The Philosophy of Contractual Obligation, 21 Marq
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Do Diffusion Protocols Govern Cascade Growth?
Proceedings of the Twelfth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM 2018) Do Diffusion Protocols Govern Cascade Growth? Justin Cheng,1 Jon Kleinberg,2 Jure Leskovec,3 David Liben-Nowell,4 Bogdan State,1 Karthik Subbian,1 Lada Adamic1 [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 1Facebook, 2Cornell University, 3Stanford University, 4Carleton College Abstract Large cascades can develop in online social networks as peo- ple share information with one another. Though simple re- share cascades have been studied extensively, the full range of cascading behaviors on social media is much more di- verse. Here we study how diffusion protocols, or the social ex- changes that enable information transmission, affect cascade growth, analogous to the way communication protocols de- fine how information is transmitted from one point to another. Studying 98 of the largest information cascades on Facebook, we find a wide range of diffusion protocols – from cascading reshares of images, which use a simple protocol of tapping a single button for propagation, to the ALS Ice Bucket Chal- lenge, whose diffusion protocol involved individuals creating and posting a video, and then nominating specific others to do the same. We find recurring classes of diffusion protocols, and identify two key counterbalancing factors in the con- struction of these protocols, with implications for a cascade’s growth: the effort required to participate in the cascade, and Figure 1: The diffusion tree of a cascade with a volunteer the social cost of staying on the sidelines. -
Reflections on Social Norms and Human Rights
The Psychology of Social Norms and the Promotion of Human Rights Deborah A. Prentice Princeton University Chapter to appear in R. Goodman, D. Jinks, & A. K. Woods (Eds.), Understanding social action, promoting human rights. New York: Oxford University Press. This chapter was written while I was Visiting Faculty in the School of Social Sciences at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ. I would like to thank Jeremy Adelman, JoAnne Gowa, Bob Keohane, Eric Maskin, Dale Miller, Catherine Ross, Teemu Ruskola, Rick Shweder, and Eric Weitz for helpful discussions and comments on earlier drafts of the chapter. Please direct correspondence to: Deborah Prentice Department of Psychology Princeton University Green Hall Princeton, NJ 08540 [email protected] 1 Promoting human rights means changing behavior: Changing the behavior of governments that mistreat suspected criminals, opponents of their policies, supporters of their political rivals, and members of particular gender, ethnic, or religious groups; changing the behavior of corporations that mistreat their workers, damage the environment, and produce unsafe products; and changing the behavior of citizens who mistreat their spouses, children, and neighbors. In this chapter, I consider what an understanding of how social norms function psychologically has to contribute to this very worthy project. Social norms have proven to be an effective mechanism for changing health-related and environmental behaviors, so there is good reason to think that they might be helpful in the human-rights domain as well. In the social sciences, social norms are defined as socially shared and enforced attitudes specifying what to do and what not to do in a given situation (see Elster, 1990; Sunstein, 1997). -
Cascading Leadership
FACULTY OF PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES Cascading Leadership Emile Jeuken Doctoral thesis offered to obtain the degree of Doctor of Psychology (PhD) Supervisor: Prof. dr. Martin Euwema Co-supervisor: Prof. dr. Wilmar Schaufeli 2016 Funding Dissertation funded by “de Belastingdienst” (the Netherlands Tax and Customs Administration). I Summary Cascading leadership is defined as the co-occurrence of leaders’ values, attitudes and behaviors, at different hierarchal levels within an organization. The aim of this doctoral thesis is to get a better understanding of cascading leadership as well as the mechanisms underlying the phenomenon, with special focus on perceived power. We conducted three studies, using three different research methods: a systematic literature review, a field survey study, and an experimental study. Chapter 1 introduces cascading leadership research, exploring both societal and academic relevance, as well as the aims of our study and overview of the PhD. Chapter 2 presents our first study. As there has not been published a systematic review on the subject before, we conducted such a literature review, resulting in a selection of 18 papers, with 19 empirical studies. These studies cover a wide array of cascading constructs and theoretical perspectives. However, all studies are cross sectional, typically survey studies. Positional power and sense of power appear to play an important role, however have hardly been studied. Chapter 3 describes our second study, in which we investigate whether trust in leadership cascades across three hierarchical levels of leadership and whether it is directly and indirectly related to work engagement of the front-line employee. Only one other cascading leadership study to date included four hierarchical levels. -
