX, wherein X rep OH is oxidized and reacts with H to form nascent HO that resents a halide), at least one matrix, and at least one additive.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Depa1'tment of Physical Chemistry Isl'ael
    .. ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT C00-3221-67 (For the period September 79 - July 80) Under Contract No. DOE/EV/03221 on THE NATURE OF OXYGEN CONTAINING RADICALS IN RADIATION CHEMISTRY AND PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS Submitted by PROFESSOR GIDON CZAPSKI Depa1'tment of Physical Chemistry The Hebl'eW Univel'sity~ Jerusalem~ Isl'ael IJISTRIBUTIOJI OF THIS DOCUMENT IS UNUMITEJJ DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT C00-3221-67 (For the period September 79 - July 80) Und~r Contract No. DOE/EV/03221·· on THE NATURE OF OXYGEN CONTAINING RADICALS IN RADIATION CHEMISTRY AND PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS Submitted by PROFESSOR GIDON CZAPSKI lh~s book was ~repared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government :!:~; the ~~•ted Stat~ ~nment nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes an~ v.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Organosilicon Free Radicals Jay Stephen Curtice Iowa State College
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1954 A study of organosilicon free radicals Jay Stephen Curtice Iowa State College Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Organic Chemistry Commons, and the Physical Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Curtice, Jay Stephen, "A study of organosilicon free radicals " (1954). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 13411. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/13411 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A STUDY OF ORGANOSILICON FREE RADICALS by Jay Stephen Curtice A Dissertation Sul»nitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Subject: Physical Organic Chemistry Approved; Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. In CJiiarge of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. Head of Major DepartMnt Signature was redacted for privacy. Dean of Graduate College Iowa State College 195^ UMI Number: DP12662 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis of Phosphine-Functionalized Metal
    DISS. ETH NO. 23507 Understanding and improving gold-catalyzed formic acid decomposition for application in the SCR process A thesis submitted to attain the degree of DOCTOR OF SCIENCES of ETH ZURICH (Dr. sc. ETH Zurich) presented by MANASA SRIDHAR M. Sc. in Chemical Engineering, University of Cincinnati born on 12.12.1987 citizen of India accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Jeroen A. van Bokhoven, examiner Prof. Dr. Oliver Kröcher, co-examiner Prof. Dr. Christoph Müller, co-examiner 2016 “anything can happen, in spite of what you’re pretty sure should happen.” Richard Feynman Table of content Abstract .............................................................................................................................. II die Zusammenfassung ..................................................................................................... VI Chapter 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2 Methods ............................................................................................................ 15 Chapter 3 Unique selectivity of Au/TiO2 for ammonium formate decomposition under SCR- relevant conditions ............................................................................................................. 25 Chapter 4 Effect of ammonia on the decomposition of ammonium formate and formic acid on Au/TiO2 .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Megalomania's Controversial Chem Lab
