poLrTrcAL AND TNFORMATIVE REVTEW / TIRANA No.3(28)/MAY-JUNE ,d\ With the inauguration ol the neu pigironcokc line in Lhe Metallurgical Combine at Elbasan a Ereat lorward step has been Lalcen on the road of the lurthu industrialisation ol socialisl Al'oania Irr the photo of the fir.st col,el.r 7"le ieto pieiron cl Albanian brand.

/\ uiew ol llte traditionai May Day parade in Tirana. On the ttibune Pattv and State lzoders toith cornrade Enuet Hoxha st lhe heacl 4* E ffiFre#ffi lsa!/'x.,tl'

CO]ITE]IIS:

A new victory of the policy of the PLA in the uplift of the generol wellbeing of the people 6 ,,zERl I POPUIuT,, The worker-peosont control - on importont foctor for the strengthening ol the sociolist order l0 HEKURAN ISAI A document of extroordinory volue lor the present ond the future of sociolist Albonio 18 The deepening of the closs struggle on the ideologicol ond culturol front 35 HAMIT BEOJA From the life of the country 4l

Plunderers of the peoples of developing countries 54 NIKO KETRI Press Review Sl DECI OF THE CC AilD THE Coullclt 0F Mlills O]I THE REDUCTIO]I OF HIGH SAt 11{ THE PAY SYSTEM OF THE FURTHER NARROWIilG COUilTRY

people been secured on the basis of the The Central Commitee o,f the PLA and the Council of Minis- cultural level of the has diffe' ters of the PR of Albania note with satisfaction that in the constant increase of social production, and the essential mental and physical labour, revolutionary atmosphere which prevails all over the country, rences between country and town, This enthusiasm and this the working olass, the cooperativist peasantry and the peo- have been narrowed step by step. rvith a new impetus ple's intelligentsia, inspired by the directives of the 6th Con' high spirit of mobilisation is bursting out of the founding gress of the PLA, the decisions of the 4th, sth, 6th, 7th and during the jubilee year of the 35th anniversary draft-Constitution of the 8th Plenums of the OC of the PLA and the programmatic spee- of the PLA and the discussion of the and the working mas- ches of comrade Enver Hoxha, have raised to a higher level PSR of Albania, when the working class new great battle, the their proletarian consciousness, determination, drive and mobi- ses, in town and country, have started a of the peo- lisation at work to consolidate, defend and carry the revolu- battle of the 6th five-year plan of the development tion and the socialist construction in our country constantly ple's economy and culture. made possible through a ahead. These historic achievements were During rnore than three decades of socialist construction, stern class struggle against the internal and external enemies, past Albania has realised deep-going revolutionary transformations against blemishes and remnants of he in the consciousness been achieved by smashing in every field of life. The dictatorship of the proletariat and its of the working people. They have pressure, blockades and sosial basis, the main pillar of which is the alliance of the work- and defeating the attacks, the all-round and modern re' ing class and the cooperativist peaszrntry, have been further encirclement of our country by the imperialists consolidated. The socialist economy has been developed and visionists. deepening strengthened unceasingly as a multi-branched, complex econo- In the unceasing process of the development and my with stability, which is growing steadily stronger and to of the socialist revolution, the Party of Labour has always con' and which the crises or any other ills, characteristic of the capita' sistently applied the line of struggle against manifestations atti- list-revisionist economy are unknown. The defence of the ho- influences of bourgeois and revisionist ideology and liberal against libe- meland and the socialist victories have been further reinforced. tudes towards them, the line 'of the class struggle is The working masses, freed from all oppression and exploita- ralism, bureatrcracy, technocratism and intellectualism. This tion, led by the Party and educated with the ideology of the a struggle of great importance for the fate of the revolution which the working class, have gone all out and are working with revolu' and socialist construction, to prevent any split from tionary drive for the rapid devetropment of the productive for' dictatorship of the ptoletariat might be endangered. Under the pea- ces and perfection of the socialist relalions in production, con- leadership of the Party the working class, the cooperativist in sistently applying the Marxist-Leninist principle of self-reliance" santry and the people's intelligentsia have risen to their feet The constant raising of the general material wellbeing and the this struggle. st0ir OT THE PtA TERS OF THE PR OF ATBANIA ARIES, Oil SOME IMPROYEME]ITS WORKIilG PEOPIE Al{D OI DIFFERETCES BETWEEN AruD TOWil

In the present stage of the struggle for the complete con' with this Marxist-Leninist revolutionary line, always on the ba- struction of socialism the perfecting and constant revolutionisa- sis of the socialist law of distribution according to the work tion of socialist relations of distribution are of great impor' done. The application of this system has made it possible to tance. Having a correct Marxist-Leninist revolutionary concept narrow the differences between low and high rvages, between of the role and importance of these relations, the Party has fol- the incomes of officials, workers and cooperativists and esta- Iowed the line of the gradual narrowing of differences bet- blish fairer proportions between them. Ouite the opposite occurs rveen the levels of income and the ways of life of the working in capitalist and revisionist countries, where the remuneration class and the cooperativist peasantry and the categories within of work is based on the enrichment of the minority which op- them, between town and country. It has always taken care to presses and exploits the majority. mainiai.n as fair a ratio as possible between the salaries of the To further develop the line followed in the field of distri' cadres and the incomes of the workers and cooperativists, not to bution, bearing in mind the directives of the 6th Congress of allow marked differences in incomes, which give rise to the the PLA and the teachings of comrade Enver Hoxha as rvell as birth of degenerate elements and privileged strata and direc' supporting and approving the revolutionary initatives of the tly endanger the dictatorship of the proletariat and the construc' working people for the improvement of the system of pay and tion of sooialism. At the same time, the Party has always fought, remuneration for work done, to further [arrow the differences also against tendencies of petty-bourgeois equalitarianism in the between mental and physical labour, between country and town field of remuneration, which is alien and harmful to socialism, according to the conditions and possibilities tvhich the socialist The system of wages and salaries for workers and officials development of the people's economy has created, the Central and the system of remuneration of the lvork of cooperativists Committee of the PLA and the Counci! of Ministers of the PB have been built and improved from time to time, in conformity of Albania,

DE(IDED I. ON THE REDUCTION OF HIGHER SALARIES AND ON SOME IMPROVEMENTS IN THE SYSTEM OF WAGES AND REMUNERATION OF THE WORKING PEOPTE

1 With the aim of achieving more correct proportions bet- of leading cadres, the intelligentsia, and cadres of the armed ween the pay of rvorkers and officials, and between the salaries forces, which are from 900 leks and upwards a month, without of different eategories of offieials, to reduce the higher salaries affecting low and medium wages, with the exception of certain 1rll28),t976 ALBANIA TODAY cases to preserve the necessary proportions. The reductions of cation of the same branch, while the young specialists who fi- higher wages will be from 4 to 25 per cent of the present wage. nish vocational middle schools and are appointed as staff of- This measure of great ideopolitical importance has as its ficials will, as a rule, receive the wage of one stage lower. aim the further revolutionisation of the cadres, bringing their 5. To further stimulate the interest of the workers and spe- peo' standard of living nearer to the general level of the masses, to cialists of enterprises, executive committees of the district rai- ba,r the way to cateerism, to encouraging the desire for office ple's councils, ministries, and other central institutions, in work, and many other evils whose influence is towards bour' sing their ideo-political, cultural and technical-professional le' geois-revisionist degenetation. vel, the system of assessment of the level of qualification of the 2. In response to the revolutionary initatives of the rvor- workers and specialists through cultural-ptofessional certifica- kers of literature and arts, education and science to do away tion will be applied. de' with extra bonuses over and above their basic salaries and to This system will aim at carrying into effect the vital better achieve better harmony of material incentives with moral ones, mand that not only must the working class produce ever giving priority to moral incentives, to reduce the salaries of and more and more material blessings, but first and foremost, as pedagogic-scientific workers of the higher schools and scienti- the class in power, it must ceaselessly improve its capabili' play its fic tesearch institutions fuom L4 to 22 pet c€nt, to reduce bo- ties, so that under the leadership of the Party, it will The nuses for scientific titles and degrees up to 50 per cent and the role more actively in running the entire life of the country' workers bonuses for literary, artistic and scientific creative works 30-50 cultural-professional certification should also help the per cent, and to cancel a number of other extra payments in and specialists to respond betber to the tasks of the development certain branches of the economy which are unjustifiable in the and deepening of the technical and scientific revolution, by ap- present conditions. plying science and technology more broadly in production and These measures assist in the revolutionary education of the placing the organisation and management of the people's eco- working people in this important field of social activity and the nomy on a sounder scientific basis. strengthening of the feeling of proletarian modesty, enoourage 6. To improve the implementation of the principle of remune' them to always be guided by the general interest of the re- ration according to the quantity and quality of the work done, volution and socialism and to live in conditions similar to those as well as the socialist organisation of the work, changes will of other working people. ,be effected in the classification of processes and places of work 3. To raise the wages of the workers of agriculLure and and remuneration on the basis of place of work will be exten- fruit-growing on the state farms, by linking the rervards for ded. their work rvith realisation of the targets of the production 7. To further improve the proportions between the wages of plan, rvorkers in different branches of the economy, certain dispro- 4. To achieve an even better appreciation of the jobs where portions which have been verified in the wages of workers in material blessings are produced, so that people work and live fishing and maritime transport will be adjusted. wherever the interests of the homeland require and to combat 8. Parallel with the changes and improvements in the sys- any manifestation of careerism and bureaucracy, the salaries of tem of wages and remuneration, the Central Committee and the specialists working in the same economic branch will be unified, Council of Ministers recommended that high retirement, inva' irrespective of the category of the district or enterprise where lidity and length of service pensions for militarymen, should they work. Likewise, these measures are aimed at unifying the be reduced in proportion with the reduction of high sala' salaries of specialists working in production with those in the ries. administration of enterpreses and cooperatives of the same eco- Thus, fairer proportions are achieved betlveen the remune' nomic branch and the apparatuses of the executive committees ration of the working people who continue their activity in of the district people's councils. production and other social fields, on the one hand, and old For the purpose of improving the relationship between the age or other pensions which the working people enjoy, on the pay of higher and middle specialists and that of qualified wor' other hand. This is also aimed at narrowing differences in in- kers -with long working experience, beginning from April comes between various categories of pensioners. 1,1976, lhe young specialists, after graduating from the higher 9. It is recommended to the agricultural cooperatives that schools, for the first two years at work, wiil receive a salary they, too apply the above measures in the field of the organisa- close to that of ihe workers with the highest level of qualifi- tion and remuneration of rvork.

II. ON THE FURTHER NARROWING OF ESSENTIAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TOWN AND COUNTRY

The narrowing of essential differences between town and developed at rapid rates, socialist relations in production have countryside has been and remains one of the fundamental ques' been constantly improved and the systematic raising of the ma- tions'of the general line of the Party for the construction of so- terial and cultural wellbeing of cooperativist peasantry has been ciatism in our country, To achieve this aim, the Party has im- and continues to be ensured. Useftll socia work, united wo'rk pfemented an extensive programme of measures of a profound for the continuous increase of socialist production, has been ideological, political, eOonomic, social and cultural character. On and still is the only solid basis for the increase of wellbeing in the basis of 'this programme the productive forces have been the countryside. The efforts, toil and sweat of all the coopera- ALBANIA TODAY 3 (28r, 1976 I 5

tivist peasantry must be poured into the rvork and struggle for These measures have been made possible thanks to the de- the increase of production of material blessings which are the velopment and strengthening of our socialist economy, the self- main source for the increase of their own wellbeing and happi- sacrificing work of the working people of town and country, ness and that of all the working masses. headed by the working class for the increase of industrial and 1. For the further narrowing of the differences between agricultural production. They are a systematic implementation town and countryside and within the countryside, between the of the correct line of the Patty for the construction of socialism hilly and mountainous zones and the lowlands, to increase the in the countryside, too. Our patriotic cooperativist peasantry economic, social, and cultural level of the peasantry more rapid- will, as always, make a current assessment of the measures ly and to further improve the working and living conditions in which are being taken in their favour, by increasing their revo- the countryside, the State will take upon itself in the country. lutionary drive and mobilisation at work, for the increase of the side too, expenditure for outpatient clinics, consultation centres, production of agricultural and livestock products, and first and maternity homes, kindergartens and nurseries, the wages of foremost of bread grain, for the all-round development and the personnel of houses of culture in the centres of elarged flourishing of our socialist countryside, for the strengthening cooperatives, investments for the construction of schools, kin- of the alliance of the working class and the cooperativist pea- dergartens and nurseries in the villages, as well as of houses saatry, for the further consolidation of the dictatorship of the of ou,lture and health projects in the centres of agriculttr,ral ooo- proletariat. peratives, the maintenance costs of the internal power system The measures for the reduction of high salaries, for certain in the villages and the telephone network to the centre of joint improvements in the system of wages and payments and for cooperatives. the further narrowing of differences between town and eo'un- The peasantry is called upon to continue to contribute as tryside, will come into force beginning from April 1,1976. much as possible to these projects through voluntary work and local materials. *** 2. The Central Committee and the Council of Ministers re- commend the raising of the percentage pensions of of coope- The Central Committee of the party of Labour of Albania and rativists, equalising them with those of the city workers, the the Council of Ministers of the people,s Republic of Albania are raising of minimum pensions of cooperativists, meeting expen- fully convinced that the measures which are being taken €xpress diture for maternity leave for women cooperativists from State the desires, will, and interests of the worldng class, the coope- social security funds, the unification of the percentage of rativist peasantry, and the people's intelligentsia. They rvill maternity pay leave and childbirth benefits in town and coutl- give a new impulse to the revolutionisation of the life of our tryside country and rvill become a new source of inspiration to achieve 3. State investments will be increased in hilly and mountai- even greater new victories in all fields of socialist construc- nous areas, for the construction of irrigation projects, for the tion. opefling of secondary canals, and for the extension of the exis- The Party has alrvays educated the communists, the working ting partially irrigatioi network, to or totally cover the value people in town and country, and the teading cadres to be pro- of the work day for the opening and systematisation of new letarian revolutionaries, to place all their energies in the ser- land and for the creation of new plantations of fruit trees and vice of the greag cause of the revolution and the construction vineyards, for the financing by the State, up to fifty per cent, of socialism, to strengthen and defend our socialist homelancl of the value of the work day spent on the heavy prunning of against all the attempts of the interual or external enemies. The olive trees, for building retaining walls rotrnd olive trees and Party has unshakeable confidence that we shall build our planting olive saplings. happiness, prosperity and even better fufure with our work, With the aim of increasing draught animals, the State will with our own forces, rvith our incessaut efforts. help the cooperatives of the hilly and mountainous areas ryith Great tasks lie ahead of trs. We have just begun the first year financial means for the purchase of these animals. of the 6th five-year plan. In November this year our people 4. The price of nitrogenous fertilisers will be lowered by will celebrate the 35th anniversary of the founding of our glo- 9-15 per cent for the agricultural cooperatives of the hilly and rious Party of Labour, organizer and leader of all the historic mountainous regions. victories achieved in the revolution and our socialist construc- 5. The machine and tractor stations will defray all the costs tion. Let this outstanding jubilee serve to mobilise all the for- of the agricultural cooperatives for the transport and storage ces of our heroic working class, cooperativist peasantry, and of fuel and agricultural machinery. Investments for the con- people's intell,igentsia in all fields of socialist coustruction, to struction of sheds for the machine and tractor stations rvill be raise the socialist emulation and revolutionary actions even financied by the State. higher, always keeping unfurled and unsullied the red banrer 6. The agricultural cooperatives of the hilly and mountai- of triumphant socialism in the pB of Albania. nous areas will be exempted from paying bank interest on all the loans they have received and will receive in the future, and the percenLage of this interest for other cooperatives wilt be THE CC OF TIIE PARTY OF LABOUR reduced. OF ALBANIA The premiums for state insurance of agricultural crops, live- stsck and the other assets of the agricultural cooperatives rvill be THE COUNCII. OF MINISTERS OF THE PR redueed to sueh a level as to merely eover the costs. OF'ALBANIA A ilE YICTORY OT THE POLICY (I FCIR RAISING T}IE

cczER! I P0PULLITTT

THE DECISION OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE The revolulionory sociol PLA AND THE COUNCIL OT MINISTERS OF THE PRA ON poliey whieh sur Porty corries out THE LOWERING OT HIGH SALABIES, ON SOME IMPROVE- MENTS IN THE PAY SYSTEM OT' THE WORKING PEOPLE, demonstrotes thqt it AND A NUMBER OF MEASURES TO BAISE THE ECONOMIC, SOCIAI, AI.ID CULTUBAL LEVEL OF THE PEASANABY, is only in the conditions of WHICH LEAD TO THE FURTHER NARROWING OF DIEFE' RENCES BETWEEN TOWN AND COUNTRYSIDE WAS PUBI]I' genuine sociolism ond when the SHED IN THE PRESS YESTERDAY. THIS DECISION OF GREAT POLITICAL, IDEOLOGICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL IMPOR' principles of sociolism TANCE, Is A coNTINUATIoN AND DEEPENTNC or rHE Po' LICY OF THE PARTY, THE BASIS OF WHICH HAS AIWAYS ore implemented consistentlY, BEEN THE DEFENSE OF THE INTEBESTS OF THE PEOPI.E, thot the generol wellbeing of the THE FULFILMENT OF THEIB GROWING MATERIAL AND CULTURAL DEMANDS. THE COMPLEX OF MEASURES ENVI' whole people SAGED IN THIS DECISION ARE THE CONCRETE IMPIEMEN- TATION OF THE IMPORTANT GUIDE-LINES PROVIDED BY con be steodily roised THE 6TH CONGRESS OF THE PABTY. COMRADE ENVER HOXHA SAID AT THE 6TII CONGRESS: 'IN THE FU' ond their uspirotions realised TURE TOO THE PARTY WILL CONTINUE TO PURSUE ITS CORBECT POLICY FOR INCREASING THE WELLBEING: GE- NERAL WELLBEING FOR THE ENTIRE PEOPI,E MUST BE ACHIEVED; THE MOST URGENT ECONOMIC, CUf,TURAI. AND SOCIAL NEEDS OF THE tsROADEST MASSES OF THE WORKING PEOPI.E MUST BE FUI,FI LED, THE DIFFEREN- CES IN THE I,EVELS OF INCOMES AND LIVING STANDABDS OF TOWN AND COUNTRYSIDE, BETWEEN VARIOUS GROUPS OF THE POPULATION, MUST BE STEADILY REDUCED,. The classical teachers of Marxism-Leninism teach us that the distribution of the product ,in socialisrn should be based on the pi'inciples of .from each accolding to his ability, to each irccording to his work., and ,equal pay fot equal worl<'. How- ever they have stressed that differences in pay should be as I POPULLIT,, otgan ol the Central eommittee of tlle "ZERI - sma1l as possible, thr,rt the pay of an official, as Lenin said, Parly of Labour at Albania, April 2, 1976, F T}IE Pt OF AI.BAilIA GEilERAI WEITBEITG OF THE PEOPTE

should not bc higher than the average pay of a good the material viewpoint, which is an essential premise, for the rvolkeru. protection of people especially the cadres, from alien influen- Upholding the policy of the unceasing revolutionisation of ces a4d degeneration. the life of the country, the Party has always, been guided by Our course is diametrally opposed to the course of the revi the correct Marxist-Lenlnist principle of no favouritism for sionists. At the 25th Congress of the Soviet revisionist Party they anybody, that we must not fall into equalitarianism, but must openly declared that their policy in the field of incomes and not a1low great disproportion in the remuneration of working consumption, as previously, proceeds from the principle that people of various categories eititer. Thus, in our country the ra- the main way to increase incomes is pay increase, in the first tio between the average pay of the workers and the higher sala- place increases in the salaries of leading cadres and specialists, ries of the officials at the moment is 7:2.5. who have now degenerated into bourgeois of the new type, In By reducing the higher salaries above g00 leks a month, the revisionist countries, where savage oppression and exploita- from 4 to 25 per cent without affecting the lower and middle tion are the rule and where class polarisation is becoming salalies, the new decision of the Central Committee of the more and more profound those of the revisionist caste, through PLA and the Council of Ministers of the pRA brings this ratio their salaries and legal bonuses alone, secure incomes 20 and down to 1.:2. This is a concrete and uuprecedented implemen- more times greater than those of the workers, without tak- tation of the Marxlst-Leninist theses, a great reality of proleta- ing into account here what they get by other speculative meth- lian justice, which will be welcomed by all the working mas- odi. In the countries of the capitalist-revisionist world, where ses, cadres and intelligentsia, who see and conceive their own everything is subjected to the aim of ensuring maximum pro- wellbeing as linked with the general wellbeing of the people fits, the life of the working masses is becoming steadily worse, and inseparable from it. the rich are getting richer, and the poor poorer, The reduction of higher salaries, as well as the measures Of special importancc are the measures ervisaged in the being taken to do away with extra records on top of the basic decision to give a further stimulus to the economic, social and pay of people wolking in literature and art, education and cultural uplift of the peasantry. During his visit to the Korga scicnce, and to achieve a better harmony of material incentives district, comrade Enver Hoxha pointed out at his meetings with with moral incentives, to unify the pay of specialists working the working people and cadres: ,The working class sees in the in the same branch of the economy, to put into operation the peasantry its most faithful ally. Therefore it is of the opinion, system of assessment of the qualification of workers and spe- - and this is the opinion of the Party, - that the life of the cialists by means of cultnral-professional certification, together peasantry should be improved, its standard of living should be with ce1'tain adjustments in t1-re working people's pay system, raised. . . This is what the Party wants, and the working class, further revolutionise socialist relations in the field of distr.i- and the entire people are working for this.. The present mea- bution. They are an expression of the class treatment of the sures are a clear testimony to this great care. On the basis of problem of salaries, and the purpose of them is to revolutionise these measures from now on the wages of the workers of agri- the relations betleen the masses and the cadres, as well as culture and fruit-growing in the state farms will be raised, by the relations within the ranks of the cadres then:selves, from linking their rewards for their labour with the realisation of Bc3(28),1976 AIBANIA TODAY