Contracts in General
CHAPTER 12 Contracts in General The soviet law of contracts evolved from the efforts of the soviet legislators and jurists to use within the framework of socialist economy the concept of contract as developed in the civil law countries. Therefore, a person schooled in Anglo-American legal theory must be prepared to sustain a double handicap in studying the soviet law of contracts. On the one hand, the Con tinental European law of contracts, which is the start ing point of the development of the soviet theory of contract, deviates from basic concepts of Anglo-Ameri can law. On the other hand, the notion of a contract as outlined in the Civil Code no longer covers, in reality, all ramifications of contract in soviet law, in particular contracts between government agencies engaged in in dustry and commerce. But the concepts implied in the provisions of the Civil Code have not been totally aban doned, and it seems appropriate, therefore, to begin with a consideration of those concepts. 1. Legal Transactions and Contracts ln outlining the law of contracts, the framers of the soviet Civil Code followed certain theoretical construc tions of European law, of German law in particular, as developed by Professors Shershenevich, Gambarov, and Korkunov, the Russian prerevolutionary legal writers of renown. 1 Since these constructions have been taken 1 Shershenevich, 1 Textbook of the Russian Civil Law (in Russian 11th ed. 1915) 86, 190; Gambarov, 1 Course in Civil Law (in Russian 1911) 632; Korkunov, General Theory of Law (in Russian 7th ed. 1907) 161 et seq., English translation by Hastings ( 1922) 167 et seq. -
Citizen Science: Framing the Public, Information Exchange, and Communication in Crowdsourced Science
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2014 Citizen Science: Framing the Public, Information Exchange, and Communication in Crowdsourced Science Todd Ernest Suomela University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Communication Commons, and the Library and Information Science Commons Recommended Citation Suomela, Todd Ernest, "Citizen Science: Framing the Public, Information Exchange, and Communication in Crowdsourced Science. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2014. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2864 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Todd Ernest Suomela entitled "Citizen Science: Framing the Public, Information Exchange, and Communication in Crowdsourced Science." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Communication and Information. Suzie Allard, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Carol Tenopir, Mark Littmann, Harry Dahms Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Citizen Science: Framing the Public, Information Exchange, and Communication in Crowdsourced Science ADissertationPresentedforthe Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Todd Ernest Suomela August 2014 c by Todd Ernest Suomela, 2014 All Rights Reserved. -
The Rational Basis of Contracts and Related Problems in Legal Analysis, by Merton Ferson
Indiana Law Journal Volume 25 Issue 2 Article 15 Winter 1950 The Rational Basis of Contracts and Related Problems in Legal Analysis, by Merton Ferson Edwin W. Patterson Columbia University Follow this and additional works at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ilj Part of the Contracts Commons Recommended Citation Patterson, Edwin W. (1950) "The Rational Basis of Contracts and Related Problems in Legal Analysis, by Merton Ferson," Indiana Law Journal: Vol. 25 : Iss. 2 , Article 15. Available at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ilj/vol25/iss2/15 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School Journals at Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Indiana Law Journal by an authorized editor of Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BOOK REVIEWS not be answered if men seek salvation in the exclusive worship of a popular present-day secular trinity: Purely informative education, tolerance and democracy. Today many men and women have turned for anchorage in a time of stress from religion or devotion to the gods of science to public education. It is assumed that free education for all will give men common goals and a saving wisdom even though the goals of education are not agreed upon. It is assumed that if men accumulate enough facts somehow a sound philosophy will emerge from the pile like some genie from a bottle. Combine education with unlimited tolerance for any and all ideas however incompatible or false and with devotion to a vague something called democracy and everything will come out all right. -
