Provisions of Treaty of Berlin
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Romanian Foreign Policy (1878-1914)
World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development WWJMRD 2017; 3(11): 69-74 www.wwjmrd.com International Journal Peer Reviewed Journal Romanian foreign policy (1878-1914) Refereed Journal Indexed Journal UGC Approved Journal Dragos Ionut ONESCU Impact Factor MJIF: 4.25 e-ISSN: 2454-6615 Abstract Prior to independence, Romania has conducted foreign policy actions aimed at achieving this Dragos Ionut ONESCU objective (see trade convention with Austria-Hungary in 1875) and after 1878 was sought to ensure Strasbourg University/Babes- Bolyai University Cluj- security through political alliances with neighboring countries and powers. One of the main foreign Napoca, Romania policy issues, with important consequences and the territorial integrity of the Romanian Principalities and then was the status of the Danube. In the present paper I analyzed the Romanian foreign policy between 1878 and 1914. Keywords: Romanian Foreign Policy, International Relations, Security, Foreign Policy Introduction The first time the issue is considered Danube is the Treaty of Bucharest between Russia and Turkey, signed on May 28, 1812, which ended the Russo-Turkish war took place between 1806 and 1812. The Clashes of interest between the major European powers were put on the agenda the need to solve the problem of freedom of navigation on international rivers and its consecration in an international act. Used the occasion to ensuring this was the Peace Congress in Vienna, met after the first abdication of Napoleon. The Final Act 1815 states in Articles 108-118, fundamental principles of river. Under Article 109, navigation on international rivers was free for all states without distinction between riparian and non-riparian states; is accurate but that freedom of navigation applies only to commercial navigation, not for the war. -
World War I Concept Learning Outline Objectives
AP European History: Period 4.1 Teacher’s Edition World War I Concept Learning Outline Objectives I. Long-term causes of World War I 4.1.I.A INT-9 A. Rival alliances: Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente SP-6/17/18 1. 1871: The balance of power of Europe was upset by the decisive Prussian victory in the Franco-Prussian War and the creation of the German Empire. a. Bismarck thereafter feared French revenge and negotiated treaties to isolate France. b. Bismarck also feared Russia, especially after the Congress of Berlin in 1878 when Russia blamed Germany for not gaining territory in the Balkans. 2. In 1879, the Dual Alliance emerged: Germany and Austria a. Bismarck sought to thwart Russian expansion. b. The Dual Alliance was based on German support for Austria in its struggle with Russia over expansion in the Balkans. c. This became a major feature of European diplomacy until the end of World War I. 3. Triple Alliance, 1881: Italy joined Germany and Austria Italy sought support for its imperialistic ambitions in the Mediterranean and Africa. 4. Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty, 1887 a. It promised the neutrality of both Germany and Russia if either country went to war with another country. b. Kaiser Wilhelm II refused to renew the reinsurance treaty after removing Bismarck in 1890. This can be seen as a huge diplomatic blunder; Russia wanted to renew it but now had no assurances it was safe from a German invasion. France courted Russia; the two became allies. Germany, now out of necessity, developed closer ties to Austria. -
Vladimir Paounovsky
THE B ULGARIAN POLICY TTHE BB ULGARIAN PP OLICY ON THE BB ALKAN CCOUNTRIESAND NN ATIONAL MM INORITIES,, 1878-19121878-1912 Vladimir Paounovsky 1.IN THE NAME OF THE NATIONAL IDEAL The period in the history of the Balkan nations known as the “Eastern Crisis of 1875-1879” determined the international political development in the region during the period between the end of 19th century and the end of World War I (1918). That period was both a time of the consolidation of and opposition to Balkan nationalism with the aim of realizing, to a greater or lesser degree, separate national doctrines and ideals. Forced to maneuver in the labyrinth of contradictory interests of the Great Powers on the Balkan Peninsula, the battles among the Balkan countries for superiority of one over the others, led them either to Pyrrhic victories or defeats. This was particularly evident during the 1912-1913 Balkan Wars (The Balkan War and The Interallied War) and World War I, which was ignited by a spark from the Balkans. The San Stefano Peace Treaty of 3 March, 1878 put an end to the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878). According to the treaty, an independent Bulgarian state was to be founded within the ethnographic borders defined during the Istanbul Conference of December 1876; that is, within the framework of the Bulgarian Exarchate. According to the treaty the only loss for Bulgaria was the ceding of North Dobroujda to Romania as compensa- tion for the return of Bessarabia to Russia. The Congress of Berlin (June 1878), however, re-consid- ered the Peace Treaty and replaced it with a new one in which San Stefano Bulgaria was parceled out; its greater part was put under Ottoman control again while Serbia was given the regions around Pirot and Vranya as a compensation for the occupation of Novi Pazar sancak (administrative district) by Austro-Hun- - 331 - VLADIMIR P AOUNOVSKY gary. -
