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La Regla Osha-Ifá: Papel De La Mujer En La Santería Cubana.”

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La Regla Osha-Ifá: Papel De La Mujer En La Santería Cubana.” Máster Universitario en Ciencias de las religiones (2019-2020) Trabajo Fin de Máster “LA REGLA OSHA-IFÁ: PAPEL DE LA MUJER EN LA SANTERÍA CUBANA.” Nombre y Apellidos autor/a: Sara Leal Burguillos Tutor/es: Grecy Pérez Amores 1 DATOS DEL TFM Título: La Regla Osha: Papel de la Mujer en la Santería Cubana. Tutora: Grecy Pérez Amores Curso: 2019-2020 Máster Universitario en Ciencias de las Religiones: Historia y Sociedad. Fecha de presentación del TFM: 16/03/2020 2 AGRADECIMIENTOS: A todas las mujeres importantes de mi vida, por ser fuente de inspiración eterna. A mis compañeros de Máster por la resolución de dudas de forma altruista y totalmente desinteresada. A ti, mi compañero de vida, por aguantar tantas horas de mal humor cuando las ideas no brotaban de mi cabeza. A mi familia, por el amor y el apoyo incondicional, por confiar en mí más de lo que yo lo hago. 3 ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS: INTRODUCCIÓN, JUSTIFICACIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: ......................................... 10 ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN: ................................................................................... 13 HIPÓTESIS. PREGUNTAS DE INVESTIGACIÓN: .............................................. 20 METODOLOGÍA: ....................................................................................................... 22 CAPÍTULO 1: SINCRETISMO EN LAS RELIGIONES AFROCUBANAS: ....... 25 1.1. RELIGIONES AFROCUBANAS: ................................................................... 26 1.1.1 PALOMONTE O LA REGLA CONGA: .................................................... 27 1.1.2 ESPIRITISMO DE CORDÓN: .................................................................... 28 1.1.3 REGLA OSHA: .............................................................................................. 30 1.2. SINCRETISMO: ............................................................................................... 31 1.3. SINCRETISMO EN LA REGLA OSHA O SANTERÍA: ............................. 33 1.3.1. ELEGGUÁ: .................................................................................................... 36 1.3.2. OYÁ: ............................................................................................................... 37 1.3.3. CHANGÓ: ...................................................................................................... 38 1.3.4. YEMAYÁ: ...................................................................................................... 39 1.3.5. OSHÚN: .......................................................................................................... 39 1.3.6. OBBATALÁ: .................................................................................................. 40 1.3.7. OGGÚN: ......................................................................................................... 41 1.3.8. OCHOSI: ........................................................................................................ 42 1.3.9. ORULA: .......................................................................................................... 42 1.3.10. BABALÚ AYÉ: .............................................................................................. 44 CAPÍTULO 2: ORIGEN HISTÓRICO DE LA SANTERÍA: ................................. 45 2.1. INTRODUCCIÓN Y TERMINOLOGÍA: ...................................................... 45 2.2. HISTORIA DE LA SANTERÍA CUBANA: ................................................... 46 2.2.1. ORÍGENES Y PRIMERAS MANIFESTACIONES RELIGIOSAS AFRICANAS EN CUBA: ............................................................................................ 47 2.2.2. ETAPA COLONIAL: .................................................................................... 49 2.2.3. LA REPÚBLICA DE CUBA DE 1900 A 1959: ........................................... 50 2.3. CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA SANTERÍA CUBANA: ................................ 52 2.3.1. ORGANIZACIÓN CLERICAL: .................................................................. 53 2.3.2. BABALAWO O BABALAO: ....................................................................... 54 2.3.3. ORÁCULOS Y ADIVINACIÓN: ................................................................. 54 4 2.3.3.1. ORÁCULO DE OBI: ................................................................................. 55 2.3.3.2. ORÁCULO DE DILOGGUN: .................................................................. 55 2.3.3.3. LOS ORÁCULOS DEL BABALAWO: ................................................... 56 2.3.3.4. OFRENDAS “ADIMÚ”:............................................................................ 57 2.4. RITUALES Y CEREMONIAS RELIGIOSAS: ............................................. 