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Kön Och Makt Inom Prostitution Och 4&94`-+&3 ,e/0$).",5*/0.13045*565*0/ 0$)103/0(3"'* 0NNFEJFCFWBLOJOHFOPDIIVSHFOVTGPSTLOJOHFOLBOCJESBHB 3BQQPSUGSlO/PSEJTLKPVSOBMJTULVST OPW 5BMMJOO &TUMBOE Innhold: Innledning 3 Eva-Maria Svensson Sex säljer – ett globalt problem 5 May-Len Skilbrei Prostitusjonslovgivning i Danmark, Norge og Sverige 17 Sven-Axel Månsson Mäns könsköp – en meningsbärande handling på fl era nivåer 25 Christina Wahldén Om boken Till salu 41 Anett e Dina Sørensen Dagbladers behandling av prostitusjon 45 Kristiina Luht Att itudes towards prostitution in Estonia 59 Katri Eespere Clients of prostitution: motives and att itudes 65 Anne-Maria Martt ila Finnish Men Buying Sex in Finland and Estonia 69 Marjut Jyrkinen Commercialising Bodies, Sex and Sexualities 79 Anett e Dina Sørensen ”Porn chic” tendensen i massekulturen 95 Forfatt eroversikt 101 Kjønnsforskning som kunnskapsbidrag til journalistikken 3 Kjønnsforskning som kunnskapsbidrag til journalistikken I løpet av et fem dagers kurs i november 2005 møtt e 24 journalister nordiske forskere som har analysert kjønns- og maktrelasjonene innen prostitusjon, traffi cking og pornografi . Journalistkurset ble holdt i Tallinn i Estland og var arrangert av NIKK – Nordisk institutt for kvinne- og kjønnsforskning og Nordisk Journalistcenter i samarbeid med det svenske Nationella sekretariatet for genusforskning. Det nordiske kurset var ett er modell av kjønns- og maktperspektivet oft e fraværende. lignende kurs om forskjellige tema innenfor Her kan kjønnsforskningen bidra med et kjønnsforskningen som er blitt arrangert for analyseverktøy som kan øke kvaliteten på journalister i Sverige. Journalistkurset i Tallinn journalistikken. var også en videreføring av NIKKs satsing på Til kurset var det hentet inn noen formidling av forskningen om prostitusjon av Nordens fremste kjønnsforskere for å og traffi cking, et forskningsfelt som har økt presentere aktuelle forskningsresultater og sterkt de siste par årene. Interessen for det problemstillinger for journalistene. Også nordiske journalistkurset viste seg å være journalister som driver undersøkende stor, og det kom inn mange fl ere søknader journalistikk på dett e området, var invitert til enn det fantes kursplasser. Blant de 24 å bidra med sine erfaringer. Kursdeltakerne journalistene som ble tatt opp på kurset var fi kk dessuten møte estiske eksperter, det fem menn, og de fl este typer medier var feltarbeidere og politiett erforskere. Det var representert. Hensikten med kurset var å også lagt inn et eget seminar om situasjonen presentere kunnskap og problemstillinger i Estland, der estiske journalister deltok. rundt kjønn og maktforhold innenfor temaområdene prostitusjon, sexhandel Usynlige menn (traffi cking) og pornografi som kan være til I denne rapporten presenteres en del av nytt e i det journalistiske arbeidet. foredragene på kurset i forkortet og oppdatert versjon. Den fi nske forskeren Anne-Maria Sexhandel selger Martt ila presenterer sin intervjuundersøkelse Sexhandel er mediestoff som selger. Nyheter med fi nske menn som drar til Estland på dett e området får oft e spekulative, for å kjøpe sex. Her går det fram at de sensasjonspregede medieoppslag. Men selv som kjøper sex, får muligheten til å være når journalistikken er grundig og seriøs, er anonyme og ansiktsløse når de er i landene 4 Kjønnsforskning som kunnskapsbidrag til journalistikken i øst. Når prostitusjon omtales og diskuteres, til mainstreamet, idealisert massekultur. fokuseres det som regel på den kvinnelige Mediene representerer et stort potensial prostituerte, eller snarere en forestilling om når det gjelder å avsløre og bekjempe den prostituerte kvinnen bygget på etniske sexhandel med kvinner og barn, men det og kjønnede stereotypier. krever kunnskap og innsikt i maktforhold Usynligheten som menn tilbys, på forskjellige plan. Her er det viktig ikke refl ekterer en maktposisjon, sier den fi nske å undervurdere betydningen av kjønn og forskeren og konkluderer med at studier av maktrelasjonen som en del av bakgrunnen menn som prostitusjonsklienter må fokusere for hvorfor unge jenter og kvinner havner i på kjønnede maktrelasjoner. Professor Sven- prostitusjon over landegrensene. Med denne Axel Månsson fra Sverige har forsket på rapporten ønsker vi at kunnskapen som ble prostitusjon gjennom fl ere tiår. På kurset presentert på kurset, skal nå fl ere journalister, presenterte han resultater fra en større svensk feltarbeidere, beslutningstakere og andre undersøkelse om sexkjøperes motiver. som er opptatt av disse aktuelle og viktige problemstillingene. Likheter og forskjeller i Norden Mens de nordiske landene er enige om å Kursledere bekjempe traffi cking eller menneskehandel Trine Lynggard, informasjonsrådgiver, for prostitusjonsformål, hersker det ulikt syn NIKK på prostitusjon som