The Limitations and Stereotypes Placed on Female Hero
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PLAYING NICE: THE LIMITATIONS AND STEREOTYPES PLACED ON FEMALE HERO REPRESENTATIONS IN VIDEO GAMES Linet L.Cisneros Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2014 APPROVED: George Larke-Walsh, Major Professor Harry Benshoff, Committee Member Jacqueline Vickery, Committee Member Alan Albarran, Chair of the Department of Radio, Television, and Film Mark Wardell, Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Cisneros, Linet L. Playing Nice: The Limitations and Stereotypes Placed on Female Hero Representation in Video Games. Master of Arts (Radio, Television, and Film), May 2014, 133 pp., 22 figures, bibliography, 50 titles. This thesis provides an investigation of how gender stereotypes affect the narrative, mechanics, and experience of three different console based video games (Venetica, WET, and Velvet Assassin) with female protagonist. Each game is addressed within separate case study chapters and discusses how gender is integrated and intertwined with each narrative structure, image representation, and interactivity. Further analysis is provided in each case study as gender is addressed across several parts of each game, beginning with the female protagonist’s role as hero, her representation throughout the game (i.e. body image, attire, and weapons), and the game play experience. In conclusion, this thesis shows that the protagonist gender within a video game does affect the game in its entirety. More specifically, all three female heroines discussed in this thesis showcases stereotypes associated with the dominant sexual representation of female video game characters, as well as similar traditional feminine and masculine stereotypes associated with heroines in film and television. This provides for rather problematic representations of female heroes, alone with the games designed for them which are equally as stereotypical in their narrative, mechanics, and game play. Copyright 2014 by Linet L.Cisneros ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ...........................................................................................................v Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 2. REVIEWED LITERATURE .............................................................................................11 The Narrative Representation of the Female Hero Role ....................................................11 Female Character Representation: Film, Television, and Video Games ...........................18 Female Hero Body Type in Film, Television, and Video Games ......................................19 Female Hero Attire in Film, Television, and Video Games ..............................................27 Female Hero Weapons, Powers, and Abilities in Film, Television, and Video Games ................................................................................................................................35 Narrative Experience and Mechanics in Video Games .....................................................40 3. CASE STUDY 1: VENETICA .........................................................................................47 The Narrative Representation of the Female Hero Role ....................................................48 Female Character Representation ......................................................................................52 Body Type ..........................................................................................................................53 Attire ..................................................................................................................................54 Weapons, Powers, and Abilities ........................................................................................61 Narrative Experience and Mechanics ................................................................................64 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................69 4. CASE STUDY 2: WET .....................................................................................................71 The Narrative Representation of the Female Hero Role ....................................................72 iii Female Character Representation ......................................................................................78 Body Type ..........................................................................................................................79 Attire ..................................................................................................................................81 Weapons and Abilities .......................................................................................................85 Narrative Experience and Mechanics ................................................................................89 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................95 5. CASE STUDY 3: VELVET ASSASSIN ..........................................................................97 The Narrative Representation of the Female Hero Role ....................................................98 Female Character Representation ....................................................................................104 Body Type ........................................................................................................................105 Attire ................................................................................................................................106 Weapons and Abilities ....................................................................................................112 Narrative Experience and Mechanics ..............................................................................115 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................118 6. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................120 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................129 iv LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. L-Linda Hamilton as Sarah Connor (Terminator 2: Judgment Day, 1991); R-Sigourney Weaver as Ellen Ripley (Alien series, 1979-1986) ........................................................... 21 Figure 2. L-Sarah Michelle Gellar as Buffy Summers (Buffy the Vampire Slayer, 1997-2003); ML-Alyssa Milano, Holly Marie Combs, and Rose McGowan as the Charmed sisters (Charmed, 1998-2006); MR-Lucy Lawless as Xena (Xena: The Warrior Princess, 1995- 2001); R-Jessica Alba as Max Guevara (Dark Angel, 2000-2002) .................................. 22 Figure 3. L-Princess Peach in Super Mario Brothers (Nintendo, 1985-1988); R-Stripper character in Grand Theft Auto (Rockstar Games,1997-Present). ..................................................... 24 Figure 4. Various selectable female fighter characters found in Mortal Kombat (Midway Games and Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, 1992-present). ........................................... 25 Figure 5. Lara Croft in Tomb Raider (Core Desgin, 1996-present).. ........................................... 26 Figure 6. L-Julia Chang; ML-Christie Monteiro; MR-Alisa Bosconovitch; R-Lili Rochefort in Tekken 6 (Namco Bandai, 2009). ..................................................................................... 32 Figure 7. L-Jennifer Tate in Primal (Sony Computer Entertainment, 2003); M-Samus Aran in Metroid Prime 3: Corruption (Nintendo, 2007); R-Alexandra Rovias in Eternal Darkness: Sanity’s Requiem (Nintendo, 2002) ................................................................................. 33 Figure 8. Venetica Xbox 360 video game cover image (Rombax Games, 2011). ....................... 47 Figure 9. Main image of Scarlett in Venetica (Rombax Games, 2011) ........................................ 53 Figure 10. L-Scarlett in Dervish leather mail armor; R-Scarlett in guard plate mail armor (Rombax Games, 2011). ................................................................................................... 56 v Figure 11. L-Scarlett in white dress; M-Scarlett in Proper clothes; L-Scarlett in the Nethercoat (Rombax Games, 2011). ................................................................................................... 57 Figure 12. Scarlett’s ripped white dress after battle (Rombax Games, 2011) .............................. 58 Figure 13. L-Scarlett in Persian armor; R-Scarlett in African armor (Rombax Games, 2011). ... 60 Figure 14. WET Playstation 3 video game cover image (Bethesda Softworks, 2009) ................. 71 Figure 15. Main image of Rubi in WET (Bethesda Softworks, 2009) ......................................... 79 Figure 16. Rubi’s outfit throughout WET (Bethesda Softworks, 2009) ....................................... 81 Figure 17. Image of Rubi in “Rage” mode (Bethesda Softworks, 2009). .................................... 88 Figure 18. Velvet Assassin Xbox 360 video game cover image (SouthPeak Games, 2009) ..... ..97 Figure 19. Image of Violette in Velvet Assassin (SouthPeak Games, 2009) ............................. 105 Figure 20. L-Violette in Pilot outfit; R-Violette in leather sneaking outfit (SouthPeak Games, 2009) ..............................................................................................................................