Timeline / 1840 to After 1930 / PORTUGAL
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Timeline / 1840 to After 1930 / PORTUGAL Date Country Theme 1842 - 1851 Portugal Political Context The period of Cabralismo, an authoritarian regime ruled by conservative Bernardo Costa Cabral who rehabilitates the 1826 Constitutional Charter but promoting the public infrastructures and fiscal code revision. Upper middle class and aristocracy regain state control and former privileges. Popular rebellions lead to the fall of his government. 1842 Portugal Great Inventions Of The 19th Century Daguerreotype starts to be used in Portugal two years after its invention in France and is mostly used in commercial portrait lithographs. The oldest ones still existing in Portugal reproduce the Palace (Paços) of Coimbra University in 1842. The University is at the time the major centre for the dissemination of scientific knowledge. 1843 - 1851 Portugal Rediscovering The Past Publication of Romanceiro Português by Almeida Garrett (1799–1854), a two- volume compilation of popular folktales. Almeida Garrett aimed at the creation of a national literature inspired by local and regional traditions. 1844 Portugal Rediscovering The Past Publication of the novel Eurico,O Presbítero by Alexandre Herculano (1810–77). The story takes place during the period of the Arab invasion of Visigoth Hispania, led by Tarik in 711. 1844 Portugal Rediscovering The Past Frei Luís de Sousa, by Almeida Garrett. A romantic drama on the myth of King Sebastian, killed in the Battle of Alcacer Quibir, Morocco, in 1578. The myth of a disappeared king who will return to regain freedom and independence for his people underlies the plot together with the extreme love of Brother Luís de Sousa for his country. 1844 Portugal Economy And Trade Foundation of the National Tobacco Company in Xabregas, Lisbon. Following the 18th-century tendency, the profits of tobacco manufacturing and trade became the major source of revenue for oligarchic businessmen (known as the Caixas) seeking its control. The monopoly was rented out by the state, usually on a triennial base. 1846 - 1891 Portugal Cities And Urban Spaces National Theatre Dona Maria II opens its doors. Inspired by neoclassical style it was built (1842–46) over the ruins of the former Inquisition headquarters, the Palace of Estaús. The Portuguese royal family as well as the aristocracy and bourgeoisie attend theatre performances. 1846 Portugal Economy And Trade Date Country Theme Merger of Banco de Lisboa and the investment company Companhia Confiança Nacional (1844–46) creating Banco de Portugal, which by 1887 shares the right to issue banknotes with other institutions. By 1891, Banco de Portugal becomes the sole issuer of bank notes for the mainland, the Azores and Madeira. 1848 - 1856 Portugal Great Inventions Of The 19th Century Boavista gas factory, owned by Companhia Lisbonense de Iluminação a Gás, begins to operate Lisbon's lightning network. Fearing people's reaction to a gas factory in an urban area, a styled façade is erected in 1856 to disguise it. 1849 Portugal Economy And Trade The Tribunal de Contas (Supreme Audit Institution), the independent financial control department, is separated from the financial administration. The public accounts are verified by the Tribunal de Contas and approved by Parliament. 1851 Portugal Rediscovering The Past Lendas e Narrativas published by Alexandre Herculano (1810–77), a collection of historical short stories set in the context of medieval times and the “Reconquista” process, the Iberian Christian military movement to recover Muslim-occupied territories (10th–15th centuries). 1851 - 1868 Portugal Political Context Regeneration, led mainly by Minister Fontes Pereira Melo (who gives the period name – Fontism) is a peaceful political cycle of global innovation started in 1851. The kingdom is tired of political unrest. Conditions are created for the middle classes and foreign investors to support economic expansion, the development of infrastructure and industrialisation. 1851 Portugal Economy And Trade Launch of an ambitious plan of modernisation and the stable Regeneration period mostly led by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo (1819–87) (and named Fontism after him) Infrastructure building, industrial production and business laws are promoted. Porto wine production and trade thrives and exports increase until the 1860s. 1851 Portugal International Exhibitions At “The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations“ in London, Portugal shows 1,293 products from almost all the regions. 