    Megalomania's Controversial Chem Lab Navigation Welcome to the Controversial Chem Lab. Here at the Chem Lab you » Home can find information on a large number of chemicals that have a » Explosives certain stigma attached to them. Chemicals such as explosives, drugs, and pesticides are vitally important for the survival of our civilization. » Chemical Unfortunately, the scientific elite jealously hoards the knowledge on Weapons using and preparing these chemicals. Adding to the confusion is the » Pharmaceuticals scientific ignorant who fear chemistry and think these chemicals are » Pesticides dangerous. As my chemistry professor used to say about what they think, “chemistry equals bad.” » Precursors The Controversial Chem Lab was created to be a free reference on » Lab Skills how to synthesize chemicals. It is also a virtual laboratory skills » Lab Equipment manual, complete with descriptions on how to conduct laboratories, » Safety and a visual database on many different kinds of laboratory apparatus. While the Chem Lab is written for the non-chemist audience, it does » Rogue Science require a basic understanding of laboratory skills. Of course, all of the » Links information needed to acquire a basic understanding of lab skills is » What’s New included within the site. The Chem Lab even goes the extra mile in providing information on » Contact Me how to synthesize many of the chemicals used in making explosives, » Disclaimer etc. It also provides information on where to acquire certain chemicals » Search this site and apparatus. While all of this information is perfectly legal, it may be against the law in certain areas to prepare some of these chemicals without the proper license.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogen Sulfide Inhibits Oxidative Stress in Lungs from Allergic Mice in Vivo
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector European Journal of Pharmacology 698 (2013) 463–469 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect European Journal of Pharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ejphar Immunopharmacology and Inflammation Hydrogen sulfide inhibits oxidative stress in lungs from allergic mice in vivo Leticia R. Benetti a,1, Daiana Campos a,1, Sonia A. Gurgueira b, Anibal E. Vercesi b, Cristiane E.V. Guedes a, Kleber L. Santos a, John L. Wallace c, Simone A. Teixeira d, Juliana Florenzano d, Soraia K.P. Costa d, Marcelo N. Muscara´ d, Heloisa H.A. Ferreira a,n a Laboratory of Inflammation Research, Sao~ Francisco University, Braganc-a Paulista, Sao~ Paulo 12 916 900, Brazil b Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao~ Paulo 12 916 900, Brazil c Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada d Department. of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao~ Paulo, Sao~ Paulo 12 916 900, Brazil article info abstract Article history: Recent studies show that endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays an anti-inflammatory role in the Received 20 August 2012 pathogenesis of airway inflammation. This study investigated whether exogenous H2S may counteract Received in revised form oxidative stress-mediated lung damage in allergic mice. Female BALB/c mice previously sensitized
    [Show full text]
  • Metal Oxides Applied to Thermochemical Water-Splitting for Hydrogen Production Using Concentrated Solar Energy
    chemengineering Review Metal Oxides Applied to Thermochemical Water-Splitting for Hydrogen Production Using Concentrated Solar Energy Stéphane Abanades Processes, Materials, and Solar Energy Laboratory, PROMES-CNRS, 7 Rue du Four Solaire, 66120 Font Romeu, France; [email protected]; Tel.: +33-0468307730 Received: 17 May 2019; Accepted: 2 July 2019; Published: 4 July 2019 Abstract: Solar thermochemical processes have the potential to efficiently convert high-temperature solar heat into storable and transportable chemical fuels such as hydrogen. In such processes, the thermal energy required for the endothermic reaction is supplied by concentrated solar energy and the hydrogen production routes differ as a function of the feedstock resource. While hydrogen production should still rely on carbonaceous feedstocks in a transition period, thermochemical water-splitting using metal oxide redox reactions is considered to date as one of the most attractive methods in the long-term to produce renewable H2 for direct use in fuel cells or further conversion to synthetic liquid hydrocarbon fuels. The two-step redox cycles generally consist of the endothermic solar thermal reduction of a metal oxide releasing oxygen with concentrated solar energy used as the high-temperature heat source for providing reaction enthalpy; and the exothermic oxidation of the reduced oxide with H2O to generate H2. This approach requires the development of redox-active and thermally-stable oxide materials able to split water with both high fuel productivities and chemical conversion rates. The main relevant two-step metal oxide systems are commonly based on volatile (ZnO/Zn, SnO2/SnO) and non-volatile redox pairs (Fe3O4/FeO, ferrites, CeO2/CeO2 δ, perovskites).