the talgets of the production plan. The State will undertake to well as the State organs, tnust struggle to see that in all the defray the costs of outpatient clinics, consultation centres, ma- cooperatives, especially in the rrountainous and hilly coopera- ternity homes, kindergartens and creches in the villages just tives, which are not so econortically strong, the work will be as it does in the towns, as well as the payment of the person- organised better, and participation in work and incomes will nel of houses of culture in the centres of enlarged cooperati- be increased, by spreading the expclience of othet'cooperatives ves. The State will also provide the investments for the con- which have similar conditions, but which secure good incomes struction of schools, kindergartens and crdches in the villa- per rnember or per work day. Not only in many cooperatives ges, of houses of culture and health units in the centres of agri but also on a district scale, practice shows that when they work cultural cooperatives; the costs of montaining the internal net' well, the level of the incomes of the cooperativists has already work of electric and telephone lines in the villages' An impor' approached or equalled that of the workers. tant measure will be the raising of the proportion of pensions The measures which the decision envisages are an expres- to normal income among the cooperativists, unifying it with sion of the superiority of our socialist socio-economic order, of that of the working people of the town, the raising of the mi- the rapid and continuous development of our planned econo- nimum pension for cooperativists, the defraying from the Sta- my. These measures assume particular importance when we te Social fnsurance Funds of maternity leave payments for the compare the situation of our country with that in the capita- cooperativist women, for equalising the percentage of mater' list-revisionist countries. In socialist Albania, where the Party nity leave payments and child-birth benefit in town and coun- follows a correct revolutionary Marxist-Leninist policy, life de- tryside. Along with these measures, in the hil1y and mountai- velops normally, the economy advances by relying firmly on nous areas the state will provide increased finance from the its own forces and develops without knowing crises, unemploy- budget for the construction of irrigation projects, opening up, ment or price rises, and the general wellbeing of the people is levelling, draining and terracing new 1and, establishing new steadily increasing. And all these things are achieved through plantations of fruit-trees, vineyards and olive trees, and buying a fierce class struggle against internal and external enemies, draught animals, while the price of ammonium nitrate and against the blemishes and hangovers of the past and alien urea will be reduced by 9-15 per cent. ,inf luences in the consciorlsness of the working people, sma- For all these things and other measures in favour of the shing and defeating the attacks, allround pressures, blockades countryside, the State will spend from its budget over 140 mil- and encirclement of our country by the imperialists and mo- lion leks per year, a sum which greatly exceeds the biggest of dern revisionists. Such is our revolutionary reality. The oppo- the prices reductions that has been carried out in our country site is occurring in the capitalist-revisionist world. The deep- rn prevrous years. going economic and financial crisis, chaos, spontaneity and The decision of the Central Committee of the PLA and the anarchy are gnawing away at it like an uncontrollable ero- Council of Ministers of the PBA, with the very important mea- sion. The entire structure and superstructure of capitalist-re- sures it contains, is a new victory for all our industrious, pa- visionist world has been shaken to its foundations, it has triotic and revolutionary people, led by the Party with comra- badly lost its equilibrium and is sliding nonstop into inevitable de Envel Hoxha at the head, in the jubilee year of the 35th decline, making the situation of the working masses more and anniversary of the founding of our glorious Party, It demon- more serlous, strates the strength and vitaiity of our socialist order, of our Our realit5r knows, only the road of assent to great new State of the dictatorship of the proletariat. On this basis, a new, achievements. Here, industrial and agricultural production, the vcry important step is taker-r in the direction of the gradual total social product and national income, the fund of accumu- narrowing of differences between town and countryside, for lation and that of consurnption ale in constant growth. Within the further raising of the wellbeing of the entire people. On the last five 1,9615 total industrial production in our coun- this basis the proletarian consciousness of the working people is try increased 51 per cent, and agricultural production-3O per further tempered, the solidarity between them is strengthened, cent. The national income in 7975, as against that of 1960, the unity of the people and the militant atrliance of the wor- increased about 2,8 fo1d. It is precisely this general upsurge of king class and cooperativist peasantry under the leadership of our economy that has made it possible to take the measures the working class and its Party, which is the guarantee of all envisaged in the decision of the Central Committee of the PLA our victories, is made even stronger. and the Council of Ministers of the PBA. The working people of town and countryside welcome this The revolutionary social policy which our Party carries very important decisiorr with boundless joy and enthusiasm. out shows that it is only in the conditions of genuine socia- Correctly grasping the significance of the measures contained lism and when the principles of socialism are implemented in it, they will draw other revolutionary tasks, so that old and consistently that the general wellbeing of the whole people young swing into action and set to work with multiplied ener- can be steadily raised and their aspirations realised. The gics for even better organisation and further development of clearest indicator of this is the continuous increase of that our entire people's economy and culture, and in particular for parl of national income which goes to fulfil the individual the vigorous deveiopment of agriculture, livestock farming, and social needs of the broad working masses. In our country fruit-growing, etc, The Party eommittecs ald orga[isations, as his monthly pay is not ell ueal insqrne that the lYarking man ALBANIA TODAY 3 (281, 1976 j 9 receives from society, whoever he may be, whether a cadre because of this, the standard of living here knows only rises. or a simple working man: there is also a whole fund which The facts speak clearly: In 7975, as compared with 1970, the society outlays in favour of the individual through other real income per head of the population increased about 16 per channels. Thus, in 7975, as against 1960, the fund of con- cent. Q,uite the opposite is happening in capitalist and revi- sumption more than doubled, while that part of it which is sionist countries where living standards are falling continually. used to defray the costs of social and cultural measures, edu- Over the period 1970-1975 lhe cost of living in the USA in- cation, health, social insurance, increased 2,2 times. For fi- creased by 42,4 per cent, in Britain - 97,3 per cent, Italy - nancing these expenditures, which go 77,8 pet directly to the advan- cent, Greece - 89,2 per cent and Yugoslavia - 763 tage of the people, the State spends one quarter of its budget per cent. each year. On the average each family benefits to the extent The theory and practice of socialist construction have of about 4000 leks per year from the State expenditure on so- confirmed that the continuous improvement of the general cial and cultural measures. The measures which are being car- wellbeing of the working masses is achieved on the revolu- ried out now sti1l further increase these benefits and the tionary course of the increase of production of material bless- trend is for them to increase in the future. ings, of the alkound growth and steady development of the In socialist Albania, where there are no exploiting classes, economy, by carrying out the instruction of the Party: ,Pro- private property, and exploitation of man by man, that terrible duce more, more quickly, better and cheaper,. Therefore, in social evil, unemployment, has been eliminated. Our people the future too, the working masses of our country will ad- jobs are guaranteed and incomes, they are secure and opti- vance on this Marxist-Leninist course, the only correct course mistic about their present and future. In 7g75 the number of to raise the wellbeing of the people, which our Party has people employed in the State sector alone in our country had followed and continues to follow. This wellbeing is linked increased 2,5 times over 1g60, and on this basis the incomes with the raising of labour productivity on the state farms and of every family have increased and continue to do so. What agricultural cooperatives, with the increase of production in a great contrast with the situation of the working people in all sectors, with thc improvement of quality and reduction of capitalist and revisionist countries, where unemployment is costs, factors which lead to the reduction of prices of food- hanging over their heads like the sword of Democles! At this stuffs and industrial goods and to the creation of reserves in moment there are over 100 million people in these countries all direction and stiong organisation. The Party's work to edu- totally or partially unemployed. In capitalist Europe alone cate and convince people, as comrade Enver Hoxha teaches there are about 20 miilion such people, deprived of the ne-, us, must 1ead, and certainly will 1ead, to a further r1p- cessary means of livelihood. surge of the revolutionary drive of the masses, to the streng- But this is not all. The unbridled and unprecedented in- thening of their practical spirit and the spirit of ac- flation, which has invaded the entlre capitalist-revisionist tions. world, is rampant there. The prices of mass consumption goods The measures contained in the decision of the Central last year, as compared with those of 1970, have increased as Committee of the PLA and the Council of Ministers of the PRA follows: In the USA 140 percent, Britain 190,6 per cent, Italy are not measures of a technical and administrative character, 777,4 per cent, Greece 1.82,5 per cent, while in Yugoslavia they have a profound ideopolitical and social content. They 252,1 per cent. In the other revisionist countries, too, a similar have their national value, but they are also an important con- situation prevails. In socialist Albania there is complete eco- tribution to the treasury of Marxism-Leninism. They show that nomic stability. The market is regularly supplied with goods . our Party is carrying out systematic and revolutionary creative and the prices are stable. They do not rise; on the contrary, work in order to implement the principles of Marxism-Leni- a policy of reducing prices on the basis of the increase of pro- nism with courage and maturity. They express the desires and duction is followed, interests of the entire Party and people, of the working class, The gloomy picture of the reaiity of the ,consumer so- the cooperativist peasantry and our people's intelligentsia. In ciety, becomes sti1l more complete if we bear in mind also further revolutionising the life of our country, they will the other fact that in the structure of family incomes there, become a new source of inspiration and mobilisation for all 60 per cent of them go to pay house rent, rates and taxes, the working people of town and countryside. Let us march the consumption of electric power, insurance, medical expens- constantly forward under the banner of Marxism-Leninism, es and other things of this nature. under the leadership of the glorious Party of Labour with The working people of our country are the first in the comrade Enver Hoxha at the head, multiply our efforts and world who pay no taxes or levies. A worldng man's income pour out our energies in our work, let us realise the economic for 7-2 days work is sufficient to pay the house rent for one tasks better than ever and achieve new, greater victories in month. The charges for drinking water, light and other ser- all fields of the socialist construction and defence of the vices of this category are symbolic. Thus, almost all the in- country, for the prosperity and further strengthening of our comes of the working people of our country are available to beloved homeland, and go to the great jubilee of the 35th them to fulfill their needs for food, clothing and househokl anniversary of the founding of the Party as it befits our in- preeisely equipnent at stable or" downward moving prices. dustrious, valiant and rcvolutionary people I THE WORKER-PEASAilT COHTROL-AN IMPORTA]IT FACIOR FOR THE STRE]IGTHEilIT{G OF T}IE

SOCIALTST ORDER bYHEKURANISAI

weaknesses and shortcomings trN SOCIALIST ALBANIA THE WORKING CLASS IS THE LEADING CLASS OF correct the *I[,E an T,HE STATE AND SOCIETY. COMRADE ENVER HOXHA HAS POINTED OUT: that have shown uP in it to make it ARE A COUNTBY O THE DICTATORSHIP OF THE PROI.ETARIAT, LED BY THE ever more powerful means of revolu- PABTY OF LABOUR OT ALBANIA. THIS MEANS THAT THE WORKING Cf,ASS, WITH tionary education and action for the strict ITS PARTY AT THE HEAD, LEADS THE CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIALISM IN AI" implementation of the line of the Party, TIANCE WITH THE WORKING PEASANTRY-. TIIEREFORE, IT IS UP TO THE for: the realisation of alt tasks of the COOPERATIVIST WORKING CLASS, IN ALLIANCE AND TOGETHER WITH THE construction and defense of socialism in EXERCISE CONTROL EVERYWHERE, IN ALL THE SECTONS PEASANTRY, ALSO TO our country" .AND LINKS OF THE ACTIVITY AND LIFE OF OUR COUNTRY, OVER ANYONE AND EVERYTHING NOT ONLY THBOUGH ITS PARTY AND STATE, BUT ALSO DIRECTI.Y, The direct worker and peasant control fol the purpose of defending the victories * is a means of the dictatorship of the pro- oI the revolution and strengthening the so- The direct worker and peasant control letariat. It is a right and duty of the work- cialist order'* constitutes a major issue of principle ing class and the cooperativist peasantry, New light is shed on this major theo- which stems from the nature of the socia' which emanates from the mission they retical and practical problem by the de- list system. Therefore, the Party of La- haie, from the position they occupy and cision of the Political Bureau of the cc of bour of Albania has always shown special the role they play, under the direction of the PLA ,on the further strengthening of care to develop an ideologicat under- the party, in the socialist construction, for the direct worker and peasant control'. standing of this and to organise and guide the continuous development of the revo- Li this new special decision on the further the execise of this control on a broad lution. This control is sanctioned also in strengthening of the worker and peasant scale. In this matter, it proceeds from the Article 10 of the Draft-Constitution of the ccntrol the positive experience gained in of Marxism-Leninism, People's Socialist Republic of Albania, this field in Albania during these recent classical teachings the lessons with which the 32 years which says: uThe working class, as the years, is summed up, the ways to place it flom of positive experience of socialist Albania leading class of the society, as well as the on more organised basis are defined and in this field provide us and from the les' other working masses, exert direct and by means of profound Marxist-Leninist sons stemming from the negative expe- organized control over the activity of ideo-theoretical argument new horizons organisations and rience of the revisionist peaceful counter- state organs, economic and social orga- are opened to the Party class cooPera- revolution in the Soviet Union and a num- nisations and the working people in them, organs, the working and tivist peasantry, and they are assisted to ber of other countries. HEKURAN ISAI Membet oI the Poli- gain a better understanding of the neces- Marxism-Leninism teaches us and prac- Bureau and -Secretary the C C ot ticaT ol exercise this control, to tice has confirmed that the decisive role the P.L.A. sity for the of The direel worker ond peosonl conlrol constitutes o moior issue of principle which stems from the noture of lhe sociolist system qnd is of decisive procticol importonce to the fole of sociolism. Therefore, the Porty of Iobou] of Albonio is speciolly corelul [o develop on ideologieol understonding of this ond to orgonise ond guide the exercise ol this conlrol oR o brood scole

in history always belongs to the masses direct participation in running the country historical necessity which has at its foun- of the people. This is even more true of is the direct control by the working class dation the checking on the amount of socialist society, where the role of the and peasantry, in general the control work and consumptlon. Firmty based on masses is raised to a new higher level. exercised by the broad strata of working Marxism-Leninism, the PLA has always Comrade Enver Hoxha says: ,The masses people from below. ,The control by the rejected any kind of liberal or anarchist build socialism, the Party makes them broad masses of workers and peasants, by preachings and practices on socialism and conscious*, our entire people over the activity of the socialist democracy which lead to laxity, The qualitatively new role of the mas- organs and people of the state powerr, to paving the way to the degeneration of ses in socialist society is expressed in the says comrade Enver Hoxha, ,is one of the the socialist order and, in the final ana- fact that, under the leadership of the pro- most important conditions for the fur- 11,'sis, to the liquidation of the dictatorship letarian party, they build socialism ther strengthening and democratisation of of the proletariat and the restoration of consciously, with their own hands and for the people's state power and to fight bu- capitalism. *Accounting and check-up,, themselves, and participate actively and reaucracy successfully.. , By strengthening wrote V.I. Lenin after the October Revo- directly in solving social and state pro- the control by the masses from below over lution, -... accountig and check-up eve- blems, in running the country. The Party the activity of the organs of state power rywhere, total and universal, - account- of Labour of Albania rggards this parti- and their apparatus, by increasing the ing and check-up on the quality of work cipation, which as the 6th Congress point- participation of the people in running the and the distribution of products - this i,s ed out, constitutes the main direction of ccuntry, and constantly developing socia- the essence of socialist transformation the deepening of socialist democracy in list democracy, we shal1 cut off any sour- norv that the political domination of the action, not only as a right of the working ce which arouses bureaucracy, we shall proletariat has become established and people liberated from oppression and ex- bar the way to any manifestation of the securen. we must check trp on people and plcitation who have the state power in birth of revisionism and to any possibi check-up on whetherr the task is trtily car- their hands, but also as an historical ne- lity of the restoration of capitalism in our tied out. It is on this, I repeat, on this cessity for the ceaseless advance of the country, and we shall further strengthen and this alone, that the whole essence of revolution and socialist construction bar- and democratize our people's state power, our rvork, of our entire policy now rests,, ring the way to all dangers which threa- the most powerful weapon in our hands (\r. L Lenin. Works, vo7. 26, p. 453 and ten the dictatorship of the proletariat, for the complete construction of socialist vol. 33 p. 245). One of the most vivid expressions of scciety and for the defence of the home- This necessity is connected with the this qualitatively new role of the masses 1and". fact that socialism constitutes the transi- of the people in socialism and of their Proletarian control in socialism is an tion period in passing from capitalism to 12.3(281,1976 . ALBANIA TODAY

classless comnunist society, therefore, tra- amending that which is not justified by ces and influences of capitalism are ine- praolice or u,hich has been left behind by vitably preselved in it, which are nu!- life, of finding new ways and means of tured by the remnants of the oventhrown solving problems, this constitutes a law exploiting classes, by the various enemies of the socialist revolution which, as of socialist order, as well as by the con- Karl Marx said, is invincible because it tinuous pressure of the capitalist world, continually criticises itself- (Enver Hoxha, Consequently, a life and death class Report to the VI Congress of the PLA). sr:ruggle goes on incessantly in socialism Second, the necessity for the control of between the two roads-socialist and capi- the masses from below also stems frorn talist, between us and the enemies and in the great historical lesson of the Paris the ranks of the people. Therefore, without Commune, according to which u. . .In or- a sound and rigorous proletarian control der to avoid losing its newly-won domi- to stop, discover and violently suppress nation, the working class must, on the one any hostile activity, to prevent and eradi- hand, completely destroy the o1d oppres- cate any kind of alien influence and nega- sive machine, which has been used against tive phenomenon, it is impossible to ensure it, and, on the other hand, must ensure the complete and final victory of the socia- itself from its deputies and officials, ,must list road or to ensure the oonstruction of take measuresn against the transforma- socialism and communism at rapid rates. tion of the state and state organs from This proletarian control in socialism is servants of society into masters of so- exercised, in the first place, by the revo- ciety- (K, Marx - F, Engels, selected lutionary Party of the working class and Works, vo1. I, p. 453 and 454). Ahe danger by the state of the dictatorship of the pro- of which K, Marx and F, Engels spoke iu letariat. But control from above alone is summing up the historical experience of insufficient. Along 'rvith it, the direct con- the Paris Commune became a reality in trol of the working class and the other the Soviet Union, where, after the death u,orking masses fro'm below is also ne- of J.V. Stalin, the dictatorship of the pro- cessary, because: letariat was liquidated and degenerated First, only with a combined co,ntrol into a new bourgeois and social-fascist from above and below it is possible to dictatorship, as a result of the revisionist discover, attack, and eradicate the short- peaceful counterrevolution carried out by comings and negative manifestations, only the renegade group of N. Khruschev with u'ith such a control, as J.V. Stalin pointed the support of a whole stratum of bureau- ont, is there a greater guarantee that there cratized, privileged leading cadres, divorc- urill be no surprise developments, that ne- ed from the people and their life, rvho gative manifestations will be caught in did not have the feeling of the class and time and the necessary measures taken the class struggle, who were inspired by for thei:: elimination. This control by the bourgeois ideology and the bourgeois way rnasses from below is necessary especially of life and who stood outside the control fol the verification in practice of the cor- ot' the masses, rectness of the decisions and directives of ,Now in the Sovie'l Union it is no lon- the Party and the state for the continuous ger the working class in power but the revolutionarisation of the life of the coun- new revisionist bourgeoisie. Therefole, try. Comrade Enver Hoxha gives us a there can be no talk of worker control gleat lesson on this when he stresses that there. The state and the party there have ,Firnr reliance on the masses is especially been transformed into tools in the hands impo::tant for the verification of the cor- of the revisionists to defend and conso- 1'ectness of decisions in the living pradi- licjate their political and economic domi ce of 1ife. The continuous verification, the nation precisely over the working class ccntinual critical and self-critical reexa- and the working masses. The socialist and n:ination of all the previous work and communist disguises which the Soviet re- experience in all spheres of activity, for visionists put on their party and state the pulpose of preserving and developing are only to deceive people. As a matter that rvhich stands on a sound basis ot faci'., the working class and the broad AI.BANIA TODAY 3 (28), 1976 e t3

working [Iasses in the Soviet Union and this reason, and having in mind the vital ing, strengthening, and perfecting its in other revisionist countries are oppress- importance of this control for the cause of leadership in the direct r'vorker and pea- eC. and exploited in the same way as in socialism in Albania, the decision of the sant control. Following the 5th Congress the capitalist countries. Political Bureau of the CC of the Party of the PLA the 10th Plenum of the CC A similar situation is also in Yugosla- reaffirmed that this contuol must be guid- of the PLA y,hich dealt in particular u,ith via. The Yugoslav revisionists claim that ed directly by the Patty. It points out that the problem of the wolker control, st1'ess= under their {system of self-adminlstration, the leadership of the PLA, the revolu- ed that the direct control by the rvorking the true lole of the working man and tionary vanguard of the working class of class is not and ca,nnot be a spontaneous the rvorhing class in generai is allegedly Albania, canstitutes the number one con- and ar:bitrary ccntrol on whose behalf affirmed, pretending that it self-administers dition for,ihe realisation on the right road anyone can commit abuses; that il can- the means of produciion, manages the eco- of the r'vorker and peasant control, ."vhich not and must not be left in the hands of nomy and makes the distribution of so- is not a spontaneous and anarchic action, the Trade Unions alone as a matter which cial product. In fact quite the opposite but an organised control, at the founda- belongs to them alone; that in the first occurs. The dismemberment of the state tion of which is the implementation and place, it is a party problem, therefore the property and the negation of the leading defence of the norms, laws, and rules Par:ty itself must take it in hand and it role of the socialist state is the dismem- established by the Party and the state of must be appreciated as one of the most berment of the rvorking c1ass, the nega- the dictatorship of the proletariat. impor,iairt problems of the Party branches tion of its leading role in the life of so- This is a matter of profound, theo::etical and members. In the decision of the Poli- ciety. In these conditions the rvorking and practical principle. The PLA has ex- tical Bureau of the CC of the PLA on thls class not only is unable to lead and con- posed and refuted the revisionist preach- issue, clear guide-1lnes are given as to hotv trol, but is also unable to act as a class, ings of the liberal-anarchist type about the leadership by the Party of the woyker ii is unable to express and defend its the role of the ri,orking class and its con- and peasant cJntrol can be realised bet- interests. It has been transformed from a trol in socialist society, rvhich treat this ter in pracbice, beginning from the olga- leading class into a class rvhich is op- control as something spontaneous, r,vhich nisation of it, the programming of i,ts acti- pressed and exploited by the bourgeoisie. excludes the leadelship of the proletarian vity, and insti'ucting it dor,vn to the exer- Third, the positive experience of the party and ivhich is crunterposed to the cise of it in practice. sccialist construction Albania shows in socialist state. The PLA and comrade The r'vorker and peasanl control groups that the active pa-.-ticipation the work- of Enver Hoxha have pointed out that not are set up under the party branches or ing class and the broad rvorking masses only is the worker and peasant control the Party bureaus in the rvork centres, ir.., country, running the especially their rot ccunterposed to the levolutionary agricultulal cooperatives, and military direct control from belorv, also constitutes party of the working class and the prole- units, u,hereas in districts, regions and one of the most effective means and a tarian state, but that it is a porverful wea- big military units they are set up under necessary condition for their revolu- pon in the hands of the party and the tLre respective Party committees. In tiris tionary education, "to make the rvorking dictatorship of the p::oletariat to carry rvay, the Party takes in hand the practi- people ever more conscious of the fact the revolution and sccialis'i construction cal direct organisation of rihe worker and that they, themselves, are the all-powerful constantiy fonvard to its complete and fi- peasant control groups. Likewise, in this, masters of the counti'y, u,ho must have nal victory, because the party itself and ae in everything else, the organisations their decisive say about everything, the state of the dictatorship of the pro- and leading organs of the Party have the (Enver Hoxha, Report to the VI Congress letariat, for their part, are nothing but duty of regularly planning the issues and of the PLA). On the contrary, as the ne- r','eapons in the hands of the r,r,orking cbjects which must be subjected to the gative experience of the birth and advent class for the realisation of this objective. rvorkeL and peasant control and, from to power of revisionism in the Soviet In this matter, as in everything else, the time to time, of making various analyses Union shorvs, diverting the rvorking class dialectical connection and inter-action of devoted to its activity. and the ivorking masses from rlheir con- party-state-ciass-masses find'thelr imple- Of course problems emerge in this trol and direct participation in running mentation. This is hor'r, the teachings of r hich require attention and care so that the country, causes them to become indi- comrade Enver Hoxha that ,c1ass control they are understood and realised correctly ferent and poiitically apathetic, which is lneans that the rvorking class should rise in practice. For example, lvhile the worker fraught rvith extremely dangelous conse- and assist its party in the implementation and peasant control groups are set up only quences for the fate of the socialist order. of a direcbive it has issued,, that .the under the organisa'iions and forums of class coutrol sees to the carrying out of the Party and function under their gui. * bhe directive of the party, ensures its cor- dance, it is necessary that before the rect implementation', rnust be understood Party organisations and committees plan The suc:ess of the worker and peasant and implemented correc[1y. the issues and objects rvhich rvill be control depends, in the first place and The Party of Labour of Albania has subjected to the rvorker and peasant con- above all, on its correct leadership. For continually stressed the question of ensur- tro1, ,they rnr-rst hold consultations ivith the 14o3(28),1976 ALBANIA TODAY various state and economic organs and the * rade Enver Hoxha has said, ,there are mass organisations, because these, too, some people in the Party, in the organs may have opinions and suggestions that One of the fundamental factors which of state power and in leading positions in direct worker and peasant control should makes the direcf worker and peasant con- the agricultural cooperatives who feel be exercised on definite problems in this tlol a porverful and effective means in the themselves answerable for their wolk or that link of their activity. Liker,vise, struggle for the strict application of the and behaviour oniy to those in positions since the worker and peasant control line, directives, and declsions of the Par- superior to them and who forget that they groups report on their ,activity, on the ty, for the preservation of them and of are answerable for everything first to the measures taken, and on the problems our socialist order in general from any people and the mass of the party, because u,hich emerge from the control, to the re- bureaucratic-liberal distortion or deforma- both those superior to them and the elec- levant organisations and organs of the tion, is the exercise of this control without ted organs of the party and the state po- Party which have sent them for control, any limitation, including all fields of so- wer are answerable, in the first place, to it is incumbent on these organisations cial and state life without exception, exer- the people, to the mass of the party. The- and organs to draw lessons, conclusions cising it both within and outside the cen- refore, in order to eradicate such unheal- and duties for themselves and the state tres of work, production and agricultural thy views from these people, we must and economic organs and the mass orga- cooperatives, over everybody and every- place them under the control of the peo- nisations, as well as to follorv up the car- thing. The clearest synthesis of the unli- ple and the party. This is the only way to rying through to the end of the problems m.ited character of this control was defi- cure them, (Enver Hoxha, Letter addres- raised by the rvorker and peas-ant control. ned by the 6th Congress of the PLA which sed to the assembly of the old men of Ku- And it is obvious that such a qualified stressed that it is a control ,over the kes, the newspaper ,Zeri i Popuilit,, Fe- and practical leadership of the worker entire activity of the organs and organisa- bruary 75, 7967). and peasant contlol cannot be achieved tions of the Party, the state and the eco- In struggle to extend the sphere of by just one or t\\,o persons of the leader- nomy, of the apparatus and cadres, rvhich action of the worl

