Disaster Risk Reduction for the Built Environment
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Disaster Risk Reduction for the Built Environment Disaster Risk Reduction for the Built Environment Lee Bosher Loughborough University, UK Ksenia Chmutina Loughborough University, UK This edition first published 2017 © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law.Advice on how to obtain permision to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. The right of Lee Bosher and Ksenia Chmutina to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law. 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No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Applied For ISBN: 9781118921494 Cover image: Detail of a 1:50 scale‐model of the city of Jerusalem during the late Second Temple Period. Photograph taken by Lee Bosher in January 2012 at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem. Cover design by Wiley Set in 10/12pt Warnock by SPi Global, Chennai, India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 v Contents List of Figures xi List of Tables xix Note on the Authors xxi Foreword xxiii Acknowledgements xxv List of Acronyms xxvii List of Case Studies xxxi List of Thinking Points xxxiii Section I Introduction to Book and Concepts 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 So what is a Disaster? 4 1.2 What are the Hazards and Threats? 4 1.3 Climate Change and Disasters 5 1.4 Impacts of Disasters Globally 9 1.5 Trends in the Occurrence of Disasters 11 1.6 Economic Losses 13 1.7 The Potential Roles of the Construction Sector in DRR 16 1.8 Scope of the Book 16 1.9 Structure of the Book 17 References and Suggested Reading 17 2 Disaster Risk Reduction 21 2.1 Learning Objectives 21 2.2 Key DRR Concepts and Terms 21 2.3 International Approaches to DRR 26 2.3.1 Milestones in History of DRR 26 2.3.2 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 29 2.3.3 ‘Making Cities Resilient’ Campaign 31 2.4 Community Resilience 32 2.5 Risk Management 34 2.5.1 Phases of Disaster Risk Management 34 vi Contents 2.5.2 Risk Management Elements 37 2.5.3 Existing Guidance 40 2.6 Summary 43 Further Reading 43 Section II Hydro-Meteorological Hazards 45 3 Flooding 47 3.1 Learning Objectives 47 3.2 Living with Water 47 3.3 Overview of the Typical Impacts of Floods 49 3.4 Causes of Flooding 50 3.5 Riverine Floods 51 3.6 Coastal Floods 52 3.7 Flash Floods 55 3.8 Urban (Pluvial) Floods 56 3.9 Risk Management 56 3.9.1 Historical Approaches 56 3.10 Hazard Identification 59 3.11 Assessment of the Vulnerabilities 61 3.11.1 Appropriate Uses 62 3.12 Determination of the Risk 63 3.12.1 Flood Damage Estimation 63 3.13 Identification and Prioritisation of Risk Reduction Options 66 3.13.1 Prevention of Hazard 70 3.13.2 Detection of Hazard 70 3.13.3 Control of Hazard 74 3.13.4 Mitigation of Hazard 76 3.13.5 Emergency Response 80 3.14 Summary 85 Further Reading 86 4 Windstorms 89 4.1 Learning Objectives 90 4.2 Living with Windstorms 90 4.3 Overview of the Typical Impacts of Windstorms 91 4.4 Causes of Windstorms 92 4.5 Tropical Windstorms 93 4.6 Tornadoes 98 4.7 Risk Management 101 4.7.1 Historical Approaches 101 4.8 Hazard Identification 104 4.9 Assessment of the Vulnerabilities 106 4.10 Determination of the Risk 111 4.10.1 Windstorm Damage Estimation 111 4.11 Identification and Prioritisation of Risk Reduction Options 112 Contents vii 4.11.1 Detection of Hazard 112 4.11.2 Control of Hazard 114 4.11.3 Mitigation of the Hazard 114 4.11.3.1 Cyclones/Hurricanes/Typhoons 114 4.11.3.2 Tornadoes (many of these options will also be useful for mitigating other windstorm hazards) 114 4.11.4 Emergency Response 114 4.12 Summary 116 Further Reading 120 Section III Geological Hazards 123 5 Earthquakes 125 Learning Objectives 126 5.1 Living with