    [Show full text]
  • Vibrational-Rotational Spectroscopy for Planetary Atmospheres
    NASA-CP-2223-VOL-1 _i\; 19820017167 . NASA Conference Publication 2223 Vi brational-Rotational Spectroscopy for Planetary Atmospheres Volume! Proceedings ofa workshop held at Annapolis, Maryland March 17-19,1980 NI\S/\ NASA Conference Publication 2223 VibrationaI-Rotational Spectroscopyfor PlanetaryAtmospheres Volume I Edited by Michael J. Mumma Goddard Space Flight Center Kenneth Fox University of Tennessee John Hornstein Computer Sciences Corporation Proceedings of a workshop held at Annapolis, Maryland March 17-19, 1980 N/_A NationalAeronautics and SpaceAdministration ScientificandTechnical InformationBranch 1982 PREFACE In the last part of the 1970's we experienced a dramatic and exciting explosion of our knowledge about the other planets in our Solar System as NASA's Pioneer, Voyager and Viking spacecraft swept past Jupiter and Saturn, orbited Venus and Mars, and entered the atmospheres of Venus and Mars. For the first time we obtained comprehensive information on the composition and dynamics of these varied atmospheres. New observations resulted in new demands for supporting laboratory studies. Data were needed for a variety of molecular species to better understand the spectra observed from the spacecraft, to interpret atmospheric structure measurements, to aid in greenhouse and cloud physics calculations, and to plan the next generation of experiments which would build upon the findings of this generation of exploration. It was in this exciting and hopeful atmosphere that some 75 physicists, chemists and planetary astronomers gathered in Annapolis to exchange their current findings and identify their needs as individuals and as a group. The interaction was fruitful. New ideas were spawned and our knowledge of the structure of things large and small, of planets and of molecules, was expanded.
    [Show full text]
  • Aerobic Addition of Secondary Phosphine Oxides to Vinyl Sulfides: a Shortcut to 1-Hydroxy-2-(Organosulfanyl)Ethyl- (Diorganyl)Phosphine Oxides
    Aerobic addition of secondary phosphine oxides to vinyl sulfides: a shortcut to 1-hydroxy-2-(organosulfanyl)ethyl- (diorganyl)phosphine oxides Svetlana F. Malysheva1, Alexander V. Artem’ev1, Nina K. Gusarova1, Nataliya A. Belogorlova1, Alexander I. Albanov1, C. W. Liu2 and Boris A. Trofimov*1 Letter Open Access Address: Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1985–1990. 1A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.214 Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Str., 664033 Irkutsk, Russian Federation and 2Department of Chemistry, National Dong Received: 20 May 2015 Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan Accepted: 21 September 2015 Published: 23 October 2015 Email: Boris A. Trofimov* - [email protected] Associate Editor: P. R. Hanson * Corresponding author © 2015 Malysheva et al; licensee Beilstein-Institut. License and terms: see end of document. Keywords: addition; green method; phosphine oxides; regioselectivity; vinyl sulfides Abstract Secondary phosphine oxides react with vinyl sulfides (both alkyl- and aryl-substituted sulfides) under aerobic and solvent-free conditions (80 °C, air, 7–30 h) to afford 1-hydroxy-2-(organosulfanyl)ethyl(diorganyl)phosphine oxides in 70–93% yields. Findings Tertiary phosphines and phosphine chalcogenides are impor- achieved by using radical initiators [13-15], Brønsted/Lewis tant organophosphorus compounds that are widely used in acids [16,17] and bases [18-20] as well as transition metal cata- industry, organic synthesis, polymer science, medicinal and lysts [21-23]. Also, examples of the microwave-assisted [24,25] coordination chemistry [1-4]. Therefore, the synthesis of these and photoinduced [26] addition are described. compounds has attracted a great interest and numerous syn- thetic methods have been developed [5-7].