cleative intelligentsia, the officers in the a monthly and quarterly plan, approved army, etc., from participation in the wor- b;r-. the relevant organisation or organ of ker and peasant control groups, is based the Party, as well as surprise checks on on the conclusions of V.I. Lenin and J.V. problems wl-rich ernerge within these pe- Stalin ar-rd on the revolutionary experience liods. As a rule, these are sudden and of the PLA which teach us that the parti operative controls. cipation of officials in the worker and Being a social activity, the worker and peasant control would cause it to lose its peasant control is carried out mainly in chalacter of the direct control of the mas- spare time so as not to divert people from ses flom beiow over the administrations production, rvhile the success of its acti- and managers, while plecisely this con- vity depends greatly on horv the group trol of the masses from belor'v-upwards sent to carry out the check-up organises constitutes the fundamental aspect of the its work. Here it is a matter, particularly, lvorker and peasant control to combat of to what extent and how it relies on the and avoid the bureaucratic degeneration ra,orking collective where the control is which threatens the dictatorship of the carried out, how it builds its relations with proletariat. the state or economic leading organs, to It is important also to understand and what extent and how these organs make implement correctly the directive that in all the necessary information and docu- the composition of the worker and pea- mentation available to the worker and sant control groups there should be a peasant control and, finally, how it draws fair combination between the party and its conclusions and how it lays down the non-party partlcipants, and between men tasks. The thing is that everybody, both and women, aiming especially at the more those who are carrying out the control and and more active and extensive drawing in those who are controlled must put them- selves positions which are helpful to oi women, as well as combination of ages, in the examination of the issue, to the tak- so that, along with workers and coope- ing of measures to improve the work and rativists of long experience, including pen- the implementation of the orientations sioners, rnany young men and women and directives of the Party. Since these wili be drawn in, too. are the aims of the worker and peasant In the efforts to increase the quality of control, the results of the work it carries the direct worker and peasant control out, the conclusions it draws, the recom- cornprehensive work must be done for the mandations it makes, and the tasks it de- general education and concrete training fines, it puts before the working collec- of the participants in the groups so that tive of the work centre, cooperative, ins- they have a tholough knowledge the of titution, or military unit in which it exer- line, orientations, directives and decisions cises the control, keeping proper doolmen- of the Party, the Constitution, the laws, tation in all this, in which the conclusions and the othcr most important dispqsitions reached, the responsibilities of-each indi- of the state, and of the economic policy of vidual and the measures to be taken are the Palty and the State, etc. of course the clearly leflected. nrany-sided day to day work of the Party, It should be pointed out that the task the State, and the mass organisations, etc., of the worker and peasant control is not serves such an edtrcation and preparation nrerely to observe this or that shortcom- of the entile people. Whereas, concerning ing, weakness, irregularity, etc., but is in the rvorker and peasant control groups it particular to take measures on the spot to ili a matter of special, organised and pro- clear up the situation, or, when there are grammed preparation of the members of things which do not depend on it, to come these groups to give them the expert out with concrete proposals for the mea- knowledge and ability to exercise the con- sures to be taken, to lay down the clea- trol with highest possible quality and com- rest and most concrete, understandable plete competence. and controllable tasks, and possibly, with The worker and peasant control groups definite time limits. The direct worker and carry out their check-up on the basis of peasant control is vested with competen- ALBANIA TODAY 3 (281, 1976 e 11

ces. It has been given the right to order tinually made this problem ciear. The 10th The decision of the Political Bureau of the immediate correction of actions which Plenum of the Central Committee following the Central Committee of the PLA points are contrary to the laws, dispositions and the 5th Congress of the Party pointed out out that uthe strengthening of the worker ordinances in force issued by the State, to that ,there is one and not two or three and peasant control, putting it on a more the Constitution or the instructions of the controls. This is the control of the work- organised basis, and the vesting it with Party, etc., as well as the right to take or ing class in power, rvhich is realised in competences, should not lead to ignoring, to suggest the taking of administrative various ways and forms, from above and avoidance and replacement of the state neasures, up to the suspension from their from below, under the leadership of the control. On the contraty, the latter must functions, against persons who violate the Party. All the forms of control in coun- our cal'ry out its duties fu11y and through to laws of the State, the instructions of the try are in essence one single oontrol, work- the end, according to the competences Party, etc. If there are differences of opi- ing class control. Therefore, there is no given to it, and must be made as effective nion with regard to the conclusions of the room for any counterposing of the direct as possible. The state control will exist as control, between the group which exer- working class control from below to its long as the state itself exists, and the task cises the control and the collective, the control from above through the Party and which the Party is now laying down is, Party organisation, and the managers of the proletarian state,. not the weakening, but the further streng- the centre where the control is exercised, While the decision of the political Bu- thening and perfecting of this control. ,Li- the matter is referred to the organ which reau of the CC of the PLA lays down the kewise, the decision requires has sent the worker and peasant control necessity for the strengthening, further that the or- ganisation of the worker peasant group, for decision on what further action perfecting and placing the direct worker and con- tlol in permanent groups should be taken. It is up to this organ, and peasant control on a more organised must be associa- ted also too, to take all the necessary practical basis, it must in no way be thought that with the other forms of the con- trol by the measures to carry things through to their now we no longer need the other forms masses from below, such as the control conclusion, to provide solutions for them, of control, nor that the other forms of con- through the development of cri- and follows up their implementation. trol are perfect and need not be strengthe- ticism and self-criticism, the control thro- ned, enlivened, and developed further. ugh the rendering of account from the leading * The control over people's work accord- organs and cadres before the mas- ses, the control through ing to the principle of "trust and check- the active partici The worker and peasant control does up, constitutes the most reliable and fai- pation of the working people in the dis- not eleminate other forms of control in so- rest standard for judging each one's worth, cussion, working out, and solution of the cialist society. particularly of the leading organs and ca- problems of socialist construction, etc., Although it dwells mainly on the pro- dres whether elected or appointed. The which must become more and more lively, blems of the further strengthening of the sounder this basic control, the better and profound and perfected, and must not be direct worker and peasant control, the de- more effective all the various forms of under-rated, weakened, and emasculated. cision of the Political Bureau of the CC control which are carried out in our State in order to preserve correct proportions of the PLA in no way eliminates the other and our socialist society will be. This between the direct worker and peasant kinds and forms proletarian of the con- means that a great and continuous work control and other forms of control, par- trol in our socialist socieby, and deals with must be done to implant in all the com- ticularly the specialised state control, their the question of the relati,onship of this con- munists and all the working people the actions are coordinated, so as to avoid trol with the state control and with the sound revolntionary spirit to check-up on unnecessary parallelism. In performing other forms of the control by the masses one's self and one's comrade, combatting its functions, the state control relies hea- from be,trow. any manifestation indifference of and of vily on the worker and peasant control The proletarian control, which is exer- standing aside as an onlooker, as an alien but, on the other hand, any tendency to cised in our socialist society, includes three and extremely dangerous phenomenon; place the direct worker and peasant con- kinds of fundamental controls; the party and seeing everything from the angle of trol under the tutelage of the state con- control, which stands above everything; the interest of society as a whole. This trol and make it an appendage to it, under the general and specialised state control; means, likewise, that the organised social the disguise of collaboration and coordi- the direct control by the working masses and state control must be strengthened nation of the work, is combatted, for such from below in various forms, in which sti11 further, with all the Party, State an action the direct worker and peasant control is and social organs, as well as the elect- would mean that the direct wor- decisive. All these constitute one single, ed representatives of the people fully ker and peasant control would lose its decisive, and undivided control, which ser- performing the controlling functions whioh aim as a control of the masses from below, ves the cause of the complete construc- belong to them. In particular, the State which is exercised over the administra- tion of socialist society and bars the way control, both the general and the specia- tions, the apparatus and leading cadres, to the danger of turning back, the resto- lised control, should be further strengthe- over every one, in a uniform and decisive ration of capitalism. The party has con- ned. manner. A DOCUMETT OF EXT FOR THE PRESENT 0F s0clAilsM

As we haue announced, the Scientitic Conlercnce lor the problems oI the Constitution oI the PSR ol Alba- nia was held in Titana in mid-February this year. This Conterence, which utas organised by the lnstitute oI Mar- xist-Leninist Studies under the Central Committee of the Party, the Academy ol Sciences of the PR ol Albania and the Uniuersity of Titana, analysed the Iundamental ideas and pilnciples oI the dralt-Constitution of the Peo- ple's Socialist Republic oI Albania. The Conlerence proceedings utere ualuable to the gteat populu discussion on the dralt Constitution, which continued more than two months throughout the country. ln the preuious issue we published a sumtnary of the 5 main papets oI the Conlerence, while in the present issue we arc publishing some oI the communications deliuered there.

The leoding role of the PtA in the system of the dictotorship of the proletoriot by FIQRET SHEHU

THE YEAR OF THE 35TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE FOUNDING OF THE PLA, already become a reality of the lif e of THE ARCHITECT OF ALL THE GLONIOUS HISTORIC VICTOBIES ACHIEVED BY OUR our society, to juridical-constitutional PEOPLE IN THESE NECENT DECADES, WILL ALWAYS BE NEMEMBERED AS THE YEAR norms. OF A GREAT EVENT -THE DRAFTING OF THE SECOND CONSTITUTION OF OUR In this context, of special importance is THE PNOLETARIAT" STATE OE THE DICTATORSIIN OF the establishment as a constituent norm As a component part of the socialist su- The definition given in the draft of the of the Marxist-Leninist principle about the perstructure, of so important an element new Constitution about the essence of the necessity for the Party of the working of it as the law, our new Constitution must state as a state of the dictatorship of the class to play the leading role in socialism, express, as it does in fact, the will, the aims proletariat, the direct sanctioning in it of which is a fundamental condition for the and objectives of the working class, rvhich the undivided leading role of the PLA in existence of the dictatorship of the prole- is the dominant class of our society, whose the system of the dictatorship of the prole- tariat and for the construction of class- supreme ideal is to ensure the final vic- tariat, the statement that Marxism-Leninism, less society. This basic principle, this ge- tory of the socialist road over the capita- the revolutionary ideology of the working neral law of scientific socialism, which is list road, the complete construction of so- class and its Party is the dominant ideo- a concentrated expression of the leading cialism, and finally communism, in our logy in our socialist state, the clear stress country, while the most powerful and on the hegemonic role of the working role of the working class and its ideo- logy, finds its expression not only in one absoluLely essential weapon for the reali- class -- are some of the fundamental consti- of the first articles of the draft-Constitu- sation of this ideal is its state, the dicta- tutional points which reflect without equi- tion, which clearly proclaims and sanc- tcrship of the proletariat. which must be vocation the profondly proletarian class tions that Party of Labour of Albania, led by its Party, the PLA. character of the new Constitution, and "the comprise an elevation of those political the vanguard of the working class, is the FIORET SHEHU membet ol the CC ot and ideological norms of our revolutionary only leading political force of the state the PLA, ditectot- the ,V.L Lenin, ol also series of other Higher Paily School. Party and our socialist State, which have and society*, but in a RAORDINARY YATUE AilD THE FUTURE N AIBA]{IA

articles. This fundamental principle runs ship of the proletariat has exceptional rian party is essential: until the class- through the entire content of the new theoretical and practical importance, not less society has been built and all the Constitution. only nationally but also internationally. essential differences between people of The ra,hole draft-Constitution has been The present historical epoch has put a mental work and physical work, between constructed entirely on the ideological ba- series of important problems before the town and countryside, have been elimi sis of Marxism-Leninism and the general Marxist-Leninists. But, in the final analy- nated; until all the conditions and cau- line of our Party, on the basis of the sis, the struggle is centred on the ques- ses, objective and subjective, internal and pl'ecepts of the classical teachers of tion of the dictatorship of the proleta- external, for the birth of revisionism and Marxism-Leninism, the PLA, and comrade riat, which is the key problem of the so- the restoration of capitalism in a socia- Enver Hoxha, about the state of the dic- cialist revolution and remains such until lisl country have been finally eliminated; tatorship of the proletariat and the work- the complete triumph of communism on a thus, until communism has achieved its ing class party. Thus, on the one hand, world scale. But Marxism-Leninism teaches complete and final triumph. the draft of the new Constitution embo- us that the dictatorship of the proletariat This necessity is determined by many dies the positive experience of our Party can be realised, can serve as a weapon factors, but it is neither possible nor ne- about the dictatorship of the proletariat, for the construction of the socialist and cessary to analyse all of them here. The which is an incontestable affirmation of communist society, and can be complete, main thing is that during this whole pe- the Marxist-Leninist truth that the socia- only if it is led by the political party of the riod the law of class struggle continues list order, like the socialist revolution, working class, the communist party, which to operate, the class struggle continues can be realised only under the leadership does not, and must not, share the leader- fiercely, in an allround and complex way oI a political party of the working class, ship with other parties or anyone else. on all fronts, the struggle between the and precisely of the Communist Party, Historical experience has fully confirm- two roads-socialist and capitalist-conti- rvhich is guided in all its activity by the ed this Marxist-Leninist teaching, which nues, a[d, on this basis, there are two op- proletarian ideology. On the other hand, stems from the fact that the communist posite possibilities of development: the it gives juridical sanction to the necessity party is the vanguard of the working possibility of the progressive develop- for the Party to exercise its leading role class, such a vanguard which, concentrat- nrent of society, in conformity with its in all sectors of the life of the country, ing the revolutionary energy of the most objective laws, of socialist society pro- - of the economic basis and the super- revoiutionary class in its ranks, is capable gressing towards communism, as well as structure -- which has the aim of produ- of leading the class and all the masses the possibility of a regressive process, of cing a juridical guarantee of the continuity in the struggle for the seizure of state its turning back, to capitalism. of our socialist road and its complete and power, as $/ell as of taking them to so- Only the revolutionary party of the final victory over the capitalist road. cialism, of organising and directing the working class, which has as its ultimate In the present conditions, when the So- new order, of teaching and leading all objective the building of communism, is viet, Yugoslav, Togliattist, French and the working people in the organisation of determined and able to carry the cause all. other revisionists have unscrupulously the new life, without oppressors and ex- of socialism constantly forward and avert distorted, in the most diverse ways, such ploiters. Historical experience has com- the possibility of a turning back to ca- cardinal problems of Marxism-Leninism, pletely proven also, that the undivided pitalism. And this, apart from other things, as the dictatorship of the proletariat and leading role of the revolutionary party of because only the revolutionary party of thc leading role of the working class party the working class, which is the directing the working class, which is guided by in the revolution and socialist construc- staff of the working class in the struggle the most progressive and most revolutio- tion, the proclaiming in the draft-Consti- for socialism and communism, is es- nary theory - Marxism-Leninism - is in tution of the indivisible leading role of sential for just as long as the existence a position to recognize and to appreciate the PLA under the system of the dictator- of the proletarian state and the proleta- properly both the positive elements and 20o3(28),1976 ALBANIA TODAY factors, rvl-rlch help in the realisation of the Palty from the exercise of its lole it could not fail to do, to the changing tl.lc revolutionary aims, and those fac- in different scctor"s and in the most irr of thc character of the economic basis, tors, objectivc and subjective, rvhich portant and delicate spheres of the life too, as rvcll as frorn the revolutionary could thleaten this realisation and which, of the country, to liberalise and bureau- experience of our country, the PLA and irr the conditions of the dictatorship of cratise the Party, to liberalise and revise its leader, cotnrade Envel Hoxha, have the proletariat, not only inhibit and hinder its Marxist-Leninist line, with a view to drawn important theoretical conclusions the process of the development of thc bringing about the degeneration of the and have defined directives and guidc- socialist socie[y, but even become causc Party and the dictatorship of the prole- lines of greal value for our revolutionary for its turning back to capitalism. As the tariat which it 1eads, to changing their practice in connection with the funda- party of the working class which ex- proletalian class character and making mcntal fleasures to ensure the continuity plesses and defends thc intelests of this them tools for their counterrevolutionary oJ. oul socialist course, to avert thc dan- class and its al1y, the cooperativist pea- aims. And the result of the consistent ger of the birth of revisionism in the sa.ntly, as well as of all the working mas- cxercise of the leading lole of the Party Palty itself and in our society, and to ses, the Marxist-Leninist party by means in our State and in our society, the re- cnsure the defence of the socialist state oI the dictatorship of the proletariat, en- sult of the struggle against manifestations from the external and internal enemies. courages and develops, the positive e1e- of liberalism and bureaucracy in the Palty Among the most important theoretical ments and factors, and restricts and fights and the measures for the continuous re- conclusions which our Party and comrade the negative f actors, i.e. takes the mea- volutionisation of the Partv from top to Enver Hoxha have drawn in connection sul'es necessary to consolidate and ad- bottom as well as of the loyal adherance with the leading role of the Party in so- vance socialism and avert the danger of of our Party to all the principles of cialism we can mention the following: the restoratioll of capitalism, either as a Marxism-Lenir-rism, is the continuous de- ,,Without the Marxist-Leninist party in the lesult of the degeneration of the socialist veiopment of socialism in Albania, avert- leadership of the working class the dicta- order frorn within, thlough thc birih of re- ing the birth of revisionism and the rcs- torship of the proletariat cannot exist, visionisrn, or as a result of aggression by tcration of capitalism in our country. and socialism cannot be built,r) "With the external enemies, who coordinate their acti- But historical experience shows, also, development and consolidation of socia- vity with that of the internal cnemies. that even thotrgtr it may have served for lism the leading role of the party not One cannot escape the dialectic of his- a period as a conscious vanguald and only does not become weaker, but on the tery. And the historical events of these guiding staff of the rvorkilg c1ass, and contrary, it grows steadily stronger and recent decades have conf irn-red lvith the rnay have 1ed the class in revolution and rnore perfecte4,':) ; with the ever more force of many facts the correctness of the socialist cons'.ruction, if a communist active participation of the masses in the Marxist-Leninist teachings about the ne- Party dces not implement to the letter socialist construction of tl-re country, in cessity for the leading roie of the party the Leninist principles on the structurc social, economic and state 1ife, the raising ot' the working class and its ideology in of the party and its norms, which make of the leading, educative and organising socialism. Experience shows that, if the lhe party n-rilitant, vigorous and truly a lole of the party to a higher 1evel and communist party is truly a revolutionary vanguard of the rvorking class, it may tbe strengthening of proletarian ideology party of the working class, the Ioya1 van- be caught off guard by a revisionist trai- in the entire life of the country becomes guard of the working class, if it imple- tor clique, comprised of bourgeoisified essential. In our socialist sooiety ,the ments to the letter the Marxist-Leninist cadres, that usurps the leadership of the v;orking class and its party have the hc- teachings about the fundamental features party and the state and works for the gemony and allow no duality in anything. of the party of the ncw type, as well as complete degeneration of the party and Quite another thing are the means they its norms, if it preserves intact and the dictatorship of the proletariat, which use to achieve their strategy, which is ceaselessly strengthens its undivided ale gradually transformed into a bour- the building of socialism and commu- leading role in ihe socialist state and in geois party and a bourgeois dictatorship nism3); in the conditions of the dietator- the entire system of the dictatorship of and undertake the transformation of the sbip of the proletariat the class struggle the proletariat, then the cause of socia- enti::e social order, through the ,peaceful" must be continued consistently, in all its lism is carried steadily ahead. This is countelrevolution. As is known, this is what forurs, on all fronts and sectors, even in r.r'hat has happened in our countly, where happened in the Soviet Union and in somc the ranks of the people, and this struggle the Party has always pursued a correct other former socialist countries, in which must be led by the party, etc., etc. All Marxist-Leninist 1ine, has never aliowed capitalism has now been fully restored. these ideas about the necessity for the itself to be displaced from the leading From the regressive phenomenon of leading role of the Marxist-Leninist party ro1e, and has defeated all the internal the birth of revisionism and the restora- during the entire historical period of the enemies-behind whom there havc always tion of capitalism in the Soviet Union, transition from capitalism to full com- stood the external enemies-who, with a1l from the process of the degeneration of nrunism, as well as the measures carried sorts of tactics, have tried to undermine the party and the dictatorship of the pro- out in our country on the basis of these the teading role of the Farty, to divert letariat in these eauntries, whieh 1ed as rdeas, the aim qf whieh is the eonssli' ALBANIA TODAY 3 (281, 1976 . 21

dation of our dictatorship of the prole- nor to the historical reality. In fact, the Partlr sn the lips of this clique has a tariat, the continuous advance of socialist Party in power in the Soviet Union today thoroughly reactionary content: it means construction depriving internal enemies is not a party of the working class, but political control by the leading group of who may emerge of any possibility of a party of the new bureaucratic bour- the new Soviet bourgeoisie over the undermining the leading role of the party geoisie, which is ilcommunisttr only in broad masses of the working people and in our state and society, or causing de- name. But Marxism-Leninism teaches us, a1l the peoples of the Soviet Union, and generation of the party, find full reflec- and historical experience convinces us, the "centralism, it advocates serves the tion in the articles of the draft of the that political parties must be judget not further centralisation of the political, eco- new Constitution. And this is a direct and on the basis of the names and labels they nonr,ic and military porver in the hands of open rebuff to those perversions, distor- bear, but on the basis of their deeds. the usurper clique which is now ruling in tions and falsifications which the modern uWhether a party is or is not really a wor- the Soviet Union, and means further oppres- revisionists commit, in theory and practi- ker political party,, said V. L Lenin sion and pressure on the working masses. ce, against the Marxist-Leninist tea- 55 years ago, ,this depends. .. on who In exposing and stigmatising this cha- chings on the role of the party in the leads it and what is the content of its po- racteristic of the anti-proTetarian, anti- conditions of the dictatorship of the pro- litical actions and tactics. This alone is socialist activity of the Soviet and Yugo- letariat, particularly in the .phase of the what determines whether we have to do slav revisionists, which is characteristic building of a developed socialist society,, in fact with a political party of the pro- also of all other revisionists in power, when, according to them, the Party of letariat-/,). f,ife, practice, has shown that who, under Marxist-Leninist and commu- the working class is transformed into a the name comnunist party can be used, nist disguises destroyed socialism in their .party of the entire peop1e,, thus, into and is used, both by the Marxist-Leninists countries and under the same disguises a 'non-class* Party, a Party "a!6yg-gl6s- and by the revisionists. However, the issue are continuing their course of betrayal ses,. Whereas, as Marxism-Leninism tea- is not one of the name, but of the es- of the cause of the working class, our ches us and as life has shown, there never sence, not of the form, but of the content. Party has stressed that it is policy, lea- was, is not, and never can be any such When the Yugoslav revisionist betrayed dership by means of a correct line and thing as a non-class or above-class poli- Marxism-Leninism, undertook the resto- policy, based on Marxism-Leninism, i.e. po- tical party, because a political party, like ration of capitalism, and spread their theo- licy that serves ' [he working class that is the state, is a weapon of the class struggle ries which negated the leading role of decissive. Therefore, comrade Enver Hoxha and expresses and defends the interests of the proletarian party, they by no means teaches us that ,the policy of the Party a definite class. cast off their communist label,, but name is a capital questiontrs). The character of The writing into the draft-Constitution their revisionist party ,The League of a party or a state is defined on the basis of the undivided leading role of the PLA ,Communists*, which served, and still of the policy it pursues, because every in the system of the dictatorship of the serves the interests of the ruling class of political party and every state of any proletariat is in open opposition also to present-day Yugoslavia, the interests type carries out a1l its activity for the those revisionist views, according to which of the Yugoslav bourgeoisie, very well. benefit of the class whose interests it re- the existence of a single party is not a The Soviet revisionists, likewise, did not presents, and because without a definite condition for the construction of socia- change the name of their political party, political attitude a given class cannot lism, and neither is it necessary for the although they radically changed its class maintain its domination. Likewise true dictatorship of the proletariat to be exer- character, transforming it from a party of socialism is distinguished from pseudo- cised by the communist party", because, the working class into a party of the new socialism, from false socialism, on the allegedly, the existence in socialism of a bourgeoisie. Even today they continue to basis of its policy and ideology. And the working class party, the communist party, call their party "communist parlyr for ideology, the policy, which expresses the leads to its becoming bureaucratic, to its purposes of disguise and demagogy al. direction, aims, and programmes of the turning into a party which rules the though now it is nothing but a fascist class and its political party in regard to working class. These attacks and calum- party which inspires and legitimises the the political power, is defined in the nies, the aim of which is to deprive the actions of the Soviet fascist state which constitution of the state. Hence, in the new working class of its revolutionary van- are contrary to the interests of the Constitution of our state of the dicta- guard, its leading staff, in the stern working class and all the working peo- torship of the proletariat, which will be struggle for socialism and communism, ple of the Soviet Union and the other ,the Constitution of a country that remains which, in fact, are aimed against socia- former socialist countries and against loyal to the principles of scientific so- lism and which exploit as an sargumerrtr other peoples. Today the revisionist lead- cialism and which implements and deve- the tragedy that occurred in the Soviet ing clique of the Soviet Union is making lops them in a creative manner.6), in Union, where the working class today is a great fuss about the ustrengthening of which ,the true f eatures of socialism, oppressed and exploited as in any other the leadership of the part]l*, 3s well as which distinguish it from all the distor- capitalist country, cannot stand up to the about .the strengthening of centralism", tions and perversions the modern revi- Marxist-Leninist doctrine on the party, But the notion of ,leadership of the sionists have committed against it,7) 22.3(281,1976 ALBANIA TODAY