World War I Assessment
N a m e ________________________________ D a t e _________________ P e r i o d _________ World War I Assessment Match each definition in the left column with the correct term from the right column. Write the letter of the term in the space provided. ____1. a war where one’s enemy is worn down to the point of collapse by A. League of Nations continuous losses in people, food and war weapons B. Fourteen Points ____2. agreement to stop fighting C. nationalism ____3. deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other D. total war ____4. Payments for war damage E. war of attrition ____5. all people and resources to the war effort and imposing censorship of the press. F. imperialism ____6. agreements or promises to defend and help another country G. alliance ____7. having pride in your country, willing to defend it H. stalemate ____8. trying to build up an empire, by taking control of weaker nations I. reparations ____9. peace plan by President Wilson that called for the League of Nations J. armistice K. militarism L. anti-Semitism ____10. World War I was more destructive than earlier wars because a. the armies were more ruthless. c. modern weapons were more deadly. b. it lasted longer. d. airplanes could drop huge bombs. ____11. Which of the following helped the Allies to achieve the breakthrough they sought in World War I? a. the Russian Revolution c. the waging of total war b. the involvement of the United States d. the battle of Somme ____12. Why was it difficult to gain an advantage over the enemy in trench warfare? a. -
Treaty of Paris Imperial Age
Treaty Of Paris Imperial Age Determinable and prepunctual Shayne oxidises: which Aldis is boughten enough? Self-opened Rick faradised nobly. Free-hearted Conroy still centrifuging: lento and wimpish Merle enrols quite compositely but Indianises her planarians uncooperatively. A bastard and the horse is insulate the 19th century BC Louvre Paris. Treaty of Paris Definition Date & Terms HISTORY. Treaty of Paris 173 US Department cannot State Archive. Treaty of Paris created at the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars79 Like. The adjacent of Wuhale from 19 between Italy and Ethiopia contained the. AP US History Exam Period 3 Notes 1754-100 Kaplan. The imperial government which imperialism? The treaty of imperialism in keeping with our citizens were particularly those whom they would seem to? Frayer model of imperialism in constantinople, seen as well, to each group in many layers, sent former spanish. For Churchill nothing could match his handwriting as wartime prime minister he later wrote. Commissioner had been in paris saw as imperialism is a treaty of age for. More construction more boys were becoming involved the senior age of Hmong recruits that. The collapse as an alliance with formerly unknown to have. And row in 16 at what age of 17 Berryman moved from Kentucky to Washington DC. Contracting parties or distinction between paris needed peace. Hmong Timeline Minnesota Historical Society. To the Ohio Country moving journey from the French and British imperial rivalries south. Suffragists in an Imperial Age US Expansion and or Woman. Spain of paris: muslim identity was meant to both faced increasing abuse his right or having. -
The Great War
AP European History: Unit 9.1 HistorySage.com The Great War I. Long-term causes of World War I Use space below for A. Rival alliances: Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente notes 1. 1870: Balance of power of Europe upset by decisive Prussian victory in Franco-Prussian War. a. Bismarck feared French revenge and negotiated treaties to isolate France b. Bismarck also feared Russia, especially after the Congress of Berlin in 1878 when Russia blamed Germany for not gaining territory in the Balkans 2. 1879, Dual Alliance: Germany and Austria a. Bismarck sought to thwart Russian expansion b. Dual Alliance based on German support for Austrian in its struggle with Russia over expansion in the Balkans c. Became a major feature of European diplomacy until the end of World War I. 3. Triple Alliance, 1881: Italy joined Germany and Austria Italy sought support for its imperialistic ambitions in the Mediterranean and Africa. 4. Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty of 1887 a. Promised neutrality of both Germany and Russia if either country went to war with another country. b. Kaiser Wilhelm II refused to renew reinsurance treaty after removing Bismarck in 1890 This can be seen as a huge diplomatic blunder; Russia wanted to renew it Germany, now out of necessity, developed closer ties to Austria France courted Russia and the two became allies 5. "Splendid Isolation" for Britain: After 1891, Britain was the only non-aligned power 6. Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902): Britain sought Japanese agreement to "benevolent neutrality" to counter possible Russian threat in India. End of Britain’s “splendid isolation” 7. -