    [Show full text]
  • Microhydration and the Enhanced Acidity of Free Radicals
    molecules Article Microhydration and the Enhanced Acidity of Free Radicals John C. Walton EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; [email protected]; Tel.: +44-(0)1334-463864 Received: 31 January 2018; Accepted: 14 February 2018; Published: 14 February 2018 Abstract: Recent theoretical research employing a continuum solvent model predicted that radical centers would enhance the acidity (RED-shift) of certain proton-donor molecules. Microhydration studies employing a DFT method are reported here with the aim of establishing the effect of the solvent micro-structure on the acidity of radicals with and without RED-shifts. Microhydration cluster structures were obtained for carboxyl, carboxy-ethynyl, carboxy-methyl, and hydroperoxyl radicals. The numbers of water molecules needed to induce spontaneous ionization were determined. The hydration clusters formed primarily round the CO2 units of the carboxylate-containing radicals. Only 4 or 5 water molecules were needed to induce ionization of carboxyl and carboxy-ethynyl radicals, thus corroborating their large RED-shifts. Keywords: free radicals; acidity; DFT computations; hydration 1. Introduction A transient-free radical is necessarily reactive at the site (X) of its unpaired electron (upe). In addition, a free radical with a structure containing a proton donor group may undergo ionic dissociation to a radical anion and a proton: • • − + XH2WAH! XH2WA + H in which W is a connector or spacer group, and A is the site of the departing proton. Effectively, the free radicals in this category can function as Br'nsted acids. More than 40 years ago, Hayon and Simic drew attention to the fact that free radicals could be more acidic than parent compounds [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogen As an Energy Vector
    Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 120 (2020) 109620 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/rser Hydrogen as an energy vector Zainul Abdin a,b, Ali Zafaranloo a, Ahmad Rafiee d, Walter M�erida b, Wojciech Lipinski� c, Kaveh R. Khalilpour a,e,f,* a Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3145, Australia b Clean Energy Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada c Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia d Department of Theoretical Foundations of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Energy, South Ural State University, 76, Lenin Ave., Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russia e School of Information, Systems and Modelling, University of Technology Sydney, 81 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia f Perswade Centre, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, 81 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Hydrogen is known as a technically viable and benign energy vector for applications ranging from the small-scale Hydrogen economy power supply in off-grid modes to large-scale chemical energy exports. However, with hydrogen being naturally Hydrogen supply chain unavailable in its pure form, traditionally reliant industries such as oil refining and fertilisers have sourced it Hydrogen carriers through emission-intensive gasificationand reforming of fossil fuels. Although the deployment of hydrogen as an Hydrogen generation alternative energy vector has long been discussed, it has not been realised because of the lack of low-cost Hydrogen storage Renewable hydrogen hydrogen generation and conversion technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Method for Evaluation of Thermochemical and Hybrid Water-Splitting Cycles
    Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2009, 48, 8985–8998 8985 Method for Evaluation of Thermochemical and Hybrid Water-Splitting Cycles Miguel Bagajewicz,* Thang Cao, Robbie Crosier, Scott Mullin, Jacob Tarver, and DuyQuang Nguyen Department of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, The UniVersity of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma This paper presents a methodology for the preliminary evaluation of thermochemical and hybrid water-splitting cycles based on efficiency. Because the method does not incorporate sufficient flowsheet details, the efficiencies are upper bounds of the real efficiencies. Nonetheless, they provide sufficient information to warrant comparison with existing well-studied cycles, supporting the decision to disregard them when the bound is too low or continuing their study. In addition, we add features not present in previous works: equilibrium conversions as well as excess reactants are considered. The degrees of freedom of each cycle (temperatures, pressures, and excess reactants) were also considered, and these values were varied to optimize the cycle efficiency. Ten cycles are used to illustrate the method. I. Introduction species entering the process is water, and the only products of the process are hydrogen and oxygen. Heat and work are also Declining volumes of fossil fuel reserves and an increase in transferred across the system boundaries for the heating and their demand has caused a recent rise in the cost of energy. cooling of process streams, the separation of reactive species, Similarly, nations across the globe are aspirating to become less and to drive the chemical reactions. dependent on foreign resources for the fulfillment of energy requirements. Furthermore, a steady increase in greenhouse gas Many studies have been performed in previous years to emissions over the past decades has brought about the reality evaluate water-splitting cycles as a means to produce hydrogen.
    [Show full text]
  • WO 201 1/056841 Al
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number ι (43) International Publication Date ¾ ί t 12 May 2011 (12.05.2011) WO 201 1/056841 Al (51) International Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every C07C 213/02 (2006.01) C07D 271/12 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BR, BW, BY, BZ, (21) International Application Number: CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DO, PCT/US2010/055248 DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, (22) International Filing Date: HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, 3 November 2010 (03.1 1.2010) KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, (25) Filing Language: English NO, NZ, OM, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, RO, RS, RU, SC, SD, (26) Publication Language: English SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (30) Priority Data: 61/257,721 3 November 2009 (03.1 1.2009) U S (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, (71) Applicant (for all designated States except US): PACIF¬ GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, IC SCIENTIFIC ENERGETIC MATERIALS COM¬ ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, PANY [US/US]; 7073 W .
    [Show full text]