wilt be presented, the proclamation and cies of the state of the dictatorship of the and state administration and its appata' hands of the sanctioning of the undivided leading role proletariat are defined on the basis of tuses, which must be in the of the PLA in the socialist state and in the general 1ine, directives and instruc- proletariat and its party, as powerful the masses in our whole socialist society, and the pro- tions of the Party. The economy, educa- means for the education of prole- clamation of that reality of our life that tion and culture, literature and arts, the the spirit of the dictatorship of the the revolutionary ideology of the working defence of the socialist homeland, scien- tariat and socialism; it realises this special sectors institu- class is the dominant ideology in our ce, all sectors of the life of the coun- through the and - which creates country are made clear and concretised in try are guided on this basis. Only in this tions of the superstructure it func- a series of articles. This is expressed not way can the policy of the socialist state and which have cultural-educative only in articles which have to do with be a principled, proletarian policy, a wea- tions, which have the task of educating people the ideology of the political order, but also in articles pon in defence of the interests and victo- the working with class, spreading this ideo- which deal with the problems of the eco- ries of the working class, because only in thc working of realises likewise, through n-omic order, by means of which it is this case will it have at its foundation lcgy; it this, - various social organisations which are im- aimed to ensure the implementation of the ideology of the working class, Mar- possible portant levers in the system of the dic- the iine of the Party, of its poliry, of its xism-Leninism, which makes it tatorship proletariat, ,transmission political ideology. Such, for example, are for the Party, by knowing the objective of the of the party with the broad those articles which reflect the teachings laws of society, palticularly the law belts' which link of the Party and comrade Enver Hoxha the revolution and the class struggle, the working masses. concerning relations between the cadres iaws of economic development, the prin- Proceeding from such a Matxist-Leni- the and the masses, the establishment of fair cipal laws and trends of social develop- nist concept of the leading role of proportions in the distribution of incomes ment in the world, the main bases of party in socialism, which, thus far, has po- found proper implementation in the between the higher cadres and the va- Marxist-Leninist aesthetics to be in a its and reality of our society, in which rious categories of working people, the sition to work out a correct revolutionary life preachings of various revi- non-recognition of any kind of privilege strategy and tactics, to, build a correct contrary to the the the due to social position, or concerning the policy and programme for the economic, sicnists about "independence, of state and mass organisations from the pro- establishment of correct proportions bet- educational, cultural-educative, military letarian party, the leading role of the PLA ween the general interest and individual and other development, of the state of proletariat all has been exercised the socialist interest, between moral and material in- the dictatorship of the and fully in of the dicta- centives, etc., the aim of which is to keep social organisations in conformity with state and in the entire system proletariat, whole the cadres always revolutionary, to pro- the objective laws and in favour of the torship of the in the tect them from bourgeois degeneration, revolution and socialism. life of the country, not only have the aims to prevent the creation of a basis favo- On the other hand, bY means of the and functions of our state of the dictator- proletariat, rable to the birth of revisionism, to save Marxist-Leninist ideology and on the ba- ship of the the main directions party, been defined in the articles, our country from the emergence of a new sis of this ideology, the communist oi'its activity class, links the of the new constitution on the bourgeoisie, from the tragedy of the res- the vanguard of the working of draft the revolutio- toration of capitalism which is by no itself indissolubly with the entire life of basis of Marxism-Leninism, esta- nary our Party, and the teachings means decreed by fate to be inevitable, but its class and with a1l the masses, line of and preserves correct relations leader, special that is only a possibility, a danger, which can blishes of its but a article, between the party, the class, the masses, ruhich deals the competences of the be averted on the basis of a correct Marx- with unites the masses, educates them and ma- supreme organ of state power, the ist-Leninist line and policy of the Party, as our kes them conscious of the correctness of People's Assembly, stipulates, as a consti- it has been averted in our country so far. directives and general line, channels trrtional norm, that the People's Assembly The PLA exercises its leadership in the its energies and creative abilities to- defines the main directions of the internal system of the dictatorship of the proleta- their single objective, coordinates and and policies the state in con- riat in the organs of state power and state wards a external of directs the activities of social organisa- fcrmity with the general line and directi- administration, - from the supreme organ institutions of the super- ves Labour Albania. of the state power and state administra- tions and all of the Party of of into tion, i.e. from the People's Assembly and structure and draws the masses Along with this, in many articles of the governing the Council of Ministers, down to the running and the country and draft of the new Constitution, where the organises and leads them in work and cultural-educative tasks of the state are de- base, - as well as in all the social orga- nisations, in the first place through its struggle for the construction of socialism fined, such as those concerning its broad line and directives and through the Mar- and communism. As our experience shows, ideological and cultural activity for the party its xist-Leninist ideology. the realises this directly through communist education of the working peo- leading organs, through the party p1e, for the formation According to the Marxist-Leninist con- various of the new man, and particularly cept on the leading role of the Party in branches and through all the communists; for the education and allro- state organs und younger generation socialism, the intern;r1 ancl foreiqrr poli- i'c realises this through the training of the in ALBANIA TODAY 3 (28r, 1976 . 23

l-hc spirit of socialism and communisrn, or ing class is lealised hcr"e. It also p1'o- tation of thc line, idcology and dircctives such as the tasks defined for schooling claims as constitutional norms those mea- of the Party, resolulc for the implementa- which, as is stressed in the draft-Constitu- sures aimed at the implementation of the tion cf the revolutionary military sciencc tion is built on the basis of the Marxist- line of the masses, at ensuring correct of the people's rvar), - the defence of thc Leninist world outlook, or those concern- .party-class-masses relations, a problenl homeland and the victories of socialism, ing the development of literature and arts uhich has vital importance to revolutio- u,hich is one of the fundamental duties of according to the method of socialist rea- nary practice, to the fate of socialism in our dictatorship of the proletariat, must be 1ism, or thc task of supporting the deve- our country, because the strength, the under the direct leadership of the Eirst lopment of atheist propaganda and im- invincibility and vitality of the party are Secretary of the Central Committee of the planting the scientific materialist world based precisely on its close ties with the Party. This means that the political and outlook in pcoplc, - the leading role of u-orking class and all the working masses, military linc and thc directives and ins- the PLA in o.ur state with its Mar- and because, as the negative experience of tructions of the Party for the people's xist-Leninist ideology in such very impor- the Soviet Union demonstrates, the vio- army and the other armed forces must tant and delicate ideological sectors and lation of this Leninist principle was one be taken to the supleme organ specially such elements of our superstructure, as of the causes of the birth of revisionism created for the direction, organisation, schooling, culturc, literature and arts, in that country and elsewhere. The pro- and mobilisation of all the forces and re- which arc powelful educative means in blem of tl're party-class-masscs relations, sources of the country for thc defence of thc hands of the state of the dictatorship fol the correct understanding and imple- tl.:e homeland, -- thc Defence Council, - oi the proletariat and the Party which r-.rcntation of which the Party and com- directly by the leader of the Party. This leads it, is very clearly expressed. The rade Enver Hoxha have shown great and means, likewise, that everything to do with inclusion of such tasks as constitutionai permanent care, and which is dealt with tbe defence of the dictatorship of the pro- norm is of major importance both to achiev- in the draft-Constitution from clear and letariat of our entire socialist order from ing the thorough inculcation of Marxist- ccrrect proletarian class positions, is such the internal and external enemies, must Leninist ideology, which clearly and sci- an important theoretical problem that V.I. be directed and controlled directly by the entifically expresses what the working Lenin, speaking of the role of the commu- First Secretary of the CC of the Party, class thinks and feels, in the minds and nist party as a vanguard of the working This and all the other articles in which consciousness of our people, so that they c1ass, said: "The incorrect understanding the teachings of the Party and comrade are inspired to revolutionary actions, re- of the role of the communist party in its Enver Hoxha concerning the defence of the main constistently loyal to the cause of relations with the non-party proletariat, country and the almed forces are reflec- the working class, whose hegemonic role and then in the relations of the first and ted have the aim of preserving the popu- thcy should consider and accept as an his- second factors with the cntire mass of lar, revolutionary character of the army torical nccessity and also to making our r.r'orking people, is a radical theoretical of our dictatorship of the proletariat, so revolutionary ideology an insurmountable deviation from communism. .. ,8). that the armed forces of our socialist sta- barricade for the various reactionary impoltance fate te will always be loyal and sharp weapons ,Of exceptional for the bourgeois-revisionist "theories,. of socialism in our country is the sanction- of the working class and all the working Another expression of the leading role ing in the draft-Constitution of the trea- masses, and will never change their cha- ot the party in the system of the dictator- ding role of the party in the armed for- racter, will not become blind tools of the ship of the proletariat, also is the empha- ces, as well as of the organisational form ccunterrevolution. Positive and negative sis given in thc draft-Constitution to the of the exercise of this role, in the highest experience, both national and internatio- fact that social organisations work for the instance, through thc explicit statement of rral, has shown that a condition for thc communist education of the masses and thc fact that the First Secretary of thc army to be a weapon of the revolution is the broad strata of the people which they Central Committee of the Party of Labour precisely the securing of the leading role unite in their ranks and which they draw, in of Albania is the Commander-in-chief of of the Marxist-Leninist party, the imple- an organised manner, into the socialist con- the armed forces and Chairman of the De- mentation of its line and ideology, putt- struction and the running of the country. fence Council. The statement of such a ing proletarian policy in command. The From all we have said it is clear that fact of an organisational character has, in articles of the new Constitution dealing tl-re draft-Constitution not only sanctions il.self, a profound ideological content. The ra'ith the problems of Defence and Armed the great Marxist-Leninist principle of the aim of this is that, apart from the other Forces, which are based on the rich and leading role of the party as the sole lea- ways the Party realises its leader- allround experience of our Party on this ding political force of our state and so- ship in the Armed Forces, just as in all irnportant problem, which take into con- ciety, but it also raises to constitutional sectors of the life of the country (through sideration the lessons and conclusions of norms those necessary measures which its line and ideology, through the Party the 5th and 6th Plenums of the CC of the have entered into our practice and through organs, and branches and all the commu- Party, are aimed at averting in our coun- which the Marxist-Leninist principle nists, through ioyal cadres, resolute for tr5' 16u, bitter tragedy observed in the of the parry as the vanguard of the work- the cause of socialism. for the implemen- Soviet Union, where the army and the 24o31281,1976 ALBANIA TODAY

other armed forces became blind tools of ty, the working class cannot ensure victo- foundations of socialist Albania and the counterrevolution and are now used ries, whereas 'nothing can happen to ouf, are now fighting like revolutionaries to by the dictatorship of the new Soviet bour- socialist country if our Party remains as ensure that the socialist construction will geoisie, by the fascist and social imperia- it is - othe organised vanguard detach- always advance, leave to the coming gene- list Soviet state, to exercise violence aga- ment of the working class*. On the con- rations to use as a juridical weapon in the irrst the Soviet working people and other trary, this detachment, guided by Mar- struggle to carry the socialist revolution peoples in the interest of the new bureau- xim-Leninism with the spirit of the class through to the end, to the complete and cratic bourgeoisie, and leading the class struggle. .. will stri- final victory of communism. The new Con- ke mercilessly at the enemies of the Party, stitution of our state of the dictatorship *a* the enemies of the proletarian class.,e), of the proletariat will constitute, at the In broad outline this is how thc leading Since a1l the problem are dealt with in same time, a great new contribution of role of the PLA in the system of the dic- the draft of our new Constitution enti- the PLA and comrade Enver Hoxha to the tatorship of the proletariat, is treated in rely from the positions of Marxism-Leni- treasury of scientific socialism, a major the draft of the new Constitution, the aim nism, also taking into account the posi contribution of theirs to thepractice of re- of which is to sanction juridically that tive and negative experience of the inter- volution. reality of our society, in which the exer- national communist movement in these cise of the leading role of the Party has 7, Enuer Hoxha Speech at the meeting ol la.st two decades, since it also reflects the been conrplete, allround, and extended, to the Political Bureau of the CC of the new theoretical theses worked out on this Party, March 5, 1975, pamphlet, p. 57, all fields- political, ideological, econo- basis by our Party and its leader, as well 2. Enuer Hoxha Yl Congrcss of the PLA; mic, administrative, educational-cultural, page 769. revolutionary pracfice, connec- military, etc., and has been a decisive fac- as our in 3. Enuer Hoxha Speech at the meeting ot tion with such cardinal problems of Mar- the Political Buteau of the CC of the tor of all the victories which the working Pafiy, March 5, 1975, pamphlet, p. 62. xism-Leninisnr as the doctrine on the par- class, the working masses, and all the 4. V.I. Lenin Wotks, tsolume 31, page 285, Strata of our socialist society have achie- ty and that on the dictatorship of the pro- 5. Enuet Hoxha oWe must aTways undet- ved in these three last decades. The aim letariat, our new Constitution will be a stand and implement the line of the - Patty coftectlya, pamphlet, 1975, p, 36. of such a treatment to ensure the con- political, ideological and juridical docu- 6. Enuet Hoxha Report to the VI Congtess ment of truely vital importance the tinuity of our socialist course in the juri for ot the PLA, p. 126. dical field too, and not to allow, the great present and the future of socialism in our 7. Enuet Hoxha Repott to the VI Congtess p. cause of the working class to be jeopar- country, it will be a heritage of great va- ot the PLA, 127. B.V.I. Lenin Works, uolufie 32, page 285. dised in our country, under any circums- lue that the present generations, which, 9. Enuet Hoxha Speech at the conclusion tance or in any way, because, as comrade under the leadership of our revolutionary oI the 6th Plenum of the Central Com- mittee PLA, December 1974, Enver Hoxha teaches us, Party comrade Enver Hoxha, oI the without the Par- and laid the pamphlet, page 37. Ihe form ond nome of our stote by IUAN OMARI

ALONG WITH THE DEFINITION OF THE TYPE OF OUR STATE AS A STATE OF the state as a whole and the territorial- THE DICTATORSHIP OI'THE PBOLETARIAT, WHICE CONSTITUTES THE CARDINAL administrative units of which it is compri-

ISSUE OF THE DEAET CONSTITUTION, AMONG THE PROBLEMS OF POLITICAf, sed. r OBDEB THE DBAFT CONSTITUTION ALSO DEALS WITH THE FOBM OF TIIE STATE. These various aspects of the form of the THE PROBTTEM OF THE FOBM OF THE STATE HAS GREAT THEOBETICAL AND state also find complete reflection in the PRACTICAT, IMPOBTANCE, FOR IT CONCERNS THE STRUCTUBE OF TH,E STATE, Draft Constitution of the People's Socia- ITS OBGANISATIONAL STBUCTUEES, AS WELf, AS THE METHODS OF GOVEBN. list Republic of Albania. MENT USED BY THE CLASS IN POWEB, BEING f,INKED WITII AND CONDITIONED For our people the term ,republicn has BY TH,E VERY CONTENT OF THE BESPECTIVE STATE, BY ITS TYPE, THE EOBM always had a broader meaning than the OF THE STATE IS NOT MEBEI.Y AN EXTEBNAI, APPEABANCE, BUT ENSUBES THE regime of an elected head of state, than MOST SUITABLE CONDITIONS, IN THE CONTEXT O,F A GIVEN TYPE OF STATE, a form of government which is the oppo- FOB THE BULING CLASS TO IMPLEMENT ITS POf,ICY EFFICIENTT,Y. site of the monarchic form. In the aspira- The notion of the form of the state narchich, etc.) of the suprerne organs of tion of the people, it the political includes the form of government, i.e. the the state power, the political rcgime, struggles from the beginning of the 20's manner of organisation (republican, mo- which is defined by the methods with and onward, the republic has been con- which a state is run, as well as the form ceived as more than an antithesis of the LUAN OMARI Ptolessot, scientilic se- of the state structure (unitary or federal demo- crctaty oI the -Academy of Sciences ot monarchy, It was the synonym of a the PRA. state), that is the relationship between the cratic state based on the sovereignt5r of ALBANIA TODAY 3 (281, 1976 . 2s the people, on the rule of the majority, to Albania, the setting up of the new su- plete, and more perfect reflection in the on the predorninant role of a repre- preme organs of the revolutionary state Dlaft-Constitution. The democratic princi- sentative assembly, on recognition of and power such as the Antifascist National Li- ples of the electoral system, the right of resped for the liberties and rights of beration Council and its presidency, effec- reca1l of their representatives which the man. Hence, in essence, for our working tively predetermined the republican form electors have, the superiority of the re- masses, for the democratic circles which as the form of government of our state. presentative organs over all other organs, expressed their aspirations, the notion of After the liberation of the country, as the sanctioning of the line of the masses the republic expressed the idea of the envisaged in the platform of the Commu- and of the control of the working class power of the people, of freedom, social nist Party of Albania and in the decisions as constitutional principles, the proclama- progress. of the Congress of Permet, the Constituent tion of the fundamental rights and duties juridicai But every historical period, every class Assembly, which emerged from the first of the citizens, and the real and or social group has brought something of free elections in Albania, completely and material guarantees for exercise of them, its own to the notion of the republic. This finally and in proper juridical form sett- al'e a clear reflection of our sooialist de- happened aslo with the people's revolu- 1ed the question of the form of the state, mocracy in action of the uninterrupted tion in Albania. sanctioning a situation which had been development of the political regime in our The question of the form of the state created in practice during the war. Com- country in an ever more democratic direc- and politioal regime, paraliel with the rade Enver Hoxha has said, ,On January tion. "In general the way to strengthen main problem of the destruction of the 77, 7946, Albania was prociaimed a Peo- the dictatorship of the proletariat, the o1d state apparatus and the creation of a ple's Democratic Republic. With the war entire socialist order,,, says comrade new people's democratic state, was at the the people buried the o1d regime Enver Hoxha, ,is to develop the demo- centre of the fierce politioal struggle of the feudals and the bourgeoisie, cracy of the masses. Without socialist de- which was waged during the National Li- destroyed the oppressive apparatus of the mocracy there is no dictatorship of the beration Antifascist War between the re- ruling classes to its foundations, and esta- proletariat, just as there can be no real volutionary and patriotic forces 1ed by the blished the regime of the people's demo- democracy for the working people witlout Communist Party of Albania, and internal cracy, the form of the dictatorship of the the dictatorship of the proletariat'. This reaction, which became the social support working class and the working masses...tr. reaiity is expressed by the political regime of the Itaiian and German fascist inva- The first oonstitution of our Bepublic, in our state, ders. approved by the Constituent Assembly on The folm of the state is closely connec- In its political platform, initially adop- March 1-4, 7946, clearly defined all the ted with the name of the state. Neverthe- ted at the Peza Conference and developed aspects of the form of the state, as well less, these trvo notions are not identical. iater at the Labinot Conference, the Com- as its republican form of government as The name of the state usually expresses munist Party of Albania, while defining the political regime and state structure. only one definite aspect of the form of the the creation of a free, people's democratic With the exception of the name of the state, mainly the form of goverlment Albania, as a task of the Antifascist Na- Republic, in regard to the form of the (sometimes, in f ederal states, also the tional Liberation War at the same time state and its component elements, the form of the state structure). Whereas the envisaged that the question of the future draft of the new Constitution retains those form of the state, as an overall notion, regime in Albania (and by this the forn same principles which have been sanctio- has a broader meaning, is a more com- of government was meant in the first ned by the Constitution in force, whiie plicated category, which includes several place) would be resolved by the people complementing and making them more aspects or elements. Apart from this, the with themselves af ter the liberation of the precise in oonformity with the further name of the state may, if. it conforms country, on the basis of their free and development of our country on the road of the reality, also express the class content sovereign wi1l. socialism. of the state, its tYPe. In sanctioning the creation of the peo- Fr"om the viewpoint of the form of state From the beginning our state has been ple's democtatic Albanian state, the Anti- structure Albania has been and remains a dictatorship of the proletariat, in the fascist National Liberation Congress of a unitary state, in which the political and form of the people's democracy. Proceed- Permet adopted very important decisions economic life is carried on by combining ind precisely from this, the Constituent which concerned its oontent and form. the centralised leadership with the self- Assembly proclaimed Albania a People's From its class content, the people's demo- action of local organs. The homogenous Republic on January 77,1946. cratic Albanian state was a revolutionary national composition of our state, its ter- After 30 years of socialist existence the dictatorship of the working classes, which ritorial proportions, as well as its tradi problem arises: Will the new Constitu- was the embryo of the dictatorship of the tions make its unitary character logioal tion continue to retain the name of our proletariat, which was fully and defini- and essential. state as a People's Bepublic or should this tely established with the liberation of the In many of its articles the Constitution name be changed, bringing this, too, into whole country on the 29th of November in force has defined the character of our conformity with the great socialist trans- 1944. From the aspect of its form, political regime, as a socialist democracy, formations which have occurred in our although the Congress of Permet took a where the working people, masters of society during this whole period, refTec- decision that this issue should be finally their fates, govern with the most demo- ting the class character of our state more settled after the liberation of the coun- cratic methods. The principles of socialist completely? try, the categoric condemnation of the democracy, the most demodratic regime Our state is a socialist state, it is a state Zog rcgime, the prohibition of his return known to history, find further, more com- of the dictatorship of the proletariat, as 26o3(28),1976 ALBANIA TODAY

has been clearly expressed in Article 2 of this. Do we, then, have the right to call both at home and abroad, in regard to the the Constitution. Besides this, the econo- our republic a socialist republic? Certainly great successes our country has scored up mic base of socialism has been built in A1- we have. From what viewpoint? From the ti1l now and the position and respect it has bania and the complete construction of viewpoint of our determination and our won in the international arena. socialist society is continuing successfully. readiness to achieve socialism, to elimi For this reason, the solution that has Today our country has reached a high nate classes, etc,. been adopted in the draft of the Constitu- leve1 in perfecting the socialist relations In the present conditions our state is tion by naming Albania a "People's Socia- of production, and from this viewpoint it in a much more advanced political, so- list Republic,, is fu1ly correct and justified. would be fully justified for our state to be cial and economic stage in comparison This name, above all, has the advan- ca11ed a Socialist Republic. This is the with the Soviel socialist state of the years tage that it accurately reflects both the more true if, making an historical com- after the revolution and the civil war. content of the state and the great progress parison, we bear in mind that the Soviet Hence, in our case, if we judge not only our country has made in the building of state was named a socialist republic imme- from the viewpoint of our determination socialist relations, a thing which should diately after the revolution. Concerning and readiness to realise socialism, but also be explicitly stated in the new Constitu- this, Lenin said at that time that rthe from the viewpoint of this realisation tion which will be approved 30 years after expression Soviet Socialist Bepublic (because we have eliminated the multi- the first Constitution. means that the Soviet state power is de- form economy, the antagonistic classes, Second, by maintaining the term 'peo- termined to go over to socialism and it and the exploitation of man by man) the ple's', in the new name the bro'ad social does not mean at all that the new eco- name of Albania as a Socialist Republic basis is reflected, which has always been nomic system is called a socialist system'. could be adopted. one of the most distinctive f eatures of Whereas Stalin wrote in !928: ....We say However, in naming the state we must our state of people's democracy, even in that our Republic is a socialist republic. not fail to take into consideration also comparison with the first sociaiist state, Does this mean that we have realised so- the fact that whith the name of .People's Re- which was set up and consolidated in cialism.. ? It is clear that ii does not mean public,' a sound tladition lus been created, other historical conditions.