Earthquakes 126 5.1.1 Overview of the Typical Impacts of Earthquakes 126 5.2 Causes of Earthquakes 127 5.2.1 The Natural Hazard 130 5.2.1.1 Types of Fault Boundaries 130 5.3 Seismic Activity 133 5.4 Risk Management 135 5.4.1 Historical Approaches 135 5.5 Hazard Identification 135 5.6 Assessment of the Vulnerabilities 136 5.7 Determination of the Risk 142 5.7.1 Earthquake Damage Estimation 142 5.8 Identification and Prioritisation of Risk Reduction Options 144 5.8.1 Inherent Safety 146 5.8.2 Detection of Hazard 146 5.8.3 Mitigation of Hazard 146 5.8.4 Earthquake‐Resistant Construction 146 5.8.5 Mitigation of Tsunamis 147 5.8.6 Emergency Response 150 5.9 Summary 152 Further Reading 154 6 Volcanoes 155 6.1 Learning Objectives 155 6.2 Living with Volcanoes 155 6.3 Overview of the Typical Impacts of Volcanoes 157 6.4 Causes of Volcanoes 159 6.4.1 The Natural Hazard 160 6.4.2 Types of Volcanoes 160 6.5 Volcanic Activity 161 6.6 Risk Management 169 6.6.1 Historical Approaches 169 viii Contents 6.7 Risk Management 172 6.7.1 Hazard Identification 172 6.7.2 Assessment of the Vulnerabilities 172 6.7.3 Determination of the Risk 173 6.7.3.1 Primary Volcanic Hazards 173 6.7.3.2 Secondary Volcanic Hazards 174 6.8 Identification and Prioritisation of Risk Reduction Options 175 6.8.1 Inherent Safety and Prevention 176 6.8.2 Detection of Hazard 177 6.8.3 Control of the Hazard 178 6.8.4 Mitigation of Hazard 178 6.8.5 Emergency Response 178 6.9 Summary 182 Further Reading 183 7 Landslides 185 Alister Smith 7.1 Learning Objectives 185 7.2 What are Landslides? 185 7.3 Statistics on Landslides 187 7.4 Causes and Impacts of Landslides 189 7.5 Risk Management 193 7.5.1 Hazard Identification 193 7.5.2 Assessment of the Vulnerabilities 196 7.5.3 Determination of the Risk 196 7.5.4 Identification and Prioritisation of Risk Reduction Options 196 7.6 Summary 201 Further Reading 204 Section IV Key Considerations and Ways Forward 207 8 Key Principles 209 8.1 Learning Objectives 209 8.2 Integrating DRR Measures into Construction Practice 209 8.2.1 Resilient Built Environment 210 8.2.2 Structural and Non‐Structural Approaches 213 8.3 Seven Key Principles 216 8.3.1 Principle 1: Adopt a Holistic Perspective 216 8.3.2 Principle 2: Develop and Appropriately Apply Resilient Technologies 217 8.3.3 Principle 3: Engage a Wide Range of Stakeholders (Including Local Communities) in Resilience Efforts 218 8.3.4 Principle 4: Utilise Existing Guidance and Frameworks When Appropriate 222 8.3.5 Principle 5: Exploit Opportunities to Build‐In Resiliency Measures Post‐Disaster 225 Contents ix 8.3.6 Principle 6: Integrate Built Environment and Emergency Management Practitioners Into the DRR Process 226 8.3.7 Principle 7: Mainstream Resilience into the Built Environment Curricula 227 8.4 Summary 230 Further Reading 231 9 DRR and Sustainability: An Integrated Approach 233 9.1 Learning Objectives 233 9.2 Integrating Resilience and Sustainability: Why is it Important? 233 9.3 What is Sustainability? 236 9.3.1 Understanding the Concept: Three Dimensions of Sustainability 236 9.3.2 Global Challenges and Sustainability Index 237 9.3.3 Sustainable Built Environment 240 9.4 Can the Built Environment Be Sustainable and Resilient? 241 9.4.1 Opportunities 244 9.5 Summary 247 Further Reading 250 10 Conclusions and Recommendations 251 10.1 Dynamic Factors (and Root Causes) 252 10.2 Moving away from Disaster Risk Creation 252 10.3 Moving towards a New Developmental DNA 257 10.4 Future Research and Educational Challenges 258 10.5 Final Thoughts for Construction Practitioners 258 10.5.1 Towards DRR as a Core Professional Competency 261 Further Reading 261 Index 263 xi List of Figures Figure Page Figure 1.1 Locals dealing with the aftermath of the 2015 Nepalese earthquake (Source: US Embassy 4 Kathmandu on Flickr).