58 2.4.1. HACERSE SANTO: ...................................................................................... 59 2.4.2. RITUAL DE OBTENCIÓN DE LOS “ILEKES”: ..................................... 60 2.4.3. RITUAL DE MEDIO ASIENTO: ................................................................ 61 2.4.4. RITUAL DE RECIBIMIENTO DE LOS GUERREROS: ........................ 61 2.4.5. CEREMONIA DE MANO DE ORULA: ..................................................... 62 2.4.6. RITUAL DE ASCENSIÓN AL TRONO: ................................................... 64 2.4.7. BEMBÉ: .......................................................................................................... 65 2.4.8. CEREMONIA DE EBBÓ: ............................................................................ 66 2.4.9. PAPEL DE LA MUJER EN LOS RITUALES Y CEREMONIAS: ......... 66 CAPÍTULO 3: LA MUJER EN LA SANTERÍA CUBANA: ................................... 73 3.1. OSHA E IFÁ, ¿DOS RELIGIONES DIFERENTES? ................................... 74 3.2. DEIDADES FEMENINAS EN LA REGLA DE OSHA-IFÁ: ....................... 77 3.2.1. YEMAYÁ: ...................................................................................................... 78 3.2.2. OSHÚN: .......................................................................................................... 81 3.2.3. OBBÁ: ............................................................................................................. 84 3.2.4. YEWÁ: ............................................................................................................ 86 3.3. FUNCIONES DE LA MUJER EN LA REGLA DE OSHA-IFÁ: ................ 87 3.3.1. IYÁNIFA, INICIACIÓN SUPERIOR DE IFÁ, EXCLUSIVA PARA MUJERES: .................................................................................................................... 89 CAPÍTULO 4: DESIGULDADES DE GÉNERO EN LA SANTERÍA CUBANA: 94 4.1. PRESENCIA DE LA MUJER EN LA MITOLOGÍA: .................................. 99 4.2. LA MUJER EN LA PRÁCTICA RELIGIOSA: .......................................... 102 CONCLUSIONES: ..................................................................................................... 112 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ........................................................................................................ 115 ANEXOS ..................................................................................................................... 119 5 ÍNDICE DE ESQUEMAS Y FIGURAS: Esquema 1. Jerarquía religiosa de la Regla Osha- Ifá………………………… 52 6 ÍNDICE DE ANEXOS: Anexo I. Deidades ……………………………………………………………….... 118 Anexo II. Collares ………………………………………………………………… 119 Anexo III. Tabla Deidades …………………………………………………………120 Anexo IV. Glosario de términos …………………………………………………...127 7 RESUMEN: El presente Trabajo Fin de Máster desarrolla un tema de interés hoy en día: el papel de la mujer en una de las religiones afrocubanas más practicadas en Cuba: la Regla Osha o Santería. Este trabajo comienza haciendo un recorrido por los orígenes de tal religión, prestando especial interés en el sincretismo presente en esta religión pues es un punto clave para entender su historia, sus símbolos, su mitología y también la influencia que ha tenido en otros países. El recorrido continúa pasando por aspectos importantes tales como la separación entre Osha-Ifá para algunos creyentes y practicantes hasta llegar al tema central de este trabajo que consiste en analizar el papel que desempeña la mujer dentro de esta religión. Es analizando el cuerpo literario perteneciente a la mitología como mejor se llega a las conclusiones deseadas y eso es precisamente lo que se refleja en este trabajo. Palabras clave: Religiones Osha-Ifá, sincretismo, género, mitología, Cuba. ABSTRACT: The present Master's Final Project develops a topic of interest today: the role of women in one of the most practiced Afro-Cuban religions in Cuba: the Osha or Santeria Rule. This work begins by taking a tour of the origins of such a religion, paying special interest in the syncretism present in this religion because it is a key point to understand its history, its symbols, its mythology and also the influence it has had in other countries. The tour continues going through important aspects such as the separation between Osha-Ifá for some believers and practitioners until reaching the central theme of this work, which is to analyze the role played by women within this religion. It is by analyzing the literary body belonging to mythology that the desired conclusions are best reached and that is exactly what is reflected in this work. Keywords: Osha-Ifá religions, syncretism, gender, mythology, Cuba. 8 9 INTRODUCCIÓN, JUSTIFICACIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: Hoy en día creemos conocer acerca de la mayor parte de religiones en el mundo, pero la realidad es que lo que desconocemos es mucho más. En este Trabajo Fin de Máster
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