0n soyerelsmty smd its cluss politieol comtent im the draft of our mevs Constitution by ARBEN PUTO FIRST OF ALL IT MUST BE POINTED OUT THAT fi{EBE ARE TWO ASPECTS OF in our country, we mean that it reflects SOVEREIGNTY: AN INTEENAL ASPECT AND AN EXTERNAL ASPECT. for the first time at such a high level, the CONSIDERED FROM ITS INTERNAI, ASPECT, STATE SOVEREIGNTY IS THE will and interests of the broadest masses POWER EVERY BECOGNISES NO OTHEB SUPEBIOR SUPBEME IN STATE, WHICH of the working people under the leader- POWER. HOWEVEB, ANY STATE FOWER HAS A CLA,SS CHARACTEB, CONSEOUENTI,Y ship of the working class. The idea of the SOVEREIGNTY TOO, IS A CLASS CATEGOBY. IT HAS A CONCBETE SOCIO-POLITI. hegemony the working class the so- CAI. CONTENT WHICH IS NOT THE SAME AT ALL TIMES AND IN ALL COUNTBIES. of in cialist state is not in the least contrary to In the Middle Ages sovereignty was the people. "People's sovereignty, was trans- unlimited power of the absolute monarch, formed into a means to consolidate the rule the people's sovereignty, because the wor- which expressed the interests of the feu- of the bourgeoisie, it became a juridical king class is the only social class in a da1 class. In the periocl of the bourgeois fiction vrhich has the purpose of conceal- position to represent the fundamental in- revolution, in their efforts to draw the ing the dictatoi'ship of the exploiting ciasses. terests of the broadest working masses. broadest masses of the people to the side Only afier the triumph of the Socialist Indeed for this reason, the hegemony of ol the bourgeoisie, the bourgeois ideolo- Revolution, with the creation of the sta- the worklng class constitutes the essential gists came out with the theory of ,peo- te of a new type, the socialist state, is the premise of the fullest possible realisation p1e's sovereignty", i.e. of the supreme sta- people's sovereignty no longer a fiction, of people's sovereignty in the present-day te power which a11eged1y belongs to the but expresses a real situation. This does circumstances of the transition of human entire people and is exercised by them in not mean that the supreme power in the society. the forms of bourgeois democracy. How- socialist state belongs' to the "entire peo- The Draft-Constitution provides a for- ever, after the bourgeoisie came to power, ple-, in the meaning the modern revisio- muLation of sovereignly which is counter- it started its attack on the rights and free- nists are trying to give it in order to come posed to the demagogic slogan of the doms won by the broad masses of the tc the ill-famed thesis on *the state of the "state of the entire people* adopted in the ARBEN PUWist in entire people"' When we say that the peo- Soviet Union and the other revisionist ittetnational 1aut. pie's sovereignty expresses a real situation states. Without devinting at all from the ALBANIA TODAY 3 (28r, 1976 a 27

idea of the people's sovereignty, on the working class in the slate and society has se the slogan of *lvorld interdependence,, contrary, strongly upholding it, the au- been expressed with the greatest clarity. which allegedly expresses the needs and thors have proceeded from the aim of gi- Second, the Draft also contains a neces- tendencies of the development of modern ving its class content, more accurately, sary addition in the formulation of Article society. In reality, they are putting them- partiorlarly its basic element, which is 4 of the existing Constitution. There the selves in opposition to the real tendencies the hegemony of the working class. guestion of the exercise of sovereignty is of the development of mankind at the In this instance, a cornparison between linked only with the people's councils present time, when one of the main dis- the Constitution in force and the Draft while the People's Assembly, which is the tinctive features is precisely the collapse will assist greater clarity. It cannot be main bearer of sovereignty in our coun- ol the colonial system and the process of said that the present Constitution either, try is left unmentioned. Therefore, the the emergence of new independent states left any way open to such eclectic inter- draft of the new Constitution, very cor- in the international arena. pretations in the spirit of revisionist dis- rectly states that "the working class, the Of course, the theme of sovereignty tortions which began with the Khrusche- cooperativist peasantry and the other always needs discussion, clarification and vian period. In fact, Article 4 of the Con- working people exercise their state power precise definition. However, this is not to stitution in force stipulates that "the all through representative organs.,. tr, repre- put in doubt the value of sovereignty in power in the PRA belongs to the working sentative organs which are rthe People's itself, but to put forward as a need of the people of town and countryside represen- Assembly and the people's councils'. time that sovereignty should not be me- ted by the people's councils". The only rely formal, just a juridical fiction, but a comment that could be made in connec- *** reality which must find concrete expres- tion, with this is that in this single phra- sion in the activity of the state in the field se both the problem of to whom sovereig- If we consider sovereignty in its exter- of foreign policy. nty belongs as well as that of the manner nal aspect, then it is more correct to speak V.I. Lenin said: ,Finance capital and of its realisation in practice are reflected. of *state sovereignty,. In this case sove- its international policy which is expressed There is no doubt that in this sense the reignty expresses the relationship of the state in the struggle of the great powers for draft of the new Constitution is somewhat to other parties in international relations. the economic and political division of the more precise and complete, as is neces- The fundamental feature of this rela- lvorld, have created a whole series of sary, with changes which of course, are tionship is its independence, i.e. its ca- transitional forms of dependence of sta- linked with the new stage of development pacity to emerge as a party in itself in tes. Typical of this epoch are not only in which our socialist society is living. the international arena, without being the two main groups of countries: the co- With the formulation provided in Article subjected to any control from outside, to lonies and the countries that have them, problem 5, taken as a whole, the of sove- any form of jurldical dependence on other but the various forms of dependent coun- reignty has found complete and cohe- a existing states. tries which are formally independent lent solution. The five paragraphs of this Sovereignty should be an attribute of political1y, rvhile in reality they are article create an adequate picture, not every state, a quality inseparable from it. bound hand and foot with all kinds of only of the problern of sovereignty as a Concepts in regard to this second aspect chains to other states". whole, but also of its component elements. have not been of sovereignty too, always These words of Lenin have great im- First, it is said there that ,a11 state po- the same, but have evolued according to portance at the present time, because des- wer in the PRA stems from the working the time and circumstances. In past cen- pite certain changes, they express a rea- people and belongs to them, and with turies there was much discussion on the lity which the world is sti11 going through, this we lay down a clear line of demar- possibility of the division of sovereignty. tc this very day. In compliance with this cation against revisionist distortions. But Scme claimed that sovereignty could be reality, even today we are witnesses of a even more important is that the idea of divided: a part of it could be kept by tlte two-fold process: a) on the one hand, the the hegemony of the working class is state, the other parl could be "delegated, collapse of the colonial system; b) on the reflected there, too. In fact, the second to another state. On this basis a division other hand, the emancipation of small paragraph does not confine itself to mak- was made of states into "fully sovereign states ones, ing clear the concept of the working peo- statesn and semi-sovereign states,. from the tutelage of the big ple (the working class, cooperativist pea- The ideologists of the bourgeoisie long In these circumstances, the fight against santry and other working people), ago gave up this discussion in relation to various theories which negate sovereignty but also, by means of the order in the division of sovereignty. Norv the theo- is an imperative duty, a fulfilment of the which the social forces are listed, the pri- reticians of the bourgeoisie are discussing historic duty of the liquidation of various mary role of the working class in our so- the value of sovereignty in general. They fcrms of dependence which divide the cialist society. If the question is then con- describe sovereignty as a category of the states into "principal" and ssecond rate" sidered in the complex of the first articles past, an anachronistic concept, as the and place the latter in positions of inte- of the Draft (2-5), there is not the slightest source of all the evils in the world today. riority in the international arena, turning doubt that the idea of the hegemony of the To national independence they counterpo- them into appendages of the mighty. 28.3128t,1976 AI.EANIA TODAY

*+* ensuring of effective independence, Ano- which ought to guide the relations ther testimony to this is the fight our among states in general, and the more so The history of the Albanian people is a Party has waged and continues to wage among socialist states. concentrated expression of this reality, against the theory and practice of the The purely deceptive character of the this double process, the two aspects of revisionist states in the field of foreign theory of ,limited sovereignty' comes to which also constitute the two main stages policy. The modern revisionists, too, with light at once if we keep in mind that it in the history of the development of the their ill-famed theory of ,limited sove- is precisely the Kremlin leadership, that Albanian state in our centrury from its reignty", have added their voices to the ,supreme instance', which considers itself emergence in its own right. genelal chorus of the ideologists of the competent to decree the limitation of the The first stage is that of the old Alba- imperialist bourgeoisie who want to pro- sovereignty of any member state, under nian state of the feudal-bourgeois classes. ve the uselessness, and indeed the dan- the pretext that this sovereignty runs It begins with the creation of the inde- ger of the principle of sovereignt5r. counter to the ,supreme interests of the pendent Albanian state on a national ba- It is known that this theory found ter- socialist family,. The mechanism of such sis, which starts before the First World rain in which to spread in the Soviet an arbitrary action was seen with the War, but which ends after it. Union, especially after the aggression greatest clarity in the case of the events The independence of the old Albanian against Czechoslovakia in 7968. This fact in Czechoslovakia in 1968. It is obvious, state was only formal. The briefest glan- ilr itself is sufficient to demonstrate that therefore, that in these conditions, the ce, at the external relations of the past such theorisations are aimed only at eco- absolute sovereignty of the Soviet revi- shows that there have been more agree- ing the arbitrary actions and hegemoni- sionist leadership corresponds to the ments on the Albanian problem, on Al- stic tendencies of the foreign policy of the ,iimited sovereignty, of each member bania, than agreements in which the Al- Soviet Union. They are needed to ensure state. banian state has come out as a party in that ideological and juridical platform on Our Party long ago pointed out that the itself. Albania was more an object of in- n'hich the policy of aggression, dictate tlreory of ,limited sovereingty", which has ternational relations rather than an inde- and violence of the self:styled "socialist, by no means remained within the sphe- pendent factor in itself, however little ac- su.perpower must be based, re of academic discussions but has found tive in the international arena. What is the content of the theory of concrete expression in a series of aggres- One of the greatest historic victories of ,limited sovereignty,? It pretends to ex- sive actions of the revisionist leadership of our people's revolution is that after the press {the supreme interests of the socia- the Soviet Union, constitutes a great danger Second World War it brought into exis- list community,, i.e. of the bloc of revi- to the peoples, just like the aggressive po- tence an Albanian state which was new in sionist countries which, in tact, have long licy and ideology of US imperialism. principle, and this constitutes the essen- since fallen under Soviet subjection in Our Party has had its say not only on ce of the second historical stage. We have urhich efforts are now being made to in- the theoretical plane. It has attacked this now a new state, not only from the view- clude them in sophisticated forms of theory in its international pratice: first by point of the socio-political order, but also subjugation from the juridical viewpoint, coping with the various pressures, black- as a factor of foreign policy. Now we have too. This theory tries to prove that the mail, blockades of the Soviet Union and an Albanian state which is independent not in terests of this rcommunity, represent other revisionist states; second, by de- because international acts which have re- ,the supreme sovereign right, and that for nouncing with courage and principled de- cognized this independence say so, but this reason these interests must be put termination the revisionist distortions because this independence has been mate- first, on top. On the contrary, the interests concerrring a series of cardinal issues of rialised in its concrete actions and attitu- of this or that ordinary member state of international relations and foreign policy des in the international arena. the "community" have been described as at the present stage. One of the most characteristic features narrow and particuiarist, and dependent In his speech of October 3, 1,974, lo tris I which has given and continues to give on and conditioned by the collective su- electorate, comrade Enver Hoxha made content to the independence of the foreign preme interests. Therefore it is deman- the following generalisation which is at policy of socialist Albania, is, without ded that ,the individual sovereign right, the same time also a principled formula- doubt, the worthy place which it has now rnust yield to the ,superior will- on the tion of the attitude of our Party and State taken in the historic world movement for scale of ,the socialist entity-. on this question: the emancipation of sma1l countries from The modern revisionists are striving in ,'The People's Republic of Albania has the dictate and tutelage of the big powers vain to give to this theory the colour of its own opinion and implements its cons- of imperialism and social imperialisril. Marxism, to describe it as a logical ex- tructive policy openly, in the light of day. Vivid proof of this is all the diploma- pression of proletarian internationalism There is no problem which is foreign to tic activity our state has carried out in and a higher form of fraternity of the peo- it and it does not allow anyone to shut relation to the capitalist powers, the main ples. Our Party has clearly shown that we its mouth. Every state, every nation has result of which has been the elimination have to deal here with one of the most the right to express its opinions freely, to of the old position of subjugation and the flagrant distortions of the basic principles oppose those of others with which it does ALBANIA TODAY 3 (28r, 1976 . 29

not aEree, just as the others have the of the Albanian state and the dictatorship It is entirely natural that this great same right to oppose its views when they of the proletariat. iciea, too, should find its proper place in do not approve them. It is utterly wrong In this, not only has one of the most the new Constitution, as it has done espe- to sit by with folded arms and sealed distinctive features of our socialist state cia11y in the last par*agraph of Article 14: Alba- lips when the others are acting to the de- bcen expressed, but the essence of a very "The People's Socialist Republic of triment of people and nations, or to ac- in:portant problem of the entire internatio- nia opposes any form of imperialist ag- cept as some might wish, that since you nal life of the present time has been gression, colonial exploitation, tutelage, are a small state or people it is sheer grasped. In fact the constructive develop- dictate and hegemony, national oppres' arrogance to speak out in defence of ment of relations among states has no sion and racial discrimination' It upholds your rights or those of your friends and course other than that of complete equa- the principle of self-determination of the come out with your opinions before the lity and rigorous respect for the sove- peoples, the exercise of full national so- in "mighty,. False modesty and the slavish reignty of all states, irrespective of their vereignty and equality of all countries opportunist spirit are alien to the policy usizen or *potential,. international relations,,. Ihe droft-Comstitution ond the right CIf o mership over lond by VAHID IAMA THE BIGHT OF PBOPERTY IN THE I.AND, WHICH IS THE PRIMABY AND tion of the big land owners and the PBINCIPAL MEANS OF PBODUCTION IN AGRICULTURE, CONSTITUTES A TUNDA- transfer of the right of ownership over MENTAf, PROBLEM. the land into the hands of those who tilled AS IS KNOWN, PBOPERTY IS AN ECONOMIC SOCIAL BEI,ATION AND AS it. By using the land as a means of pro- SUCH, IT IS A RELATION AMONG PEOPLE LINKED WITII THE APPROPRIATION duction to appropriate the products of the IN THE FIRST PLACE, OF THE MEANS OF PBODUCTION. OF MATEBIAL BLESSINGS, labour of the others, the exploiters had property is governed and protected by cial attention to the elimination of the old become intolerable to the landless pea- the law, which expresses the will of the agrarian relations, To hinder the savage sants or those with 1itt1e land. Therefore, ruling class in society. In this sense it is exploitation of the farmers by the big tbis slogan involved the radical solution not only a socio-economic relation, but also land owners, in the liberated zones the oI the antagonistic contradictions between a juridical relation. By being raised to the payment of tithes was cancelled, the hand- tbe peasantry and the big land owners. 1eve1 of a juridical relation, property is ing over of the lands of the beys and The first steps of our revolution were transformed into a right of ownership. exponents of traitor organisation for use taken in August 1945 with the proclama- I'hus, the right ol otunership ouer the land without payment and the administration tion of the land reform law under which is in essence a raising to the 1eve1 of ju- of some summer pastures by the national the estates of the state as well as the pro- ridical relations of those socio-economic libe::ation protected. councils, etc., was It perties of religious institutions and all relations which aie established among follows that, the Antifa- from this during the privately owned land in excess of the people in regard to 1and. question scist National Liberation War, the size envisaged by the law were expro- When we discuss ownership of the land of the relations of ownership over the priated and alienated. This expropriation we are awate that this problem is of land was one of the cardinal points, was done without compensation. The land practical and theoretical importance at the which could ,ot be reduced to a mere was distributed free of charge to the present stage of the socialist construction juridical problem, but constituted in the landless peasants and to those with little of our country. In solving this problem first place, a political, ideological, econo- land. Under this law, the land as whole our Party, with comrade Enver Hoxha at mic and sccial problem, did not pass over to the exclusive owner- the head, has followed an original Mar- rmmediately after liberation, the party ship of the state, thus there did not re- xist-Leninist course' launched the slogan: ,The land to those main only one kind of property in land. since the period of the Antifascist Na- who till it!.. Through the imptementation Both the Constitution in force, and the tional Liberation war, the Party had pro- of this revoluiionary slogan the greatest decree on property which was issued on mised the peasantry the solution of the democratic transformation which had re- the basis of the Constitution recognised pri- agrarian question and had taken prelimi- mained undone till that time in agrarian vate property as well as socialist property nary measures to this end' It devoted spe- relations was reaiized. This slogan con- (See Article 7 of the Constitution and article VAHID LAMA - lutist tained in itself the idea of the expropria- 3 of the decree on property). The land n'as 30o31281,1976 ATBANIA TODAY not excluded from juridical tluis regime. tionalisation of land not sanctioned by 1aw this by law, but realised it in practice in However in our country, the juridical in our country immediately after liberation? many directions, by establishing those regime in regard to the land, as an object This was not done for several reasons: many limitations mentioned above, was of private property, differs greatly from First, because if nationalisation had aimed, in the first place, at fulfilling the the juridical regime in regard to other been calried out at that time, it would desire of the working peasantry, without fixed assets which are included in this have affected the strata of the middle giving up gradual preparation towards kind of ownership. After liberation A1- in peasantry who were allies of the wor.king the realisation of the future objectives i.e. bania, in the period before, during and class for the implementation of the policy towards the socialist organisation of agri- after the land reform, many legal dispo- of the Party in the countryside. culture through the voluntary collectivi- sitions were issued which prohibited the Second, because of the aspirations and sation of the land, thus forming the co- alieanation land, of thus they prohibited spiritual state of the peasantry. For cen- operativist property in the countryside. the selling, gifting, exchanging and rent- turies on end the feeling of private pro- The Party was not hasty in this, but, of ing land. This prohibition of was aimed perty in land had been very deeply im- colrrse, neither did it lett'eat front the against the owners who were to be ex- planted in the psychology of our pea- road of the collectivisation of agriculture. propriated, so that they would not have sant. Even those peasants who had no Through recognition of the limited right possibility the to sell the land which, land prior to the establishment of the to small scale private property in land, according to the law on the land reform, people's power had dreamed of a day the peasantry was given the opportunity was to be expropriated. The restrictions when they would have their own land. to express its own will to pass over to of the right of ownership at agricultural Throughout their entire history, our pea- socialist collective property with comple- land were aimed, among other things, at santry have clashed many times with te freedom and conviction. And so it hap- hindering the fragmentation of large pro- arms against the feudals and big land pened. The collectivisation of agriculture perties, because if alienation were allow- owners. The land had always been an ln our country was a natural, conscious ed, they might be reduced to below the arena of the class struggle. It was impos- uniting, achieved on the basis of the con- area affected by the legal provisions on sible to come out imme.diately after the viction and free will of the working pea- expropriation. With the prohibition of war with the slogan of nationalisation of santry libelaied from oppression and ex- alienation the possibility of a new build land because our peasant fought, under ploitation. In these circumstances, the fi- up of big landed properties by the village the leadership of the Party, to win free- nal freeding of the Albanian peasant from wealthy at the expense of the poor and dom and 1and. The external and internal the feeling of private property in land peasants, middle was prevented. enemies would have exploited the 1ega1 was not done by decree, but gradua[y, By expropriating the big private pro- sanctioning of the nationalisation on the with systematic work of conviction or- perty in land, which was used to exploit entire land area as a pretext to put the ganised by the Party on the economic the labour of others, by depriving small poor and middle peasantry in opposition road, as Marx and Engels teach. The land owners possibility of the of disposing to the working class, in order to damage course followed was correct from the of it, such as alienation, which constitutes or weaken that alliance between these two viewpoint of principle and fully justified the essential element of the right of classes which the Party had carefully creat- in our concrete national conditions. ownership and by imposing many later ed and strengthened in the heat of the war. Three decades have elapsed since the restrictions on the right of ownership of It is known that on the agrarian triumph of our people's revolution. Over the land, it could be said that, although question, in confolmity with the teach- this period colossal changes with a revo- juridically we have sti1l not proclaimed ings of Marxism-Leninism and the social, lutionary content have occurred in our the land nationalised, in practice have economic and historical conditions of our political, economic, social and cultural long since placed it in the conditions of country, the original course was followed life. Creat strides forward have been nationalisation. Speaking at the jubilee of the elimination of large scale land made in the development and moderni- meeting on the occasion of the 25th anni- ownership while preserving the small pri- sation of agriculture. Apart from other versary of the Party School, comrade vate property of the working peasantry things the socialist collectivisation of agri- Enver Hoxha said among other things: and establishing the essential limitation culture also brought about fundamental "Our people's revolution made laws such of the prohibition of alienation. On this changes in the psychology of the peasant practice that in it nationalised the land, question, as on all others, our Party has concerning the right of ownership over carried it out the land reform and abolish- borne in mind the teaching of Lenin: ,In the land, because, in the conditions of property ed the which was used to ex- no instance may 1ye move ahead of the collectivisation, he no longer considers p.loit the labour of others,. development of the masses, but must wait the land as his own, but the property of Speaking of the practical measures until from the experience of these masses all the rnembers of the cooperative. Since which must be taken to secure the po- themselves, from their own struggle the the break with private property in land, litical domination of the proletariat, Marx need to go foward emergestr. the question of ownership over the land, and Engels mention also.the expropriation The fact that we did not proclaim the the question of to whom the land be- property of in land.. But why was the na- rrationalisation of the land, and sanction longs -- to the entire people or to the mem- ALBANIA TODAY 3 (281, 1976 . 31 bers of the cooperative, no longer.worries people incapable of working due to old between the state and the group has been the coopelative peasantry. Today the psy- age or state of health. But, it is obvious Iegalized with the creation of the agricul- chology of our peasantry concerning that, with the passage of time, even this tural cooperatives of the higher type. ot'nership over the land is no longer sma1l area will be liquidated. Consequently, we arrive at the conclu- what it was many years ago, therefore fn our country, the land used by agri- sion that the situation realised "de facto, the main concern of the cooperativists cultural cooperatives has been extended should also be expressed ,de jure-. The now is: to whom does the production from the fund of state land. A major part nationalisation of the land, on the one belong, how much production there is, of the land administred and cultivated at hand, wou-ld express the existing situa- how to increase their wellbeing and ex- present by agricultural cooperatives re- tion reached long ago, and, on the other tend the economy of the cooperative and sults from the light of state ownership. hand, to some extent would serve, all the its means, how to protect and strengthen 'Ihis has come about as a lesult of the lespective legislation on land as an appro- the collective property, etc. opening up of new land by the agricul- priate and more complete constitutional ba- Today, almost five-sixths of the r.l,hole tural cooperatives. About 35 per cent of sis for i'ts possible evolution in the future, territory of our country, including the the area of cultivated land these coopera- For all the reasons presented, it seems cultivated land, forests, pastures, the areas tives have in use today has been extended to us that the reflection of the nationali- covered with water, the non-agricultural from the state fund of land. This process, sation of the land in the draft-Constitu- land occupied by buildings, roads, etc., in our conditions, has not caused and tjon is a necessary requirement. Lenin are the property of the state and only could not cause us any concern. On the proclaimed it by a legal act immediately one-sixth is property of the group. Even contrary, it has served the increase of after the revolution. We solved the pro- the small area of building sections and agricultural production. blem without proclaiming in law the na- surrounding garden, which in any case Apart from what we have mentioned, tionalisation of the entire land. area, but, we is not more than 200 square mdtres, can- the fact that our socialist state has spent repeat, by establishing a series of restric- nol- be alienated, thus it cannot be sold, about 2 billion leks for the reclamation tions by 1aw, which led to the same thing. giver away, etc., even if the building it- and irrigation of the land owned by the For all these reasons, on the basis of self is sold (See Article 8 of Decree agrlcultural cooperatives must also serve the circumstances created, on the basis of Nr. 4823, dated 2,3.7971 "0n the protec- as an argument in favour of the reflec- the objective and subjective factors, which tion of the land,). tion in the draft-Constitution of the natio- have brought about the changes we men- As to the land area under crops, 21 per nalisation of land in the People's Socialist troned, tahing account of the reality and cent of it is the property of the state, Republic of Albania. Since the state has the prospect of further development, the 79 per cent is the property of agricultural been an investor for the improvement of provision in the draft-Constitution of sole cooperatives, and only 0,05 per cent is the the land, it has its rights which the law ownership of land by the state is com- property of a few families comprised of recognises. The existence of co-ownership pletely realistic and correct, - Sociolist stote property ond its development by DERVISH cJIRlTl

planned and harmonious developrncnt of the people's economy has been ensured, the principle of distribution according to the quantity and quality of the work done is implerrented, the rapid development of productive forces and the perfecting of socialist relations of production has been ensured, and the continuous increase of the wellbeing of the working people has On this basis the exploiting classes and been elimiuated, relations of collabora- been made possible. It is precisely these the exploitation of man by man have tion and mutual aid among people have developments which testify to the incon- been established, anarchy and competition testable superiority of socialist state DERVISH CllRlTI lecturer, specialist in political economy.- in production have been eliminated, the orvnership over the means of production. 32c3(281,1976 ALBANIA TODAY