New Perspectives on the Eastern Question(S) in Late-Victorian Britain, Or How „The Eastern Question‟ Affected British Politics (1881-1901).1
Stéphanie Prévost. New perspectives on the Eastern Question(s) New perspectives on the Eastern Question(s) in Late-Victorian Britain, Or How „the Eastern Question‟ Affected British Politics (1881-1901).1 Stéphanie Prévost, LARCA, Université Paris-Diderot Keywords: Eastern Question, Gladstonian Liberalism, social movements, Eastern Question historiography. Mots-clés : Question d‘Orient, libéralisme gladstonien, mouvements sociaux, historiographie. In 1921, in the preface to Edouard Driault‘s second edition of La Question d’Orient depuis ses origines jusqu’à la paix de Sèvres, a work originally published in 1898, French historian Gabriel Monod postulated that ―the Eastern Question was the key issue in European politics‖ (v). In his 1996 concise introductory The Eastern Question, 1774-1923, Alexander L. Macfie similarly stated that ―for more than a century and a half, from the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-74 to the Treaty of Lausanne of 24 July 1923, the Eastern Question, the Question of what should become of the Ottoman Empire, then in decline, played a significant, and even at times a dominant, part in shaping the relations of the Great Powers‖ (1). Undoubtedly, the Eastern Question has always been deeply rooted in the intricacies of European diplomacy, more obviously so from the Crimean War onwards. After an almost three-year conflict (1853-6) first opposing Russia to the Ottoman Empire, then supported by France, Britain, Sardinia, Austria and Hungary, belligerents drafted peace conditions. The preamble to the 30 March, 1856 Treaty of Paris made the preservation of Ottoman territorial integrity and independence a sine qua non condition to any settlement – which was taken up in Article VII of the treaty as a collective guarantee. -
1 the Turks and Europe by Gaston Gaillard London: Thomas Murby & Co
THE TURKS AND EUROPE BY GASTON GAILLARD LONDON: THOMAS MURBY & CO. 1 FLEET LANE, E.C. 1921 1 vi CONTENTS PAGES VI. THE TREATY WITH TURKEY: Mustafa Kemal’s Protest—Protests of Ahmed Riza and Galib Kemaly— Protest of the Indian Caliphate Delegation—Survey of the Treaty—The Turkish Press and the Treaty—Jafar Tayar at Adrianople—Operations of the Government Forces against the Nationalists—French Armistice in Cilicia—Mustafa Kemal’s Operations—Greek Operations in Asia Minor— The Ottoman Delegation’s Observations at the Peace Conference—The Allies’ Answer—Greek Operations in Thrace—The Ottoman Government decides to sign the Treaty—Italo-Greek Incident, and Protests of Armenia, Yugo-Slavia, and King Hussein—Signature of the Treaty – 169—271 VII. THE DISMEMBERMENT OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: 1. The Turco-Armenian Question - 274—304 2. The Pan-Turanian and Pan-Arabian Movements: Origin of Pan-Turanism—The Turks and the Arabs—The Hejaz—The Emir Feisal—The Question of Syria—French Operations in Syria— Restoration of Greater Lebanon—The Arabian World and the Caliphate—The Part played by Islam - 304—356 VIII. THE MOSLEMS OF THE FORMER RUSSIAN EMPIRE AND TURKEY: The Republic of Northern Caucasus—Georgia and Azerbaïjan—The Bolshevists in the Republics of Caucasus and of the Transcaspian Isthmus—Armenians and Moslems - 357—369 IX. TURKEY AND THE SLAVS: Slavs versus Turks—Constantinople and Russia - 370—408 2 THE TURKS AND EUROPE I THE TURKS The peoples who speak the various Turkish dialects and who bear the generic name of Turcomans, or Turco-Tatars, are distributed over huge territories occupying nearly half of Asia and an important part of Eastern Europe. -
Alliance System
Alliance System Triple Alliance Triple Entente How did the nations of Europe find themselves in this situation? In order to answer this question you need to focus on the events that occurred in continental Europe following the end of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. Germany’s role is very important. Historical Context – 1870’s Great Britain had adopted a policy of “Splendid Isolation” – which meant that it had chosen to stay out of the affairs of the nations of continental Europe as long as these nations did nothing to challenge the British status as the dominant global superpower. Traditional Order France – British Enemy #1 Germany – Viewed as friendly state Following the end of the Franco- Prussian War of 1870-71 German unification is complete. Kaiser Wilhelm the First makes the decision to establish Germany as the dominant power in Continental Europe. He will challenge France to do this but has no intentions of challenging Great Britain. Task is given to his most senior advisor – Otto Von Bismarck. Bismarck initiates an elaborate system of alliances aimed at isolating France within the confines of continental Europe. • Dual Alliance – 1879 ( Austria-Hungary ) • Triple Alliance – 1882 (adds Italy ) • Reinsurance Treaty with Russia - 1887 Dual Alliance / Triple Alliance / Reinsurance Treaty These alliances accomplish two things for Germany • Isolates France • Does this without angering Great Britain • Avoids imperialism • No naval challenge Turning Point - 1888 Kaiser Wilhelm 1 dies and is replaced by his “ambitious” son – Wilhelm II. Wilhelm II makes several mistakes Fires Bismarck Allows Reinsurance Treaty with Russia to lapse – causes Russia to turn to France. -