fenomen, noe som igjen Maria Edström, Universitetsadjunkt, kan få konsekvenser for hvordan det enkelte Institutionen för journalistik och land velger å bekjempe menneskehandel. masskommunikation, Göteborgs universitet Den norske forskeren May-Len Skilbrei skisserer i sitt bidrag hovedlinjene i den politiske tilnærmingen til prostitusjon og menneskehandel i Danmark, Norge og Sverige, hvilke begreper og argumenter som brukes og hvordan dett e kommuniseres i mediene. Pornografi og sexhandel Forholdet mellom den økende sexhandelen, den voksende pornoindustrien og sexualiseringen av mediene ble også tatt opp på kurset. Marjut Jyrkinen fra Finland har forsket på globaliseringen av sexhandelen og forbindelsen til pornoindustrien. Anett e Dina Sørensen fra Danmark var prosjektleder for en samnordisk undersøkelse i regi av NIKK om ungdoms forhold til pornografi . På kurset tok hun for seg pornografi ens nye kulturelle status fra tabubelagt smuss-kultur Sex säljer - ett globalt problem 5 Sex säljer - ett globalt problem En sammanhållen syn på sexhandeln Eva-Maria Svensson Sex säljer - över hela världen. Bakom den ekonomiska transaktionen fi nns kvinnor, män och barn. De varor som köps är framförallt kvinnor och barn. De som köper är framförallt män. Säljaren är oft a en eller fl era män, ibland är det kvinnan eller barnet som säljer sig själv. Sexhandeln är därmed inte könsneutral, tvärtom är den könskodad och som sådan kopplad till en makthierarki. Liksom västvärldens handel med afrikanska presentera den sammanhållna syn på slavar på 1800-talet var en fråga om att sexhandeln som ligger till grund för svensk utnytt ja och missbruka makt är dagens jämställdhetspolitik. Sexhandeln defi nieras handel med kvinnor och barn för sexuella enligt denna syn som en form av manligt ändamål frågan om att en starkare part våld mot kvinnor och som ett av de mer utnytt jar en svagare. extrema utt rycken för en ojämn maktrelation Sexhandel innefatt ar all handel med mellan män och kvinnor. Den ojämna kvinnor och barn för sexuella ändamål. Även maktrelationen tar sig utt ryck i att män kan om det framförallt är handel med kvinnor och köpa och utnytt ja kvinnor och barn och barn för sexuella ändamål (människohandel behandla dem som varor. I ett tal till FN:s eller traffi cking samt prostitution) som generalförsamling i februari 2006 säger den brukar avses, ingår också den pornografi ska svenska jämställdhetsministern Jens Orback marknaden samt olika former av sexuella “(t)o all the men who pay for sexual services, föreställningar på sexklubbar. Skillnaden I want to say: you are responsible for actions mellan de olika formerna är att pornografi och that contribute to the exploitation of another andra alster som fi lmer och internetpornografi human being!”2 kan multipliceras och distribueras utanför Anledningen till att fokus i artikeln sin framställningsplats, medan handel med läggs på den svenska hållningen i denna fråga kvinnor, prostitution och sexföreställningar är att Sverige anses ha fungerat som primus sker på ort och ställe.1 motor i denna process under en längre tid.3 Syft et med denna artikel är att Den sammanhållna synen på sexhandeln har 6 Sex säljer - ett globalt problem i ökad omfatt ning kommit att ligga till grund skilja på frivillig och ofrivillig försäljning för åtgärder och överenskommelser även i av sex. För fl ertalet EU-länder anser man nordiska och internationella sammanhang. att det bara är den ofrivilliga försäljningen Frågan om hur det internationella samfundet som bör förbjudas. I den off entliga debatt en skall förhålla sig till den ökande sexhandeln är ett vanligt förekommande argument mot är således under förändring och den svenska kriminalisering av prostitution att den skulle hållningen verkar som en pådrivande kraft i vara frivillig.6 Den sexsäljande kvinnan, det riktning mot att se sexhandeln som utt ryck vill säga varan, tillskrivs en vilja att sälja sin för mäns våld mot kvinnor.4 egen kropp. Fanns denna argumentation Även om den svenska jämställdhets- bland de slavägande amerikanarna på 1800- politiken definierar sexhandeln som talet också? Vem skulle idag säga att den ett uttryck för bristande jämställdhet afrikanska slaven sålde sig frivilligt för att mellan kvinnor och män följer den han eller hon ville det? svenska lagstift ningen bara delvis denna utgångspunkt. Olika former av sexhandeln är Rättsvetenskaplig forskning om reglerad i varierad omfatt ning. Över tid kan sexhandeln man dock se att den jämställdhetspolitiska Rättsvetenskaplig forskning om sex- synen lett till en mer heltäckande reglering marknadens olika utt rycksformer har på området. Det mest radikala hitt ills är den uteslutande intresserat genusforskare. Med lagstift ning som Sverige än så länge är ensam genusrätt svetenskaplig forskning avses ett om i världen, nämligen
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