The above features demonstrate that so- This development and strengthening presenting it as socialist, is aimed at cialist property constitutes the powerful v;hich is expressed in the increase of what perpetuating capitalist private property, material base of our people's state power' it embraces and in the social product, and diverting the working class from the struggle for Therefore, the draft-Constitution emphasi- has not been achieved easily. It has been course of the revolutionary achieved in struggle with many obstacles the overthrow of capitalism. ses that: "The socialist property is the inviolable basis of the socialist order, the and difficulties, in fierce struggle with the In the revisionist countries, in the So- enemies. been viet Union and its satellite countries, for source of the wellbeing of the people and internal and external It has purposes demagogy keep the strength of the homeland; it has spe- achieved despite inheriting great technical of they still the terminology state property, cial protection from ihe state' and economic backwardness from the "socialist pro- past, in conditions of the double impe- in their constitutions. In reality, the for- "Socialist property in the means of encirclement and eco- mer socialist property in these countries duction is comprised of the state property rialist-revisionist nomic blockade, organised by the impe- has been transformed into capitalist state and the cooperativist property in agricul- rialists and the modern revisiollists. property of a special kind. Demagogy ture,, (Article 16). rOur people have achieved their socialist vic- cannot alter the real content of things The socialist property and socialist under leadership the Party and phenomena. Karl Marx stressed that group property which exist in our coun- tories the of and by relying firmly on their own for- the question is not who is the nominal try are property of the same type the - and pro- owner of state enterprises, but who draws type of socialist prolrerty which appears ces. The unceasing development per socialist property economic profits from this ownership. It in two forms. They are the exact oppo- administration of basis teachings of Marxism- is an undeniable fact that the new-revi- site of private property and exclude the on the of the Leninism, has been and remains one of sionist bourgeoisie exploits its dominant exploitation of man by man; they serve conditions for strengthen- position to grab the material blessings the interests of the working people' The the decisive the political and economic potential cleated by the working class and othet two forms have a simPle aim: that so- ing of the preser- working people. Using the force of the cialism and communism must be built. of the country, a condition for the perfecting of thc socialist cha- state power it has seized, the Soviet revi- As pointed out in the draft-Constitution, vation and production, for sionist bourgeoisie appropriates state pro- *State property belongs to the whole peo- racter of the relations of purpose preventing degene- perty and has accumulated great fixed ple and is the highest form of socialist the of their and liquid assets. It is leading a para- property., (Article 17). It includes the raticn into capitalist relations. sitic and dissipated 1ife, while the broad key branches of the people's economy. It the bourgeois and revisionist ideolo- working masses are more and more feel- includes the major part of the national gists consider the socialist state owner- ing the burden of oppression and exploi- wealth of tire country, and the principal ship and the state ownership which exists same. fact tation. The working class in that country means of production, it realises the major in their cr:untries as the In capi- is deprived the means of pfoduction, palt of thc funds of accumulation and they are by no means the same. In of relations of and labour power has been turned into ccnsumption, and is the basis for extend- talist state ownership the By law, decisiotrs, o{dinances ed socialist reproduction. The socialist production remain relations of exploita- a commodity. capitalist state eni.er- ar:d other juridical acts, the revisionist state property plays the leading and tion, Exploitation in bourgeoisie have ensured for themselves guiding role in our entire socialist sys- prises is no different from exploitation private Anarchy, rights, profits and privileges as the tem of the economy. The socialist state in capitalist enterprises. many pheno- the means of production. The property is distinguished for the place it ccmpetition, and other negative owners of mena, prevail Reality shows that degenelation of the political power there, occupies and the role it plays; it is the there. more means production the bour- degeneration of socialist state rnost developed form of socialist pro- the of 1ed to the property, the state property of perty. To it belongs the historical per- geois state takes over as its property into capitalist more the exploitation of the working class a special kind. spective of becoming the only form of social property of the whoie people. It by monopoly capital increases. State The Marxist-Leninist treatment of state has a more complete social character, ownership capitalism is paradise for the property in the draft-Constitution testifies marks the highest scale of the socialisa- capitalists and heil for the lvorkers. to the thoroughly principled stand the tion of iabour and the means of produc- F. Engels stressed that as long as the Party of Labour maintains in regard to tion. The workinE class, the vanguard wealthy classes remain in power, state this problem. This treatment is at the class of our society, is directly linked with ownership represents not the elimination same time an exposure for the bourgeois- socialist social property. The working of exploitation, but only a change in its -revisionist ideology, which seeks to deny class is the prime factor in the socialist form. Al1 the clamour that the bourgeois the class content of property relations. state property relations. and the revisionist propaganda makes Reflecting the reality of the property re- Characteristic of the socialist state pro- about the theories of political and econo- lations which exist itr our country, the perty in our country is its rapid creation, mic integration of capitalism into socia- dl'aft-Constitution deals correctly, in a development and increase in strength. lism through capitalist state ownership, scientific way, with socialist ownership ALBANIA TODAY 3 (281, 1976 o 33

over the neans of production, with the its political power, the working class rea- the two forms of ownership, of perfecting process of the development of socialist lises its fundamental interests, its political the distribution of the product for the property and its perspective. and economic interests. Dealing with individual and for society, finds exples- The establishment of socialist state ownership in close connection with the sion there. The necessity of harmonising ownership is by no means the ultimate socialist state, the draft-Constitution economic interests and moral and mate- objective. Vigilance and care must be brings out the unity of politics and the rial incentives, giving priority to collec- constantly increased for its development economy, and the predominence of poli tive interest and moral incentives, etc., and consolidation. Without this the danger tics over the economy becomes evident. also finds expression there. Without the of distortions and the degeneration of so- This is natural and necessary. The ques- rigorous impiementation of these princi- cialist relations of production cannot be tion of the dictatorship of the proletariat ples the existence of socialist state pro- prevented. This danger appears whenevel constitutes the most important question perty as the granite foundation of our so- au indifferent attitude is adopted towards also in regard to the existence of socialist clalist social order cannot be guaranteed. damage to property, when the principle state property. What is irnportant is not The futule belongs to state socialist of democratic centralism is violated, when so much the external form of property as ownership. Therefore work has gone on the trend of running after narrow perso- its socialist content, which is inconcei- ceaselessly for its development and conso- nal interest is nurtured, when the socia- vable without the political power of the lidation and at the same time for the gra- list legislation which regulates production working class. The norms reflected in the dual transformation of group property and distribution is violated, and when draft-Constitution make it clear that our into the common property of society. As no stand is taken against these alien ma- State is a state of the dictatorship of the a result of this correct line, conditions nifestations, In these circumstances the proletariat which expresses and defends were gradually prepared, and it became danger exists that socialist relations of the interests of all the working people. possible in 7970, for the cooperativist production will be turned into relations It undertakes the organisation, manage- property of the artisan sector and the buy- of exploitation. But when a correct ment, adninistration, and protection of ing and selling cooperatives to finally go Marxist-Leninist line is pursued to the the socialist state property. The draf.t- over to state ownership, without mention- end it is quite possible to bar the way to -Constitution stipulates: "The state orga ing individual instances in which some these phenomena. This is precisely the nizes, matages, and develops all econo- agricultulal cooperatives with territorial line that has been reflected in the draft- mic and social life under a unified ge- continuity have merged into state farms. Constitution, in which those norms which neral plan,. . . . (Article 25). It manages the This is what will happen in the future u'iil keep the socialist character of socialist economy on the basis of the principle of with all the cooperativist property in the social property always pure and bar all democratic centralism. .The amount of ac- sector of agriculture. Of course, shal1 pro- the ways to the birth of private property comulation, its distribution and use, is re- ceed cautiously, parallel with the maturing have found expression. The draft-Consti- gulated by tl-re state in a cenlraTized man- of political, ideological, economic and tution legalises tneasures which lead to ngs. (Article 27). Such ownership, guided social factors to achieve this strategic the strengthening of sociallst ownership, by the socialist state, increases the perso- aim. On this question the draft-Constitu- fo the perfecting of socialist property re- nality of the individual, encourages the tion (Article 22) stipulates: ,The transi- lations, making possible the continuous creative initiative of the working masses, tion of the cooperativist property into pro- rcvolutionisation, both of political and makes it possible to advance the process perty of the entire people is done in con- ideological relations and of socio-economic of economic and social development. Such formity with the objective conditions, ac- relations. The norms defining the role of socialist state ownership strengthens the cording to the free will of the coopera- the state in the management of socialist dictatorship of the proletariat, and increa- tivists and with the approval of the state,. property have found reflection in the ses the role of the working class, as the The main ways which will make possi- draft-Constitution. This role stems from leading class of our society. The socialist ble the uninterrupted further develop- the objective and subjective conditions, state property cannot exist, develop and ment of the socialist social property have from the nature, content, and need for the be strengthened outside the fundamental found their reflection in the draft-Consti- development of the socialist property. Marxist-Leninist norms and principles. tution. This development will be achieved Just as it did not emerge spontaneously, Therefore, our draft-Constitution does not on the basis of the objective economic neither can socialist ownership be deve- Tegalize socialist state property as a matter laws of socialism. loped spontaneously. The socialist state, of form, but it reflects such principles The strengthening of the socialist state led by the Party, is used as a main and norms which conform with the socia- property is achieved in the first place weapon to preserve its socialist content list content of ownership. The need for through the constant increase of the social and its development. Thus, socialist state the consistent implementation of the prin- product, a part of which, through accumu- ownership requires a centralised and ciple of democratic centralism in political lation, increases the socialist state pro- planned state leadetship, a thing which and economic life, of planned organisation perty. The more the social product is in- is dictated by the demands of the objecti- and management of the economy, the pre- s:eased, the greater the possibility of ve economic laws of sesialism. Through servation of correct proportiong between turning a part of it into the form of accu- 34.3(28,,1976 ALBANIA TODAY mulation for the purpose of adding new For this reason t1-re draft-Constitution generation of the socialist property rela- objects of state property, in the first place stresses the need to increase the concen- tions. A decisive factor which ensures the in the productive sphere, and parallel tration of production and develop spe- preservation and further development of with this in the nonproductive sphere, too. cialisation. This leads to the increase of social property is the putting of the enti- In these conditions, the increase of the material production and raising the pro- re people on guard of it. It is the property sources of accumulation and their use ductivit5r of labour, improves the mana. of the whole people, the people should with the g.reatest possible efficiency is a gernent of social production, averting bu- and ca-n protect it. duty of special importance. The main road reaucratic and technocratic manifesta- ,Our country has now entered a new to the increase and strengthening of so- tions in the management of the socialist stage of development, the stage of the in- cialist property is the fulfilment and over- state property. On this question comrade tensive socialist development of the peo- fulfilment of the state plan, the broad and Enver Hoxha has pointed out: u.. instead ple's economy. This stage requires multi- participation active of the working people of fragmentation into snall enterprises plied efforts for the increase, strengthen- material production, in the continuous we must move towards concentration of ing, and socialist administration of social increase of the productivity of social la- thera, towards the uniting of many similar property. The consistent performance of bour, the reduction of costs of production er.rterprises or those making the same these tasks, the increase of the care for and circulation, the discovery and tapping products, into a single enterprise*. the state property, without neglecting of the internal reserves, the strerrgthen- (Enver Hoxha, Raports and Speeches cooperativist property, constitutes a fun- ing of the savings regirne everywhere. 7970-7977, p. 739, Albanian edition). damental duty which will make possible Comrade Enver Hoxha teaches us: x , . . We Closely linked with the continuous in- the uninterrupted development of our so- must fulfill all the targets of the state plan crease and social administration of so- cialist revolution in all fields. This is only to the letter, on time and through to the cialist property is the task of protecting natural. The political, economic, and mili- end, because any non-fulfilment creates, it. It is senseless on the one hand to fight tary strengthening of our homeland, the difficulties which are a burden on the with might and main to increase the so- continuous strengthening of the dictator- eoonomy and life of the people.. cialist property, while on the other hand ship of the proletariat, cannot be achie- (Enver Hoxha, Our policy is open, a po- to fail to appreciate sufficientiy the need ved without a strong economic base and, licy proletarian of principles). to protect it. If the bourgeois state in its vice-versa, there can be no talk of streng- The working people are the bearers of constitution proclaims capitalist private thening our economic order without con- socialist propel.ty relations. They carry property as holy, inviolable, and sternly tinually strengthening the dictatorship of forward, strengthen, and protect socialist punishes those who damage it, the work- the proletariat. property. ing class has much greater right to pro- The increase and strengthening of pro- claim the socialist state property in- perty is also linhed with the perfecting of violable to guard it like the apple of its the organisation of production, the forms eye. For this reason the draft-Constitution of which do not stand still. Having a dy- says: "Citizens have the duty to protect and namic character, they rnust always respond stlengthen socialist propel'ty. to the stage of development. Linked with Violation of socialist propel'ty constitrl- the organisation of social production is tes a serious crin-re. (Article 60). the concentration, specialisation and co- The socialist attitude towards propelty, operation of production. If this process the conscious struggle for the increase is not deepened, the state pr.operty is da- and pleservation of socialist property, maged, leaving ploduciion fragmented are features which characterise the acti- into small economic units, which also vity of the broad working masses of our cleates a field for bureaucratic activities. countl'y. But along with this care, there The draft-Constitution stresses the need are also cases of its misuse, damage and for the struggle against bureaucracy and appropriation. These alien manifestations liberalism. The organisation of produc- l.ave their source in the hangovers of tion into large and middle-sized enter- the psycl-rology of plivate property and the prises creates more favorable condilions imperialist-revisionist ideological pressure. for the working class to exercise its di- If they are not combatted, theSr 5p1g.4, rect control over the management and become active and dangerous. To shut administration of the socialist state pro- one's eyes to these alien manifestations perty, makes possible the increase of the means to leave the way open to the acti- efficiency of social production, the rational vity of internal and externai enemies aga- use of the material elements of production inst the state property, means to fail to and labour resources. appreciate the danger of the bourgeois de- THE DEEPETING OF THE CI.ASS STRUGGTE Oil THE IDEOI.OGICAT AIID CUI.TURAI. FROI{[ by HAMIT BEGIJA

The culturol, ortistic, recreotionol oclivity of the bourgeois ond revisionist propogondo meons is nothing but o drrg to befuddle the working mosses, opium ond poison for lhem. lts oim is to put them to sleep, to divert them from politicol ond sociol struggle, to plunge them into purposeless opothy ond urge them towords on emply ond dissipoled life

THE PARTY OF I.ABOUR OF ALBANIA HAS CONSISTENTLY DEFENDED AND ween the internal factors and the condi- ENRICHED THE MARXIST-LENINIST THESIS THAT IN SOCIAI,ISM, TOO, THE CLASS tions of the existing international situation. STRUGGLE CONTINUES IN ALL FIELDS OF LIFE, THAT ITS DEVELOPMENT IS DE. TEBMINED Comrade Enver Hoxha has made a deep- BY THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CIRCUMSTANCES AND BY T.HEIR INTER-ACTION, going and allround analysis of these con- THAT IS A PROTRACTED STRUGGLE WHICH COVERS THE ENTIRE ditions, particularly in his historic speech PERIOD OF TBANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO COMMUNISM, UP TO THE VIC. .How TORY OF COMMUNISM ON A WORLD SCA,LE. cf March 75, 7973. the imperialist- WHILE DISCLOSING revisionist encirclement of our country THE MUTUAL BELATIONS BETWEEN DIFFEBENT ASPECTS and OF THIS CLASS STRUGGLE, the pressure THE PLA HAS STRESSED THE MARXIST-I.ENINIST THESIS effect of its on us should be THAT IT IS WAGED WITH PABTICUI.AB SHARPNESS, ESPECIALLY ON THE IDEOI.O- understood and combatted, (Enver Hoxha, GICAI, AND CULTURAL ERONT. "ONI,Y WHEN THE OI,D BOURGEOIS IDEOLOGY HAS Reports and speeches 1,922-1,923, pp. 260- BEEN DESTROYED' SAID I.ENIN, -ONLY THEN CAN WE SAY THAT WE HAVE DRIVEN 296) in which he has developed the the- THE LAST NAIL IN THE COFFIN OF THE OLD EXPI,OITING SOCIETY,,. sis that the pressure of the capitalist and The pre of revisionist world upon us is allsided, poli- Albania sh f the proletariat tica1, military, economic, ideological and the cultura1. struggle is and The imperialists and revisionists have consolidate it, that socialist relations exploiting of classes are in confrontation and puL all possible means into action against struggle with it. In these conditions the Albania-including political threats and problem of the correct understanding of trickery, military blackmail and threats, the deepening of the class struggle on the the economic blockade, ideological diver- ideological and cultural front and its con- sion and cultural aggression. But, from in the field of the superstructure, sistent includ- development is especially acute this whole arsenal of means ideological ing ideology, and the struggle is and important being at the present time. and cultural diversion remains their fa- waged to consolidate them. But the pLA The p[A has always regarded ancl trea- vourite weapon, that weapon which they, has underlined that although socialist ted the probrems of the deveropment of not without reason, consider the most ef- ideology is dominant in Albania, it has the class struggie in general, and in the fective and fruitful in their counterrevo- field of culture in particular, in the clo- lutionary aims. Apart from other HAMIT BEO.IA - Prolessor, tpunlirt in things, problems ol edueation and atlture. se dialectieal connection which exists bet- this has been confirmed by the bitter tra- 36o3(28),1976 ALBANIA TODAY gedy of the counterrevolution in the Soviet and must fight and win not onlY once, nary uphearrals, no place fol communist (Enver Hoxha, Reports and Union and in its East European satellite but every year, every month and every ideals, etc., 7972-7973, pp. 306-307). countries, where spiritual, i'deological, and day, w-e are not putting up a passive de- speeches ideological enemies are cultural degeneration paved the way to fence; on the contrary, we are counter- First among the the pure bourgeois the usurpation of state power by the re- attacking witl-r all our f orces. This is a those who represent pressure ideology, the traditional ideology of the visionists and the restoration of capita- struggle for the defeat of this deepening of capitalists, which of course have undergo- 1ism. Precisely by means of this weapon and aggression and for the ne some ,evolution,' and ate always more and this aggression, the essence of which the socialist revolution, for the elimina- camouflaged. They include many bour- is the encouragement of liberalism over tion of the influences of alien ideologies ideo- geois parties which are in power: in the the whole front, the imperialists and revi- and for the implanting of socialist positions, as USA the Democrats and Republicans, in sionists aim at eroding the solid and po- logy. In this struggle our state couutries a1l sorts of self-styled werful socialist fortress in Albania from a socialist country and nation, as a other a or Liberals. These include within, at implanting the worm of dege- of the dictatorship of the proletariat, as Ccnservatives In Christian Democrats, who in various neration, their bourgeois and revisionist Malxist-Leninist party, are aff irmed. the Mar- countries are leading governments or are poison, bourgeois-revisionist confusion and this process the af firmation of the positions the in government coalitions; the Vatican and dissipation in it. xist-Leninist revolutionary in as well as all the other On the basis of this analysis, comrade field of ideology and culture, as well as all its agencies, bourgeois parties and trends. All these Enver Hoxha once again pointed out at our contribution to the dissemination of for the open and decla- the 4th Plenum of the CC of the PLA in Marxist-Leninist ideology and the deve- are distinguished of their ideo- 1973t fihe imperialists and revisionists lopment of socialist culture in the present- red anti-communist character im- policy, theses, and slogans' But have always desired the liquidation of so- day world, occupies a place of first logy and present conditions even these par- cialism in Albania. This we know' But portance. in the class ties and trends are compelled to resort to what we must bear well in mind is that it It is obvious that this ideological present themselves alle- is not only the direct military danger, that struggle on a world scale'is very compli- demagogy, to gedly as representatives of the entire exists for us, but also ideological aggres- cated. The means with which the imperia- the working people, sion. Moreover, the ideoiogical pressure list-revisionist enemies are fighting are people, ihus also of capitalism which is a1le- and struggle the enemy is waging against not always open, they are often hidden, as fighters for a us is also a preliminary preparation disguised, refined and sophisticated. The- gedly eliminating, or will eliminate, op- suffering and and precursor of a possible military refore, we must be well acquainted with plession ,and exploitation, 1sr .people's" capitaiism. The attack. Never for a moment should we our ideological enemies, their composition poverty, a and others of this ilk, all forget that we are a sma1l country and, and groupings, their slogans and theses. Pope, Ford, speak in this langtrage. In any case, altho' because of our principled and revolutio- The essence of this problem was explain- decline, the influence of their nary stand, the allround ideological pres- ed by comrade Enver Hoxha at the 4th ugh it is in policy and demagogy on the mis- sures of the capitalist and revisionist Plenum of the Central Committee of the social masses of their countries world are focussed on us. On the other PLA when he said that, 'A characteristic Ied and deceived just as the pene- hand, we cannot live isolated from the of the present-day ideological diversion must not be under-rated, influence also in our coun- outside world, whose itrfluences through of the bourgeoisie and revlsionism against tration of this must not be under-rated. various means of information and propa- socialism is the uniting in a single front try with the o1d tra- ganda, which today have assumed a mass of the fundamental countertevolutionary Second, we have to do the social de- character and been perfected as never trends, from the purely bourgeois ideology ditional opportunism, with mocrats. These are in action everywhere, before, as well as through contacts, which of a frankiy anti-communist character Llut have more influence in Western cannot be avoided, penetrate into our d.own to the old, traditional opportunism, they the Scandinavian country and among our people through from the modern revisionists to the pre- Europe, particularly in many channels. Thelefore, the Party has sent-day so-ca11ed left opportunist trends. countries, the Netherlands, Britain, Wes- of stressed many times that along with se- Irrespective of from what position, irres- tern Cermany, Israel, etc. In many they rious military and economic preparation pective of what slogans and 'arguments' these countries, from time to time for any eventuality, all measures must be they use against them, all these trends head governments and government coa- taken and a1l the forces mobilised to de- attack Marxism-Leninism and socialism, litions or take part in them. Their dema- feat the ideological aggression of the ene- are united in their main aim of demon- gogy is even more sophisticated. They my, too*. (Enver Hoxha, Reports and spe- strating that capitalism has overcome its pose as representatives of the workers, de- that bourgeois society has fenders of ,the cause of socialism'. There eches . 7972-L973, pP. 304-305). contradlctions, Of course, in the struggie against this been improved, that capitalism and so- w'here they make the law, they claim to imperialist-revisionist ideological pressure cialism are now converging towards a have solved the contradictions of capita- and cultural aggression, which is perma- single society, that there is no place now lism, raised the living standard of the nent and against which we are fighting for class struggle, no place for revolutio- working people, ensured general lvellbe- ALBANIA TODAY 3 (28r, 1976 c tr7 ing, hence that they have built their soca- Our purpose in mentioning only a few mic development is being created, the post- lled ,democratic socialism,. It is on these of the fundamental trends of the present- industrial society, which is a consumer foundations that they build their propa- day ideological enemies, without going society, an affluent society, which allege- ganda on a world scale. into the groupings, the nuances and dif- dly creates many material and cultural Third, come the modern revisionists ferences existing among them, is that we blessings, sufficient for all. Therefore, they who are even more dangerous as iCeo- must understand what is common among conclude, the present-day workers and of- logical enemies, because they dress them- them, their ani-revolutionary and anti-so- ficials are allegedly no longer exploited selves up in the cloak of Marxism-Leni- cialist essence, which is expressed in some and oppressed, as they were, but are joint nism, quote Marxist-Leninist phrases, fundamental slogans and theses that are shareholders in the great ,wea1th,, the swear great oaths in the name of Marx the pillars of their propaganda both in great oabundance, which has been and is and Lenin. The modern revisionists have the countries where they act, as well as in being created. usurped state power in the Soviet Union the influence they try to exert on the On this basis, our enemies are striving and in many countries of Eastern Europe, socialist countries. to convince people that now there is alle- a thing which increases their danger, as What are some of the fundamental the- gedly no room for revolutionary and r,r'e1l as their possibilities to develop exten- ses of their propaganda? communist ideals. On this basis, they are sive social demagogy. They have a defi First, they claim that in the present building all their social demagogy which nite influence also in many capitalist coun- epoch, the technical scientific revolution they are linking closely with their poli tries, especially in Italy, France, in some has replaced the political and social revo- tical demagogy, directed by the two su- Latin American countries, etc. The revisio- lution. Speculating on the present-day re- perpowers, US imperialism and Soviet so- nist views, tinged with Marxism-Leni- sults of the technical-scientific revolution, cial imperialism, which is a pacifist de- nism, are considered by the enemies as they come out with the thesis that Mar- magogy aimed at diverting the peoples the most appropriate for penetration into xism is now allegedly outdated and no lon- and the workers from revolutionary strug- the socialist countries. Therefore, special ger has any value. According to them, gle for their political and social libera- vigilance is needed against them. Marxism might have been, more or less tion. Fourth, come the present-day opportu- valuable for the 19th century olthe be- It is unnecessary to analyse and unco- nist so-called "ieft, trends. The composi- ginning of the 20th century, whereas now, vel all the lies in these theses of the bour- tion of tl,is group is very heterogenous. with the great development which science geois and revisionist propaganda one by It includes the various Trotskyists and and technology has assumed, capitalism one. It is enough to glance at a few phe- neo-Trotskyists, putschist elements and has allegedly overcome its fundamental nomena of the present-day development political adventurers, radical petty-bour- contradictions, bourgeois society is, alle- of the capitaiist and revisionist world, at geois theoreticians of the type of Marcu- gedly, no longer that about which Marx the deep-going contradictions, which are se and Adorno, and sometimes even the spoke; capitalism has allegedly become becoming sharper day by day and which existentialists and others come out with {people's capitalism,. Precisely in these are eroding the socalled wealthy coun- sinrilar slogans" The common factor crrcumstances, they say, the political and tries of this wor'ld, as well as at that po- among all these groupings is their ,ultra social revolution of the rvorking class has verty and misery in which the overwhel- left,, uultra-revolutionaryn phraseology as lost its meaning; thus, there is no longer ming maiority of the peoples of the ca- well as the essential denial of the prole- loom for class struggle, for revolutiona- pitalist world continue to live, to see clc- tarian revolution. None of them have any 1'y overturns, etc. arly how rotten are "the pillars' of this faith in the proletariat, or its party. Accor- Second, as a result of this technical and propaganda and demagogy, to prove its ding to them, the proletariat has integra- scientific revolution which has a tendency entire falsity. ted itself in capitalisrn in the same way to develop everywhele, aaaording to Precisely when this propaganda was at as the bourgeoisie, has become a partner them, capitaiism and sociaiism are conv€r- its peak, the oil crisis burst like a bomb with it; therefore, it has allegedly lost its ging into a single society, because alle- on the capitalist and revisionist l.rorld. It revolutionary features, which can be gedly both in capitalism and in socialism, grew into a general energy crisis and was found today, again according to them, the same economic and social processes accompanied by the food crisis, and the only in the intermediate strata, in the are taking place. To support this thesis currency and financial crisis, with all petty-bourgeoisie and lumpen proletariat, they refer to the developments in the So- their consequences. particularly with the the students, the lower and middle intel- viet Union and other revisionist countries, rise of prices, the increased cost of living, ligentsia, the emiglants, etc, ,The ultra which they call socialist. And, in fact, this the increase of unemployment, thus, a lsf1. phraseology of these people in cer- sort of *socialism" has converged with crisis in every fie1d, down to that of the tain conditions of political and social bourgeois society, because capitalism has environment. And all these could not fail crises can find fertile ground among the been restored in these countries. to be accompanied by the political crisis, masses and can deceive some of them, Third, as a result of this technical and especially by the growth of the reactiona- often heading them into dangerous adven- scientific revolution, again according to ry political trends, indeed with open fas- tures. them, a society with a high level of econo- cistisation. 38.3(28),1976 ALBANIA TODAY