The Role of the Notary in Real Estate Conveyancing
ARTICLE: THE ROLE OF THE NOTARY IN REAL ESTATE WRITTEN BY: CONVEYANCING ELIANA MORANDI In the field of real estate, the notary’s role of financial assets amount to approximately 25,000 euros oversight and consulting extends to all aspects of and other miscellaneous assets to 20,000 euros),4 the the transaction: from verifying the title of the political and social dimensions of a real estate purchase seller, to tax-related issues and choices, to are abundantly apparent. However, real estate has ascertaining the legal zoning status of the assumed an ever more important role in an increasingly property, to suggesting alternative solutions to global economy as collateral to obtain credit. So called improve the organization and distribution of ‘embedded capital value’ is an important tool for overall economic growth. Taken together, the need for reliability family assets. In addition, should any errors be and security in the circulation of real estate becomes made that compromise the client’s purchase, the increasingly important. notary is fully liable for compensation up to the Since most people make one of the biggest financial entire current value of the property. and emotional investments of their lives when they buy a house, they are understandably adverse to any risk, Conveyancing: modern development and and would not consider monetary compensation new demands related to real estate transfers 1 adequate to make up for the loss of the property. In the credit world, growth and stability are based on the For some time now, there has been a broad debate in reliability of the collateral that backs it up, with the the European Union regarding the regulation of security of the title used as surety constituting a competition, aimed at safeguarding consumers and fundamental condition for granting credit. -
The Social-Obligation Norm in American Property Law, 94 Cornell L
Cornell Law Review Volume 94 Article 12 Issue 4 May 2009 The oS cial-Obligation Norm in American Property Law Gregory S. Alexander Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Gregory S. Alexander, The Social-Obligation Norm in American Property Law, 94 Cornell L. Rev. 745 (2009) Available at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr/vol94/iss4/12 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Cornell Law Review by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE SOCIAL-OBLIGATION NORM IN AMERICAN PROPERTY LAW Gregory S. Alexandert This Article seeks to provide in property legal theory an alternative to law-and-economics theory, the dominant mode of theorizingabout property in contemporary legal scholarship. I call this alternative the social-obligation theory. I argue that American property law, both on the private and public sides, includes a social-obligation norm, but that this norm has never been explicitly recognized as such nor systemically developed. I argue that a proper understandingof the social obligation explains a remarkably wide array of existing legal doctrine in American property law, rangingfrom the power of eminent domain to the modern public trust doctrine. In some cases, social obligation reaches the same result as law and economics, but in other cases it does not. Even if it reaches the same result as law and economics, social- obligation theory provides a superior explanation. -
Unconscionable Contracts: a Comparative Study of the Approaches in England, France, Germany, and the United States
Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review Volume 14 Number 3 Symposium on Unconscionability around the World: Seven Perspectives on the Article 3 Contractual Doctrine 7-1-1992 Unconscionable Contracts: A Comparative Study of the Approaches in England, France, Germany, and the United States A.H. Angelo E.P. Ellinger Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/ilr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation A.H. Angelo and E.P. Ellinger, Unconscionable Contracts: A Comparative Study of the Approaches in England, France, Germany, and the United States, 14 Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 455 (1992). Available at: https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/ilr/vol14/iss3/3 This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Unconscionable Contracts: A Comparative Study of the Approaches in England, France, Germany, and the United States A.H. ANGELO* AND E.P. ELLINGER** I. FREEDOM OF CONTRACT AND UNCONSCIONABILITY OF TERMS The doctrine of sanctity of contracts is entrenched in both the Anglo-American and western European legal systems. The phrase "freedom of contract" originated in the late eighteenth and the early nineteenth centuries,' and was based on the natural law principle that it is "natural" for parties to perform their bargains or pacts. -
Kant's Analysis of Obligation