1852 Portugal Great Inventions Of The 19th Century 13 December: Under the framework of the Regeneration modernisation, the adoption of the decimal metric system based on the legal mètre of France is decreed by Queen Maria II. This decree establishes a ten-year deadline for its full enforcement, but the whole process will take longer than that. 1852 Portugal Reforms And Social Changes Date Country Theme Ato Adicional de 1852 (Additional Act) abolishes the death penalty for political crimes, which had not been enforced since 1834. In 1867, in the reign of King Luís I, the abolition of the death penalty is extended to all kinds of crime, except for those under military jurisdiction. Only in 1911 will total abolition be proclaimed by the Republican regime. 1853 Portugal Great Inventions Of The 19th Century 1 July: Portugal starts to use the first adhesive postal stamps on letters, postcards and parcels, in the reign of Queen Mary II. Bearing the Queen’ s effigy they are inspired by the first British stamp. 1855 Portugal International Exhibitions Portugal is present at “Exposition Universelle des Produits de l’Agriculture, de l’Industrie et des Beaux-Arts”, with 441 stands, exhibiting agricultural products and commodities. King Pedro V (1837–61) has a pivotal role in boosting the national presence. 1856 Portugal Rediscovering The Past The Portugaliae Monumenta Historica is published. Acknowledged as a historian, Alexandre Herculano is commissioned by Academia das Ciências de Lisboa to compile this collection of old documents that are at risk of disappearing and being dispersed throughout convent archives. He undertook this task in 1853–54. 1856 Portugal Great Inventions Of The 19th Century Inauguration of the first Portuguese railway between Lisbon and Carregado, 36,454 km north of Lisbon, by King Pedro V and innumerable guests, transported in 14 wooden carriages pulled by two locomotives. The first train trip lasts 40 minutes. A steam engine is adapted to move the locomotives. 1857 Portugal Rediscovering The Past Creation of the Museum of the Geological Commission currently called the Museum of Geology of Portugal. It is established under the auspices of the Geological Commission from specimens collected by the Portuguese pioneers of geology Carlos Ribeiro, Nery Delgado, Pereira da Costa, Paul Choffat and others. 1857 Portugal Great Inventions Of The 19th Century The public telegraph service becomes available, one year after its first official connection between the Royal Palace and the Parliament. The Morse telegraph system is also used in the international connection to the telegraphic network in Spain, on the border of Elvas and Badajoz. 1860 Portugal Reforms And Social Changes Under the liberal educational reforms, Lyceu Nacional de Aveiro (Aveiro High School) is the first school in Portugal to occupy a building designed specifically for this function. Previously schools occupied existing buildings, often old convents. The school had been created as Colégio de Aveiro in 1848. Date Country Theme 1860 Portugal Travelling Travelling became a great cultural and social phenomenon with Romanticism. The “Grand Tour” through the countries of the known world, namely around the Mediterranean, became a means of developing cultural and social skills. Travel became refined and even a simple journey to the countryside required such accessories as this travel case for meals. 1862 Portugal International Exhibitions The “International Exhibition on Industry and Art” in London distinguishes Portugal with 165 Medals of Honor and 240 mentions. 1863 Portugal Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Publication of the novel Amor de Perdição (Fatal Love) by Camilo Castelo-Branco (1825–90). Written very quickly, this romance has everything to be a major work of passion: tragic intensity, speed of action, balance of characters and simplicity of style. 1864 Portugal Rediscovering The Past Creation of the Carmo Archaeological Museum by the Portuguese Association of Civil Architects, which in 1867 adopts the title of Royal Association of Civil Architects and Portuguese Archaeologists. The museum is located in the ruins of medieval Convento do Carmo, destroyed by the 1755 earthquake. 1864 Portugal Economy And Trade Banco Nacional Ultramarino is established in Lisbon, as the issuing bank for Portuguese overseas territories. BNU has a significant role in supporting the economic development of the country and the former colonies. Its savings, investment and issuing role facilitates the currency circulation throughout them. 1864 Portugal Economy And Trade The unpopular tobacco monopoly is ended by parliamentary law. Hereafter tobacco will be auctioned and exploited by those offering the best price to the state. Some of the main tobacco companies merge into bigger companies to ensure its exploration. The Companhia Lisbonense de Tabacos, founded in 1865, becomes a major player. 1865 Portugal Cities And Urban Spaces 1 May: Santa Apolónia Central Railway Station of Lisbon, connecting to the East and North Railways, is inaugurated.