It is precisely this reality of the pre- flucnce, as a result of the combination, panied with clamolous advertisement, sent-day bourgeois and revisionist world through many variations, of various gen- dealt with in the most commercial way, which once again fully confirms the Mar- les of propaganda. culture and art, has and which is supported and financed by xist-Leninist theses about the exploitation a special force of action. the bourgeoisie, floods the cinema and and oppression of the working people, The bourgeoisie and the revisionists also television screens, the magazines, newspa- about the intensification of this exploita- give this ideological processing the co- pers, and the radio, all the mass media tion and oppression, social polarisation, lour of a cultural activity, striving to in- of infolmation and propaganda. Its aim and so on, in these countries. Here we fluence the whole world, particulary the is to turn the ordinary man into a pas- want to bring forward another supple- smaller countries, with it. This is nothing sive consumer of the poisonous bourgeois mentary argument in support of our the- but the world-wide cultural aggression ideas, to make this consumption a need ses. It is no accident that precisely in which they want to realise. They even and a habit ra,ith him,. (Enver Hoxha, Re- those capitalist countries which are con- try to justify this activity theoretically, ports and speeches 7972-7973, p. 327). sidered the richest and most developed, by referring to the present-day conditions The cultura1, artistic, recreational acti- with the highest standards of living, such of the development of the world. Comra- vity of the bourgeois and revisionist as the United States of America and the de Enver Hoxha points out: ,The impe- means of propaganda is nothing but a Scandinavian countries, that the number rialist bourgeoisie has always striven to drug to befuddle the working masses, o[ cases of neuropsychic illness and sui- cause the degeneration of or to eliminate opium and poison for them. Its aim is to cides. without speaking of other pheno- the cultural traditions of the small peo- 1u11 them to sleep, to divert them from mena of decay and degeneration, is ples, the national spirit of their art and the political and social struggle, to plunge higher than anywhere else. It is obvious culture. This is one of the ways for the tlem into apathy and urge them towards that in these ,very rich" countries the realisation of its cultural aggression and an empty and dissipated life. existing social system turns the ordinary subjugation of the peoples. The reactio- In these circumstances it is necessary working man into a machine, from whom nary bourgeois concept about the ,inter- to be very well aware of the essence of all his energies are mercilessly sucked out nationalisation* of culture, and art, the the present-day bourgeois and revisionist by intensive oppression and exploitation. ideas that ,the phase of national schools culture, of its content, its philosophic ba- However, penetration the of the theses has now been left behind", have as their sis, its fundamental directions and cha- of the bourgeois and revisionist propa- aim the elimination of the cultures of racteristics. ganda should not for a moment be under- other peoples,. (Enver Hoxha, Reports and Characterising these phenomena, com- estimated. The fact that the ,pillars, of speeches 1972-7973, p. 319). From this rade Enver Hoxha points out that propaganda "Today this are rotten does not emerges the duty that all the peoples, the phenomena of the decay and degene- exclude the possibility of its influence on and particularly the small peoples, as ra.tion of bourgeois culture are becoming unfornred people, who are easily deceiv- well as those who have liberated them- more and more accentuated. Its ,isms, ed, who can easily be taken in by some selves from the yoke of imperialisrn and which spring up like mushrooms, are the external advertisement, without speaking colonialism, must display high ideological clearest sign of this decay. "New schools, of hostile elements who might try to be- vigilance towards this imperialist and re- which resemble the countless religious corne conscious propagators of the bour- visionist cultural aggression, particularly sects and heresies are emelging every geois and revisionist poison. towards that of the two superpowers, US day. Nevertheless, they have a common The bourgeoisie and the revisionists imperialism and Soviet social imperia- philosophic basis which is idealism with try to carry out an intensive spiritual 1ism, and must set about the development all its endless sophistications. This is the ,processing, of people. To the traditional and enrichment of their national culture essence also, of those trends which, at centres of this processing, such as the fa- with might and main. For us, too, it first sight, emerge a1legedly as 1eft, radi- mily, church, and school, have been added always remaiirs an imperative duty to cal protests against official bourgeois so- powerful means of social information, wage an intensive struggle to preserve ciety, against its culture and morality, mass culture and propaganda-every kind and develop the cultural wealth of the peo- Under the disguise of an art which of printed material, mass publications of ple, its national features. a11egedly does not recognise social pre- artistic literature, especialiy about what is Another fact that must not be under- judices and ideological commitments, the cal1ed boulevard art, film, theatr:e and estimated either, is that the imperialist-re- cult of empty content and ugly form, of any othel kinds of spectacles, radio, and visionist ideological diversion and cultu- the base and the hideous, is created, The recently also television which are extre- ral aggression are dressed up, as comra- main themes and heroes of decadent mo- mely widespread, have a very extensive de Enver Hoxha puts it, with an external dernist art ate murderers, prostitutes, coverage, intensify, and rapidity of action. lustre veiled with a deceptive external immorality, social pathology. Its banner In this direction radio and television are glitter. Characterising the present-day is irrationalism, its liberation from "rea- particularly notable, especially television degeneration of bourgeois culture, he scn". Its ideal is the primitivism of the which, as a result of the combination of stresses that xprecisely this culture dres- cave man,tr (Enver Hoxha, Reports and the accustic influence with the visual in- sed up with an external brilliance, accom- speeches 1972-7973, p. 320-321). ALBANIA TODAY 3 (28), 1976 o 39

Of coulse when we speak of the cha- mes. Apart from other things, this culture psyche of man is his insticts and, among racter of the culture in the bourgeois is distinguished for its vulgarity which them, the most important is the sexual in- countries we always keep in mind that has the aim of confusing and bastardising stinct. The existentialism of Sartre, Camus- this is a complicated phenomenon. In the taste of the masses. se, and others like these, with their verge bourgeois society, as Lenin pointed out, l'here is also a third direction, which is of death philosophy and aesthetic and we shall always find two cultures - one called anti-culture or anti-art, which is their sophisticated presentation of anxiety of the dominant class and the other of elaborated by the so-called "1eft* trends about it also contribute to this trend. the oppressed and exploited strata, but or "left cultures". As in all fields, in cul- It is precisely these doctrine, which the culture of the dominant class ture too, these trends themselves declare form the predominant climate of bour- always prevails, the culture of that that they are against the traditional so- geois art and worship social pathology class which has politicai power and the ciety, against its culture and art, against amorality, pessimism, fatalism, fear and means of production, hence the most po- its ethical and aesthetic norms, against its anxiety about death. These doctrines pre- werful means of culture, in its hands. con'zentions in general, that they are al- sent man as a primitive cave-dweller, as Today, too, in the bourgeois countries legedly for another culture, entirely diffe- an animal, extol the lack of reason, the there are two cultures: the bourgeois cul- rent flom that of present-day bourgeois prevalence of the sexual instict and vio- ture, as the dominant cultule of the so- society. Herein lies the source of the so- lence in the life of man. From this stems ciety, and the culture of the proletariat called ,1eft protestsu in the field of cul- the widespread presentation of violence and other revolutionary and democratic ture, which then degenerate into such mo- and crimes, the countless murders in the strata. At one time bourgeois culture had vements as that of the hippies and others u'orks of bourgeois art. its own plogressive trends, but in the of this kind cven more vulgar and con- The infiuence of these trends in pre- epoch of imperialism it became decayed fused. The representatives of these trends sent-day bourgeois society is so strong and degenerate. The representatives of say, for example, that we do not need that it even affects generally progressive, the bourgeoisie themselves described this sentimental and emotional music. But with realist and neo-realist authors. Even their culture as decadence, hence decline, decay. what do they replace this? With the music novels and films, as for instance the novel, In our century, and partiatlariy in the of the primitive orgy. They roam as far ,The Great Families,, by the French writer, present period, since the second World as to the caves of the Himalayas looking Drion, the work of the American play- War, this decay has become sti1l more ac- for its motifs. The bourgeoisie is not in H'right, Arthur Miller, *A view from the centuated: Precisely this is the fundamen- the least afraid of all this so-called anti- bridge,, the film of the Italian direotor, ta1 characteristic of the present-day so- culture; on the contrary, this trend is to \Tisconti, "Rrok and his brothers,, etc., called modernism, which is nothing but its benefit, because it diverts people, work- along with the reaiist line they have, are the same decadence rolling ever further ers and youth, from the true struggle for also permeated by accentuated irrational- downhill. liberation and plunges them into an empty ist and Freudist motives, which seriously This present-day modernist culture has and dissipated life. detract from their realist or neo-realist within it a number of off-shoots. In the This is not the occasion to speak of character itself, first place we distinguish what is ca11ed other nuances which exist within these Mention must be made, also, of the the elitist culture, hence culture of the trends and ramifications of bourgeois cu1- phenomena of degeneration of culture, li- .select* few, of the -intellectual. and .spi- ture.; on the contrary, the fundamental terature, and art in the revisionist coun- ritualil upper crust of society. It is notable thing is to stress what is common among tries, which began with their departure particularly for its sophisticated content and them. And in the first place, as comrade from the method and fundamental princi- form and is incomprehensible to the masses. Enver Hoxha points out, the common fac- ples of socialist realism, with their nega- But the main and the most widespread tor among them is their philosophic basis, tion of the basic principle of proletarian off-shoot of bourgeois culture is what is idealism, with its endless refinements, partisanship, with their vilification of the called mass culture, or standard culture, especially subjective idealism, in which the heroic spirit of the communist hero, with standard art; it is precisely that culture trend of irrationalism, elaborated by their preaching of anti-Leninism, pacifism which is aimed at the broad masses, at Bergson and other bourgeois philosophers, and bourgeois humanism, the fear of the rank-and-file common man and which is prominent. The essence of this philo- war, and of any kind of struggle, Our has the aim of implanting bourgeois ideas sophical trend consists in the negation of reader and spectator have seen how such in him and enslaving him spiritually, at human reason. In art, the influences of tiends began to appear in Sholokov's story, standardising his reasons and feelings, at this trend are interwoven with those of .The Fate of a Man*, and the film made making hirn bourgeois. It is precisely this Freudism and neo-Freudism, elaborated frorn it, in such films as "Ballad for the culture to which the bourgeoisie devotes by Freud and his followers, which have Soldier,, etc. These counterrevolutionary the most finance. This is that stupifying as their essence the denial that man is a features become steadily more pronounc- drug which fills the newspapers and ma- social being, the contention that he is a ed in revisionist iiterature and art. Later gazines, the mass publications, the cine- biological being, an animal. According to they began to be combined with chauvi- mas, the radio and television program- the Freudists the essential thing in the nism anrl blatant nationalism, as well 40o3(281,1976 ALBANIA TODAY towards the as with the preaching of religion and the degenerate bourgeois and revisionist and with a correct attitude fight against mysticism. At the same time the revi- culture must be smashed, that {not only strengthening of them in the and intellec- sionists opened the doors wider and wider have we nothing to learn from this cultu- bureaucracy, technocratism problems these, to degenerate bourgeois culture. Of cour- re, not only have we no reason to acquaint tualism, very reievant raised by the se they do this according to the internal the masses and youth with, it but we must which have been forcefully PLA. A11 these and external circumstances, at times they reject it with contempt and fight it with Central Committee of the aspects of the relax their control and at other times they determination., (Enver Hoxha, 7972-73, features are fundamental outlook of the new man tighten the screws, but it is a fact that the p. 321). communist world penetration of the open bourgeois in- Besides the external circumstances, it of socialist societ5r. Likewise, a recognised decisive importance in this fluence of disiparation and confusion in is essential to have a thorough knowledge fact is the formation of socialist con- their culture and art is becoming con- of the internal conditions in which the prccess of the the and attitudes towards work, social stantly stronger and more systematic. implanting of sociaiist ideology and cepts property, general towards those tasks Moreover, the revisionists themselves are development of socialist culture are rea- in linked with the struggle for the imitating this spirit, spreading it among iised, as well as of the influence and the which are of our socialist socio-econo- youth, the intelligentsia, and the mas- struggle against alien manifestations in consolidation the mic order and which require the eradica- ses, these fields. In the final analysis, it is and the cultivation In Albania the struggle against the in- internal conditions which determine the tion of individualism fluences of revisionist art is being main- most fundamental aspect of this process, of collectivism. problems of tained with special intensity. It is a fact to the extent that we may even say that Ail these are fundamental the realisation of that alien influences in the Albanian art the action of external circumstances be- communist education, of class struggle in the ideological field, aim to penetrate in the first Place comes possible only when it finds suitable the new socialist morality' through revisionist art. Among them are soil in the internal conditions which de- oI implanting the general framework of those phenomena which the PLA has termine social development. But within this transformations and continually criticised such as trends of The socialist revolution, in the field of problems, deep-going struggle, we are anti-heroism, sterile theorisations about ideology and culture is one of the funda- allround ideological article, on some aspects the positive hero for the purpose of deni- mental laws of the building of the new dwe1ling, in this processes occur in the grating him, the aim of presenting vacil- socialist society. It constitutes a very com- of those which and culture of the people, lating heroes who can be broken depar- plicated social process, closely linked with daily social life narrowest and direct meaning of tures from the great themes and the mi- all the revolutionary transformations on in the litant spirit of our literature, art and our the road of socialism, in the first place, these terms. course these processes must not be entire culture, etc. with the establishment and consolidation Of from several main cir- In this complex of external circum- of the state power of the working class seen as divorced of the political, economic and stances, in which our ideological class ancl socialist relations of production. But, cumstances Aibania. We set struggle is taking place in the field of aL the same time, in solving many com- social development in of the construction of so- culture, comrade Enver Hoxha has pointed plex problems, such as the destruction of out on the road building it in the con- out: rwe have valued and continue to the o1d ideologies and reactionary cultu- cialism and we are profound backwardness in- value only the revolutionary, progressive re, the triumph of the new socialist ideo- dirions of a the past in all fields, and and democratic foreign art, be it of the logy and culture, the creation of the new herited from particular the field of culture and past or of our century. We sha11 utilise it man with communist world outlook and in in conditions of a savage in a critical way in the future too, for this consciousness, etc., this ideological and way of life, in the blockade imposed by the ex- is necessary for the cultural development cultural revolution serves the consolida- economic the imperiaiists and mo- of the masses, for their ideoaesthetic edu- tion and carrying forward of the revolu- ternal enemies, revisionists; in the conditions of the cation, as well as for the forming of those tion in all other fields, too' dern on an international tastes which resist the degenerating and The decisive impoltance of the forma- revisionist betrayal stand of the Albanian vulgar bourgeois-revisionist influence. tion of political viewpoints and socialist scale and of the peopie against it; in the condi- All this requires careful, mature, diffe- consciousness in this whole process, is a Party and of numerous and rentiated work on our part; it requires recognised fact. This has to do with edu- tions of the overcoming in all fields of life, avoiding extreme attitudes based on xeno- cation in socialist patriotism and proleta- exceptional difficulties po- struggie with the external mania or xenophobia, liberalism or sec- rian internationalism, new moral and in continuous enemies; in the conditions tarianism, avoiding the lack of a critical litical features these, which have reached and internal fighting for the syste- attitude or being afraid to take a stand*. a very high development in the ranks of in which we are of the revolutionary (Enver Hoxha, Reports and speeches 1972- the working people, as well as with a cor- matic implementation power principle of self-reliance. 7973, p. 327). rect understanding of the political Marxist-Leninist precisely these fundamental circum- At the same time he has stronglY em- of the working class, of the dictatorship of Ii is have determined and conti- phasised that all the bridges linking with the proletariat, of all its mechanisms, stances that ATBANIA TODAY 3 (28r, 1976 c 4t nue to determine the transformations in or new, external or internal, conservative which is linked with the way of life, with the field of ideology and culture, of our or liberal, we must always be guided by the tastes, traditions and customs, with way of life and mentality. revolutionary Marxism-Leninism not al- mentality, with that which, as distinct In these circumstances, the question lowing ourselves to be deceived by the ex- from the consciousness of a scientific cha- arises automatically. What sort of spiritual ternal form but considering the content, racter, is called ordinary consciousness life do the Albanian people need? What the essence of the phenomena first of all. and which is manifested in the day to day kind of culture and art do they need? Can Comrade Enver Hoxha points out ofn our life of man, particularly in his actions it be permitted that we leave the way opinion, a conservative attitude is that outside of work, remains even more back- open to the penetration, however limited, which'justifies, supports, and defends ward. This phenomenon is based on thc of that stupifying drug of bourgeois-re. anything outdated, which is against pro- relative backwardness of social psychology visionist ideology, to adopt a tolerant and gressive transformations, against the new, as against social ideology. liberal attitude towards it? which curbs the revolutionary impetus of It is known that social consciousness in It is clear that the Albanian pdople had the masses, their allround emancipation, general remains relatively behind the ma- and still have a need for a revolutionary which hinders our advance on the road terial conditions of the development of miliLant spirit which is irreconcilable with of socialism. From the position of such scciety. Btrt this general reality presents any alien influence, for a pure socialist a revolutionary class concept, it is not differences in its various component as- spiritual life, for a culture and art of a only the o1d ideologies which come from pects and phenomena. Thus, the various lofty revolutionary content, which inspires the depths of the centuries which have a political, moral, scientific and other views them and sets their hearts ablaze, so that conservative character, in the broadest can, and in fact do, change more rapidly, they keep their muscles and nerves tense, political and social sense, but also the while the ordinary mentality of daily life as the circumstances of our political and present-day degenerate bourgeois and re- and especially the routines and habits of socio-economic development require. What visionist ideology and culture, all their 1i- life, behaviour, etc., change slowly, their is needed is that such a revolutionary beralism and modernis6,. (Enver Hoxha, inertia is very great and is what is usually n-rilitant spirit should penetrate every cel1 Reports and Speeches 7972-7973, pp, 322- called the terrible force of habit. That is of nay life, from education in every fa- -323). And he stresses that, .For us, the why it happens that among many people, mily home up to the level of the entire Marxist-Leninists, the new is that which who have progressed a greal deal not society, from the understanding of the serves the destruction of anything out- only politically and in their stand towards fundamental tasks in the political and dated, regressive and reactionary, of work, but also in their general formation economic fields and up to those of cu1- anything alien to our society and ideo- as members of socialist society, there are tute, att, education, behaviour, etc. In logy; it is that which serves the affirma- also those who, particularly in their daily all these fields the Albanian people are tion of anything progressive and revolu- iife, in their behaviotll after work, and guided by the communist revolutionary tionary, the development of socialist so- especially in the family, in their stand ideal which is irreconcilable with any ciety, its base and superstructure, of pro- towards their wives, children, etc., main- spirit of ideological concessions, liberal or duction and spiritual life. lVe always see tain backward and outdated attitudes conservative attitudes, apoliticism and spi- the new, in the filst place, in content and which are alien to our socialist morality, litual eraptiness, vanity, foolishness, and then in form, This is how we sce it in /lnd there is nothing paradoxial, in the naivity, literature and art tooo. (Enver Hoxha, Re- fact that precisely in this field we also It is precisely from such circumstances ports and Speeches 7972-7973, p. 318). see the other side of the same coin, libe- ar:d requirements that the complexity of Such a concept also helps us to distinguish ral atttitudes towards alien influences in the ideological struggle stems, The pro- the false rfl€w', the brilliant external the way of 1ife, indeed even imitations, at blem is that in the struggle to implant glitter, the false extelnal obeauty', espe- times disguised and at other times more the socialist ideology, and for its victory, cially in culture, art, fashion, advertise- open, of the ugliness of the bourgeois and it encounters numerous cbstacles and ment, etc. levisionist way of life, which come above alien influences. Some of them are old; We consider the complexity of the ail through art, especially through foreing they comc from the present-day impe- struggle for the implanting of socialist music, fashion, advertisement, and which rialist and revisionist world, We are in ideology also from another angle. The are more appaxent among young people, struggle with all forms of the ideology new socialist consciousness is a total phe- The whole thing is that the unformed of the exploiting classes known to human nomenon, but which at the same time also element, in which the principles and society, with religion and the old canons has its various aspects, which do rrot norms of socialist morality, way of life, of the patriar.chal tribal order, with thb develop in a completely equal manner. education, behaviour and taste have not pressure of the present-day bourgeois and Thus, the political consciousness of man been implanted and consolidated as yet, revisionist ideology, with all their many is transformed more rapidly, whereas his inclines sometimes to one side and some- variants. consciousness and attitude towards work times to the other. The whole matter is In the irreconcilable ideological class lags behind. But it is important to stress that precisely in these fields we are living struggle against any alien influence, old that the aspect of social consciousness through the period of a typical transition, 42.3(281,1976 ALBANIA TODAY