1 Kant's Analysis of Obligation: The Argument of Foundations I * §1. The Normativity of Morality One of the debates of recent moral philosophy concerns the question whether moral judgments express "internal" or "external" reasons.i According to internalists, if someone knows or accepts a moral judgment then she must have a motive for acting on it. The motive is part of the content of the judgment: the reason why the action is right is a reason for doing it. According to externalists, this is not necessarily so: there could be a case in which I understand both that and why it is right for me to do something, and yet have no motive for doing it. Since most of us believe that an action's being right is a reason for doing it, internalism seems more plausible. It captures one element of our sense that moral judgments have normative force: they are motivating. But some philosophers believe that internalism, if correct, would also impose a restriction on moral reasons. If moral reasons are to motivate, they must spring from an agent's personal desires and commitments.ii This is unappealing, for unless the desires and commitments that motivate moral conduct are universal and inescapable, it cannot be required of everyone. And this leaves out the other element of our sense that moral judgments have normative force: they are binding. Some internalists, however, have argued that the force of internalism cuts the other way. If moral reasons must motivate, and I show you that an action is morally right, I have ipso facto provided you with a motive for doing it. -
Pragmatism As American Exceptionalism
University of New Orleans ScholarWorks@UNO Senior Honors Theses Undergraduate Showcase 5-2012 Pragmatism as American Exceptionalism Philip L. Wells University of New Orleans Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uno.edu/honors_theses Recommended Citation Wells, Philip L., "Pragmatism as American Exceptionalism" (2012). Senior Honors Theses. 23. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/honors_theses/23 This Honors Thesis-Unrestricted is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by ScholarWorks@UNO with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Honors Thesis-Unrestricted in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Honors Thesis-Unrestricted has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PRAGMATISM AS AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM An Honors Thesis Presented to the Department of Philosophy of the University of New Orleans In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, with University Honors and Honors in Philosophy by Philip L. Wells May 2012 Table of Contents 1. Abstract.....................................................................................iii 2. Introduction................................................................................1 3. Pragmatism the Philosophy........................................................4 4. Peirce and James........................................................................6 5. Dewey's Politics and Experimental Philosophy.......................11 6. Kuhn's Description of Science Applied to Philosophy............13 7. Quine's Web of Belief..............................................................14 8. -
Self-Respect, Positive Power, and Stoic Pragmatism: Rawls, Dewey, and Lachs on Justice and Happiness
Chapter 11 Self-Respect, Positive Power, and Stoic Pragmatism: Rawls, Dewey, and Lachs on Justice and Happiness Eric Thomas Weber It is easier to build strong children than to fix broken men. frederick douglass (edelman 2009, 67) ∵ In this paper, I argue that democratic liberty for all depends upon a shared, public, cultural obligation that individuals and institutions must strive to fulfill with an attitude of stoic pragmatism. The obligation is to establish the cultural conditions necessary for all to develop self-respect and a meaningful sense of their own positive power. This thesis addresses deficiencies in modern liberal and libertarian theories of justice, which fail to appreciate cultural obligations necessary for justice. At the same time, the ideal of a culture of justice is best approached with a stoic recognition that it may never be met, yet is worth fight- ing for, even if progress can only ever be partial or incremental. Since some of the conditions necessary for justice require taxation, libertarians are often op- ponents of such measures. At the same time, the defense or the advancement of liberty depends upon self-respect and individuals’ sense of their own posi- tive power in society. Therefore, to expect all to have self-respect and a sense of their own positive power to pursue meaningful life plans requires first that the conditions have been established for all to develop such character traits upon which the expectations of liberty rest. In what follows, I will begin with a brief contrast between ancient and mod- ern outlooks on justice, before noting the crucial role of self-respect in modern theories of justice.