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Unge, Køn Og Pornografi I Norden. Mediestudier

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Unge, Køn Og Pornografi I Norden. Mediestudier Unge, køn og pornografi i Norden. Mediestudier TemaNord 2006:544 Unge, køn og pornografi i Norden – Mediestudier TemaNord 2006:544 © Nordisk Ministerråd, København 2007 ISBN 92-893-1353-6 Trykk: Arco Grafisk A/S, Skive 2007 Omslag: Gaute Hauglid-Formo, Bergfald & Co Opplag: 500 Trykt på miljøvennlig papir som oppfyller kravene i den nordiske miljøsvanemerkeordning. Publikasjonen kan bestilles på www.norden.org/order. Flere publikasjoner på www.norden.org/publikationer Printed in Denmark Nordisk Ministerråd Nordisk Råd Store Strandstræde 18 Store Strandstræde 18 DK-1255 København K DK-1255 København K Telefon (+45) 3396 0200 Telefon (+45) 3396 0400 Fax (+45) 3396 0202 Fax (+45) 3311 1870 www.norden.org Det nordiske samarbeid Det nordiske samarbeid er en av verdens mest omfattende regionale samarbeidsformer. Samarbeidet omfatter Danmark, Finland, Island, Norge og Sverige, samt de selvstyrende områdene Færøyene, Grønland og Åland. Det nordiske samarbeid er både politisk, økonomisk og kulturelt forankret, og er en viktig medspiller i det europeiske og internasjonale samarbeid. Det nordiske fellesskap arbeider for et sterkt Norden i et sterkt Europa. Det nordiske samarbeid ønsker å styrke nordiske og regionale interesser og verdier i en global om- verden. Felles verdier landene imellom er med til å styrke Nordens posisjon som en av verdens mest innovative og konkurransekraftige regioner. Forord I de senere år er pornografien blevet stadig mere synlig i den nordiske massekultur. Fænomenet kaldes sædvanligvis for pornofisering eller sek- sualisering af det offentlige rum. Det har skabt heftig debat i hele Norden og ikke mindst bekymring for hvilken indflydelse den øgede – og ikke altid frivillige – eksponeringen for pornografi har på børn og unge. Den begrænsede nordiske viden på feltet, ikke mindst i forhold til gruppen under 18 år, fik i august 2004 de nordiske ligestillingsministre i regi af Nordisk Ministerråd til at igangsætte undersøgelsen "Unge, køn og pornografi i Norden". Undersøgelsen består af tre dele; kvantitative, kva- litative studier samt medieanalyser. For yderligere oplysninger se: www.nikk.uio.no Den samlede undersøgelse er finansieret af Nordisk Ministerråd, de deltagende nordiske lande, samt Nordisk institut for kvinde- og køns- forskning (NIKK), og i enkelte tilfælde af forskernes ansættelsessteder. Projektet har løbet fra august 2004 til september 2006, og er blevet vare- taget af NIKK. Det er udført i samarbejde med en nordisk forskergruppe ledet af professor Susanne V. Knudsen, Høgskolen i Vestfold og cand. mag. Anette Dina Sørensen, NIKK, med Vigdis Saga Kjørholt, NIKK, som projektkoordinator. Den foreliggende rapport indeholder resultaterne af undersøgelsens tre medieanalytiske studier udarbejdet i Sverige, Finland og Norge. Oslo, august 2006 Anette Dina Sørensen og Susanne V. Knudsen Indhold "I could be talking about a porn flick" – Television-Internet Media Companies' Policies and Practices Jeff Hearn and Marjut Jyrkinen 11 Betydning og brug af Internettet – Om gratis pornografi og selvrepræsentationer på Internettet i Norge Susanne V. Knudsen 159 Visuellt genus – Internet, självbilder och mediala representationer Anja Hirdman 255 Det pornografiska scriptet – om unga och pornografi 59 Skilleblad indsættes her "I could be talking about a porn flick" Television-Internet Media Companies' Policies and Practices Jeff Hearn and Marjut Jyrkinen Contents Preface........................................................................................................................ 15 1. Resumé................................................................................................................... 17 2. Introduction............................................................................................................ 23 2.1 Relevant recent background activities of the Project ........................................ 24 2.2 Goals and purposes........................................................................................... 26 2.2.1 The research questions ............................................................................ 27 2.3 Presentation of approach................................................................................... 28 2.4 Limitations and frames of material and time .................................................... 28 2.5 Short summary of the report's chapters............................................................. 28 3. Sex Trade, Pornography, New Technologies and the Finnish Context................... 31 3.1 Recent history of the sex trade in Finland......................................................... 31 3.2 ICTs and pornography ...................................................................................... 37 3.3 Pornography and the Finnish context................................................................ 44 3.3.1 Pornography and practices....................................................................... 44 3.3.2 Research on pornography in Finland....................................................... 48 4. Theoretical Aspects of Representations and Pornographisation............................. 51 4.1 Representations, television-ICTs, and pornographisation................................. 51 4.2 The research process and data .......................................................................... 58 4.3 Ethical issues and access .................................................................................. 60 5. The Companies and Channels' Policies and Practices ............................................ 63 5.1 The companies and channels' policies .............................................................. 65 5.1.1 Finnish Broadcasting Company Yleisradio Oy (YLE) ............................ 65 5.1.2 Mainostelevisio Oy.................................................................................. 75 5.1.3. Nelonen .................................................................................................. 80 5.1.4. Music Television MTV .......................................................................... 83 5.1.5 Canal+ and C More Entertainment AB.................................................... 88 5.2 What's on the telly? Viewings of television...................................................... 91 5.3 Analysis and discussion on pornographisation, television-internet cultures and young people................................................................................ 93 5.3.1 Media linkages ........................................................................................ 93 5.3.2 Technologies and commercial sex........................................................... 93 14 Unge, køn og pornografi i Norden – Mediestudier 5.3.3 Digitalisation ........................................................................................... 94 5.3.4 "Pornofication" and pornographisation ................................................... 94 5.3.5 Pornographisation and research methods and contexts............................ 95 5.3.6 Forms of pornographisation in mainstream television in Finland............ 96 5.3.7 Examples and patterns of pornographisation........................................... 98 5.3.8 MTV, music videos and (gangsta) rap................................................... 107 5.3.9 Pornographisation from "outside Finland" ............................................ 111 5.4 Intertextualities............................................................................................... 112 5.5 Conclusions .................................................................................................... 114 Postscript.................................................................................................................. 119 Acknowledgements.................................................................................................. 121 References................................................................................................................ 123 Appendices............................................................................................................... 135 Appendix 1: The cover letter and questionnaire in Finnish .................................. 137 Appendix 2: The cover letter and questionnaire in English.................................. 147 Preface This research report was originally produced as an internal report for the Nordic Institute for Women's Studies and Gender Research (NIKK) Pro- ject "Young People, Gender and Pornography in the Nordic Countries". The information gained from the questionnaires completed by and the interviews with company and channel official representatives have been translated from Finnish and Swedish to English as accurately as possible. However, we apologise in advance for any loss of meaning in that proc- ess. We say this especially because it is very difficult, and sometimes not possible, to do exact translations from Finnish to English, or indeed to Scandinavian languages, as Finnish belongs to a different language group to these other languages. Thus, the contents of these translations are not for public broadcasting or distribution without permission of the authors. *** In a short celebrity interview of three or four minutes with Teri Hatcher broadcast on Nelonen television channel, 14.00 9th January 2006, the star of the US television series "Desperate Housewives" [Täydelliset naiset] was asked how she explained the success of the series. Ms Hatcher an- swered that because everything
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