War and Diplomacy Yavuz, M Hakan, Sluglett, Peter
War and Diplomacy Yavuz, M Hakan, Sluglett, Peter Published by University of Utah Press Yavuz, Hakan & Sluglett, Peter. War and Diplomacy: The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 and the Treaty of Berlin. University of Utah Press, 2011. Project MUSE., https://muse.jhu.edu/. For additional information about this book https://muse.jhu.edu/book/41455 Access provided by Bilkent Universitesi (7 Mar 2019 06:09 GMT) 3 Benevolent Contempt Bismarck’s Ottoman Policy Sean McMeekin The views expressed by Germany’s iron chancellor on the Eastern question are justly notorious. Few students of diplomatic history have not heard Bismarck’s bon mot that “the entire Orient [den ganzen Orient] is not worth the bones of a single Pomeranian grenadier” — although many mis- takenly believe that he was referring to the Balkans, full stop, rather than the Ottoman Empire in its entirety.1 Otto von Bismarck’s Machiavellian “Reinsurance Treaty” of 1887 even contained a clause promising that the Germans would remain neutral if the Russians again tried to seize Con- stantinople as they nearly had in 1878. The chancellor’s dismissive view of Turkey’s strategic importance seems of a piece with his only slightly less famous disregard for Africa, expressed to the explorer Eugen Wolff: “my map of Africa lies in Europe. Here is Russia and here is France, and we [Germany] are in the middle; that is my map of Africa.”2 And yet, despite his supposed contempt for the Ottoman Empire and Africa, Bismarck presided over two Berlin congresses dealing with one and then the other, in 1878 and 1884. -
fithere Is No Such Thing As an Inevitable
Bismarck’s Peace 5. “For two decades he (Bismarck) maneuvered Europe’s commitments and interests in masterly fashion on the basis of Realpolitik and to the benefit of the peace of Europe.” (Kissinger, Diplomacy 133) Do you agree with Kissinger’s verdict? “There is no such thing as an inevitable war. If war comes it will be from a failure of human wisdom” -Andrew Bonar Law “If they want peace, nations should avoid the pin-pricks that precede cannonshots.” -Napoleon Bonoparte Michael Brudno History 162 4/22/97 In 1871 Bismarck revolutionized the European state system by creating a new, united Germany. In the next twenty years Bismarck was the dominant statesman of Europe, controlling the policy of Germany, settling disputes between other countries, and entangling all of Europe into a complex web of alliances and understandings. In the twenty years that Bismarck was in power, there was not a single major war in Europe. Bismarck’s diplomacy and system of alliances helped preserve the peace, despite the fact that there were many tensions within Europe. Bismarck set out to create a system which would support European peace. The resulting system, however, was not inherently stable. Both the biggest strength and the main weakness of the system was that throughout the period no single power could go to war in Europe against any other power without getting the support, or at least the neutrality of Germany. This was the system’s main strength because Bismarck never provided such a guarantee to any power, at any time, and it is extremely unlikely that he would have in the future. -
An Ottoman Global Moment
AN OTTOMAN GLOBAL MOMENT: WAR OF SECOND COALITION IN THE LEVANT A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In History By Kahraman Sakul, M.A Washington, DC November, 18, 2009 Copyright 2009 by Kahraman Sakul All Rights Reserved ii AN OTTOMAN GLOBAL MOMENT: WAR OF SECOND COALITION IN THE LEVANT Kahraman Sakul, M.A. Dissertation Advisor: Gabor Agoston, Ph.D. ABSTRACT This dissertation aims to place the Ottoman Empire within its proper context in the Napoleonic Age and calls for a recognition of the crucial role of the Sublime Porte in the War of Second Coalition (1798-1802). The Ottoman-Russian joint naval expedition (1798-1800) to the Ionian Islands under the French occupation provides the framework for an examination of the Ottoman willingness to join the European system of alliance in the Napoleonic age which brought the victory against France in the Levant in the War of Second Coalition (1798-1802). Collections of the Ottoman Archives and Topkapı Palace Archives in Istanbul as well as various chronicles and treatises in Turkish supply most of the primary sources for this dissertation. Appendices, charts and maps are provided to make the findings on the expedition, finance and logistics more readable. The body of the dissertation is divided into nine chapters discussing in order the global setting and domestic situation prior to the forming of the second coalition, the Adriatic expedition, its financial and logistical aspects with the ensuing socio-economic problems in the Morea, the Sublime Porte’s relations with its protectorate – The Republic of Seven United Islands, and finally the post-war diplomacy.