w.hcn thc old traditions of life havc not Lct us iooh at this process in thc exanr- ture, of the mcans and ways of its rea- yet been completely uprooted and when ple of the developrnent of literature and lisation. Wc are guided by the principlc the new traditions are in the course of arts in Albania. It is known that they that all social life is ar-rd must be culture. formation, when a fierce struggle is taking absorb, in a critical way the progressivc On this basis the task has been laid down place between them, when thc socialist heritage of the past, from the nation and that the cultural and propaganda means new is advancing, but the old does not the wor1d, as well as the truly progres- should penetrate on an extensive scale easily yield its positions, and, at the same sive values of the presentday world art. into all social institutions, be introduced tinrc, when the false, alien nnewn penctra- Iiut they are a literature and art distin- further into families, be more available tcs. Day by day wc see this process of guished in the filst place for their new to the individual, especially in his spare ideological ciass struggle being waged socialist content, their profoundly popular time, when work is over. on the scale of the entire society, in all spirit, which develop on the basis of the A decisive factor to ensure victory, as its olganisms and cells, and in particular rrrethod and principles of socialist realism, everywhere, but particularly in the wag- r.r'ithin the family. r.ew in principle as compared with the ing of the class struggle on the ideolo- The process the formation of birth, and other aftistic methods, including the pro- gical and cultural front, is the ensuring dcvelopment of the new socialist culture gressive ones which are permeated by and strengthening of the leading role of warrants special analysis. proletarian partisanship; and which em- thc Marxist-Leninist party in this struggle. In this field the force of social inheri- body the new revol'utionary ideal and pre- It is known that, objectively, the socialist tance has a special action. The ncw cul- sent it through the ncw revolutionary ideological and cultural revolution cannot ture is not born in a vacuum. It inherits heroes. be realised without a fierce conflict of and absorbs all the best aspects of the The cleation of this new sociaiist cul- views with the ideological opponents, culture of the past both national and ture is a plotracted and complicated pro- without consistently maintalning a Mar- u'orld culture. But even this is done cess. The problem is that along witl-r the xist-Leninist s[and, ovclcoining any one- tlrrough struggle, through an ideological e;sential qualitative changes, at the same sidedness and mistake, combatting any sifting out in the spirit of Marxism-Leni- time, indeed at a still more rapid rate, dcep-going q:rantitative eroneous, any opportunist and sectarian, nism, The culture of the past epochs is transformations liberal or conservative attitude, lvaging a not entirely homogenous. As Lenin said, must be realised, too, so that culture, merciless struggle particularly against any in it we distinguish two cultules: that flom an instr':Lment in the hands of the consciously hostile activity, not only of of thc ruling classes generally with reac- rrling classes, will be turned into the pl'operty the imperialists and revisionists, but also tionary tendencies especially when these of the working people. The mor.e of the internal declassed hostile, anti- classes have given up their first progres- brckward the country when it enters the party element, etc. At the same timc, a sive ideals and slogans, as the bourgeoi- ccurse of socialist construction, the more creative stand is required in grasping the sie have done, as well as the culture of difficult and complicated this process be- process development the oppresseC, with democratic and revo- ccmes. This has been clearly seen in Alba- complicated of the class the ideological lutionary tendencies. The working class nia during the entil'e period of the reali- oi this struggle in and its party cannot take over everything sation of our cultural revolution up till and cultural fields, a stand which takes flom the culture of the past, but, rejecting now. It is known that we inherited very into account the changing circumstances, what is feactionary, they take over what little of educational and cultural develop- the emergence of new circumstances, etc' is valuable and useful to their cause. And ment from the past. Thus, immediately It is just such a consistent and creative tl-rey take i't over not in a rnechanical way, after liberation the tasks of rapid quan- stand which has always distinguished and but with a critical attitude; moreover, de- titative transformations presented them- continues to distinguish the Party of La- veloping thc positive traditions of the selves forcefully, so as to eliminate illite- bour of Albania. It has waged an heroic past, enriching them with new content racy, extend schooling of various catego- strjuggle in all f ields of 1ife, demonstra- and ideas. ries and stages, raise the educational and ting a high level of class vigilance, pa:r. But the creation of the new socialist cultural level of the masses, create the ticularly in the ideological field, nip- culture can never be reduced simply to new people's intelligentsia, and set up the ping in the bud any enemy efforts for the critical absorbtion of the cultural heri- necessary network of propaganda, cultural deviation in the ideological and cultural tage of the past and the present-day cul- and artistic institutions. All these tasks fields. tural values. The main thing here is the were realised in unity with the efforts Today, as always, the Party of Labour new socialist content of this cul,ture which for the creation and consolidation of thc of Albania stands at the head of the finds suitable soil for mass development new socialist content. Thus our cultural struggle for the ideological purity of our only in socialidt society. This is precisely revolution was both quantitative and qua- spiritual life, for its development on the the new cutrture of this society which is litative at the same time. basis of Marxism-Leninism, the interests distinguished, in principle, by its prole- However, as comlade Enver Hoxha of the revolution, the interests of the tarian tevolutionary essence, from every pointed out at the 6th Congress of the working people, as well as of their sound culture of past epochs. Party, we have a broader concept of cul- national traditions. - The first pigiron ol Alhonion brond

The metallurgical combine which is day of joy not only for you who laid the being built at Elbasan, is the biggest in- foundations and are completing the impor- dustrial project going up in Albania. This tant sections of this giant of our industry project, which is being constructed with one after another, but also for the entire the internationalist aid of the PR of China, Aibanian people, for our beloved Party, will further strengthen and consolidate for our Chinese friends who have given the economy of socialist Albania. There- and continLle to give valuable assistance fore, the builders are striving with might in the building of this great project... and main to complete it as soon as possi- The joint work of the Albanian and Chi- ble. A great deal of work has been car- nese workers and specialists - continued ried out already at the combine. Some Pali Miska - is a major contribution to sections are completed or are well on the the strengthening of the great friendship \ ay to completion. On the eve of May which links our two parties, two coun- Day, International Workers Day, the buil- tries, and two peoples, a friendship forged ders of the project, who have worked with and steeled by our two leaders, comrade TIFEOFTHE revolutionary drive in honour of the 35th Enver Hoxha and Chairman Mao Tse-tung,. EI 6:) anniversary of the founding of the party, The head of the group of Chinese spe- I completed the pigiron-coke line which has cialists Han Chin Chuang, also addressed o been put into operation. the meeting. On behalf of all the Chinese -l- b This was truly something to be cele- specialists, he conveyed his warmest con- - brated for the builders of the combine gratulations to the Albanian comrade-in- a.nd for the entire Albanian people be- arms. He said that the building of the - cause, with the bringing of this line into metallurgical combine is a great expres- { operation, the production of Albanian pig- = sion of the unbreakable Chinese - Alba- o iron began for the first time in history. nian friendship, forged personally by CE -, On the day of the inauguration of the Chairman Mao Tse-tung and comrade lr line, thousands of people, builders of the Enver Hoxha. In conclusion, Han Chin combine as well as other workers and Chuang said that the Chinese specialists, peasants from the nearby cooperatives, guided by the teachings of Chairman had gathered in the square before the Mao Tse-tung, will work to complete the blast furnace. The Chairman of the project as soon as possible. After Pali Miska Council of Ministers, Mehmet Shehu, the cut the ribbon to inaugurate the pigiron- member of the Political Bureau and Se- coke line, those present cheered the pour- cretary of the Central Committee of the ing of the first pigiron of Albanian brand. Party, Haki Toska and other personalities The Party and State leaders, the local took part in the inauguration ceremony. authorities of Elbasan, and the project Also present were the ambassador extra- anagers then visited the various units of ordinary and plenipotentiary of the PR of the combine. China to the PR of Albania, Liu Jen Hua, Two days later, at the premises of the other embassy officials, as well as the Central Committee, the first Secretary of Chinese specialists who are assisting in the Central Commitee of the PartY, the construction of the combine. comrade Enver Hoxha, received a group The meeting organised for the inaugu- of Albanian and Chinese workers and ration of the project was addressed by the specialists who are working on the con- member of the Political Bureau and Mi- struction and putting into operation of nister of Industry and Mining, Pali Miska. the metallurgical combine at Elbasan He greeted and congratulated the buil- and held a very warm and cordial con- ders on behalf of the Central Committee versation with them. of the Party, the Council of Ministers, Taking part in this meeting were the and comrade Enver Hoxha personally. members of the Political Bureau and se- "This day, which will remain unforget- cr-etaries of the Central Committee of the table,, he said an:ong other things, "is a Party, l{aki Toska, Hekuran Isai, IIFE OT THE EI 6e - k l- - = =o -lf, CElt

Contrade Enuer Hoxha in the midst oI the delegation ol the

Hysni Kapo, Ramiz Alia, the member of brand. Comrade Enver Hoxha shook hands the Political Bureau of the Central Com- with them and embraced them one by one. mittee of the Party and Minister of In- ,This is truly a joyful day for us who dustly and Mining Pali Miska, as well as are meeting here today,, 53if, comrade the member of the Central Committee of Enver Hoxha to the workers and spe- the Party and Minister of Construction, cialists who took part in the meeting. The Rrahman Hanku. inauguration of the pigiron-coke line of The eyes of the workers who entered the metallurgical combine is a great po- the ha11 were shining with joy and pri- litical and economic victory which streng- de. They were proud because they are thens socialist Albania. This is the most carrying out with honour the task as- important project being built by the signed to them for the construction of working class of our country under the the combine. It was a moving and un- leadership of the Party and marks a deci forgettable moment when they handed sive stage in the development of our in- a simple but symbolic gift to the beloved dr.rstry; it is the project in which the ma- leader of the Party and the people - a terial to feed our industry will be pro- sample of the first pigiron of Albanian duced. On behalf of the Central Commit- Albanian and Chinese tuotkets 'and specialists who ate working in the construction of the Metallurgical Combine

tee, I would like to warmly congratulate You, comrades, are bringing the Alba- bold relief. He pointed out ti:at the PLA you Albanian and Chinese workers and nian people good news and great inspira- has corrsistently follot'ed its cort:cct specialists once again on this great vic- tion for May Day, the day of international lVtarxist-Lenir:ist linc and policy for the pro- country. tcry. You, Albanian and Chinese comrades solidarity of the lvorkers. With this socialist industrialisation of the ject proletariat what On course, said he, our Par'ry has worked together like comrades-in-arms, we show the world this socialism is, what the dictatorship of thc encountered hostile activity on the part of you have worked together like brothers, proletariat is, rvhat true internationalism the Soviet revisionists and their sateliitcs and have created this great project which is, the brilliant results of the consistent il all fields, particularly concerning the further strengthens the glorious and un- rvaging of the class struggle at home and processing of our iron-nickel ore. For a breakable friendship between the Alba- sn the international arena. time they deceived us. Finally 'rhcy arli- nian people and the Chinese people, bet- Then comrade Enver Hoxha spoke of ved at the colonialist conclusion that a ween our Marxist-Leninist parties two tl,e great work and the many complicated metallurgical complex could not be built and strengthens orlr love for the distin- experimerts which had to be and were i:r Albania on the basis of the 1ocal ore; guished leader of the Communist Party of carried out for the construction of this but we must send it to Czechoslovakia, China and the beloved friend of our peo- project, in which the lofty revolutionary because the combine could be built there. p1e, the great Marxist-Leninist, comrade spirit and the ability of the Chinese and And thus we would have to sell cul ore at Mao Tse-tung, Albaniau speeiali$tF have stopd out in prices they would imposc en us, I want io merrtion this. both fol the Albanian of our enernics and tley will go on doing it. ccnradcs and for the Chinese comrades, A Hungarian newspaper even wrote that in order to stress what savage enemies the a11eged1y the Chinese are no longer send- Soviet revisionists and other modern re- ing matelials for the construction of the visionists have been and are. The great metallnrgical ccmbine at Elbasan and the intcrnationalist aid of the People's Repu- project is being lcft half finished, A11 rea-

tIFE OF T}IE rrl m I e l-- tb5 *{z o= tr lrG

A uieu of the MetalltLrgical Combine at Elbasan on the occasion and otl1et Patty

blic of China successfully soh,cd this pro- ction took uL1 this Hungarian alticle and blem so important for our economy. We spread it far arrd wide. This is the doing are grateful to the great Chinese people, of the enemies of our two countries, who the Comn-runist Party of China, and com- are the savagest enemies of the revolution rade Mao Tse-tung, and socialism, of ail the peoples, said Comrade Enver Hoxha made a high as- comrade Enver Hoxha. sessment of the great revolutionary Alba- The internal enemies and traitors, too, nian-Chinese friendship. This friendship is are acting against the friendship between based on Marxism-Leninisrl and will ne- our two countries. Our Parly has disco- ver die. Let the enemies spread their slan- vered, unmasked, and wiped out such ene- der, continued comrade Enver Hoxha. For mies and revisionists, who have counter- some time now a campaign has been posed themselves to the line of the Party, whipped up in the capitalist-revisionist u-ho have sought to sabotage the construc- world that a11eged1y ihe friendly relations tion of socialism, to erode at the founda- between China and Albania have cooled tions of our socialist hotneland. They also off. There is no baser calumny I But this wanted to ruin our friendship with our does not surprise us, for this is the work sister China, with the Communist Party of Mao Tse-tung, and to link the country with wherever they are. One person, or a himself to the machine driver Maks Ma- the Soviet revisionists. group of persons, can do some harm for nushi. ,Yes,, he replied. ,You have lear- In China, too, a resolute class struggle a certain time, but they can never mana- ned many things there. You must deepen is being carried out against the counter'- ge to damage our great friendship. Our those lessons-comrade Enver Hoxha ins- revolutionary, capitulationist revisionist Marxist-Leninist parties have always fought tructed, - you must apply them properly. iine of Teng Hsiao Ping, who demandecl and worked and always w111 fight and This precious jen,el for our country, this

?....

oI the inauguration ol the pigiron-coke |-ine. The Chaitmc;n ol the Council oI Ministers Mehmet Shehu and State leaders attended the inauguration ceremony

the re-examination of the correct conclu- worh for the further strengthcning and powerful metallurgy with a very great sions of the Great Proletarian Cultural Re- steeling of our unbrealhistory of Albania, a comrade from rade and respected friend, Mao Tse-tung. among them has earned the right to man- ,It is an exceptional joy that we have age such a vital sector fol our country as the honour to meet comrade Enver Hoxha, the Ministry of Agriculture. Comrade the great leader of the Albanian people Themie will be assisted powerfully by the and the most respected friend of the Chi Party and by all the cooperativists, so that nese people*, said Huang Ching Chuang, our socialist agriculture will advance aod in charge of the group of Chinese specialists. develop further, in the way the Party .We shall never forget this very happy day. thinks. In education, too, the Central Com- Our friendship is unbreakable because it is mittee of the Party appointed as Minister based on the principles of Marxism-Leni- a woman, comrade Tefta Cami, who also proletarian nism and internationalism*. has come from the countryside. She gra- The minutes passed quickly and com- tlFE F TIIE duated from the University, she has been rade Enver Hoxha, surrounded by the Chi- &TJ ordinary teacher, a school principal, and E" nese and Albanian workers and specialists, E tlen secretary of the Party committee. rfu B continued to talk warmly. He spoke of the A Two women comrades young in age but brilliant prospects of our country. Every- l* h with mature minds and capable. This is thing will work out well for us, he said, in z a victory for the po1iry of the Party on E industry, and in agriculture, in all fields, the complete emancipation of women. The -4E for we have an heroic working class, a re- e line of the Party is that everybody must fr volutionary peasantry, a wonderful people ffi duties he is charged with. M- who, with the Party at the head, are ad- carry out the vancing with sure steps on the road of the Whoever does not work well must go to complete construction of socialist society. the base, and people, from the base who Comrade Enver Hoxha told the workers $'ork and run things well the Party rai- that in recent days the Party relieved of ses to leading posts. their functions the Minister of Agriculture Fina11y, upon leaving, comrade Enver and the Minister of Education and Cultu- Hoxha and the other Party and State lea- re, who have committed serious faults in ders embraced the group of Chinese and the line of the Party and in the perfor- Albanian workers and specialists. mance of their duties. And do you know - Is there anyone I have not met? Ah, whom the Central Committee appointed yes ! I have not met the people there, at to these posts? As Minister of Agricul- the combine. W'hen you go back, please, ture, comrade Themie Thomai, a woman embrace them all on my behalf, I wish you from the mud of the fields. At first she successes and victories. Long live the Party I

Ihe greot holidoy of the workers

The working class of Albania held a leadership of the Party and comrade magnificent celebration of May Day, Enver Hoxha, on the road of the revoltt- the day of workers'international solidarity. tion, on the difficult but glorious road of This is the 32nd year that this redlet- socialism and communism. ter day, which has now become the ho- The holiday atmosphere had begun to liday of the entire people, has been cele- build up several days earlier. The whole of brated in freedom in socialist Albania. Albania, decked out like a bride in her wed- And year by year the Albanian people ding finery with national and red flags, have come to this celebration with ever with large slogans and streamers, as well greater victories and ever greater deter- as lvith the portraits of the classical tea- mination to march boldly ahead under tlre chers of Marxism-Leninism, of comrade Enver Hoxha and other Party and State the May Day celebrations in Albania. The pression and exploitation. The capitalist leaders, was echoing the songs and dances. heads and functionaries of the diplomatic and revisionist world is sinking nrore and On the 1st of May, traditionai May Day representations accredited to the PR of more deeply in the political, economic and parades were arrangcd in all the main ci- Albania also attended the parade. social crisis which is gnawing at its vitals ties of the country, at which the working After the band played the national an- and immeasurably increasing the suffering people displayed with graphs, plaoards, them, Hekuran Isai, n-rember of the Poli- and poverty, the unemployment and mi- and samples of products, the victories tical Bureau and Secretary of the Central sery of the masses. Everywhere in the achieved in work and life. The May Day pa- Committee of the Parly, greeted those world today the proletatiat is firmly clo- rade in Tirana, the capital city of socialist present and the entire Aibanian people on sing its ranks and has thrown itself into Albania, rvas majestic and exceptionally behalf of the Central Ccmmittee of the fierce class battles with its enemies. On enthusiastic. The "Martyrs of the Nationn Party of Labour of Albania, the Council of the occasion of May Day we express our Boulevard where it took place was filled l\{inisters, and the Central Council of the revolutionary solidarity with the workers n'ith people from early morning. Tens of Tr:ade Unions. and peoples of the whole world, we send thousands of people of all ages and occu- "The achievements with which Albania thcm our revolutionary greetings and wish pations waited eagerly to file past the comes to tl-ris May Day-, said he among them victory in the struggle for freedom, Party and State leaders and express to othel things, .have made it an impregnable independence, social progress, against im- them their great love for the Party of La- fortress of socialism. The heroic working perialism, social imperialism and reaction. bour of Albania and comrade Envel' class, the cooperativist peasantry, all the "We send our most ardent revolutionary Hoxha, their readiness to march constan- u'orking pcople of our country, are mar- greetings and congratulations to the Chi t15' forward on the course they set. ching today proudly, with the red banners nese working class and the fraternai Chi P::ecisely at 10;00 a.m. the entire bou- of class battles, great victories, and the nese people, who under the leadership of levard echoed to enthusiastic cheering and brilliant prospects which the new five- the Communist Party of China with com- aFplause. Thc First Sccletary of the Cen- year plan opens, unfurled and held high. rade Mao Ise-tung at the head, are suc- tral Committee of the Party of Labour of They are marching with enthusiasm, opti- cessfully carrying forward the costruction Albania Enver Hoxha, the Pr.esident of nism, and their hearts fu11 of joy over the of socialism*. tire Presidium of the People's Assembly draft of the Constitution of'the People's Then began, the march past of the work- Haxhi Lleshi, the Chairman of the Coun- Socialist Republic of Albania which they ing people, which continued more than ci1 of Ministers Mehmet Shehu, as well as themselves are drawing up and which is one hour. Once again it demonstrated the other Pa1'ty and State leaders took their a monumental victory of the correct Mar- steel-like unity of the people around the places on the tlibune set up for the para- xist-Leninist line of the Party... Party of Labour of Albania with comrade de. On the tribune, too, was a delegation ,While the working people of Albania Enver Hoxha at the head, their determina- of the Ministry of Commur'lications of the a.re celebrating May Day happy and joy- tion to always hold high the banners of PR of China, headed by deputy Minister, ful he continued ihe rvorking people Marxism-Leninism and proletarian inter- - - Peng Teng Ching, as r,ve11 as the foreign in capitalist and revislonist countries are nationalism, their readiness to carry the delegations that had come to take part in being subjected to savage and inhuman op- cause of the revolution constantly forward.

bouquets of fresh flowers on the graves We commemorcte of the nartyrs. At 10:00 a.m. the First Se- cretary of the Central Committee of the the mqrtyrs with respect Party of Labour of Albania, comrade Enver Hoxha, the President of the Presi May 5 is a day marked by the Albanian ra1 and artistic activities are orgauised in al1 dium of the People's Assembly, Haxhi people. On May 5, 1942 the Political Se- parts of the country, homage is paid at the Lleshi, the Chairman of the Council of Mi- c1'etary of the Central Committee of the glaves of the martyrs and to their families. nisters, Mehmet Shehu and other Party Albanian Communist Youth and one of This year, too, the Albanian people com- and State leaders also went there, to ho- thc leaders of the Communist Par.ty of .4.1- memorated the 28.000 who fell, with ve- nour those who fell for the freedom, inde- bania, Hero of the ?eople, Oemal Stafa, neration and profound respect. Thousands pendence, and prosperity of the homeland. nas killed in battle with the fascists and upon thousands of people with wreaths After the band played the national an- traitors. For many years, in mernory of and bouquets of fresh flowers in their them the Party and State leaders, together this event, May 5 has been celebrated in ha.nds went to the martyrs cemetery, to the with many martyrs' parents, bowed with Albania as Martyrs' Day. Every year on busts and rnemorials that have been erec- respect before the "Mother Albania' mo- May 5 the entile Albanian people old and ted in their memory in all parts of the nument on which they placed wreaths and young bow '.t,ith respect to the memory of country, and visited the families and re- then filed past the graves of the martyrs those rvho laid down their lives for the free- latives of the martyrs. with their fists raised in salute. dom, independence and prosperity of the In the capital city, tens of thousands of Later, the diplomatic corps accredited homeland. On this occasion- numerous cultu- people paid homage and laid wreaths and to the People's Republic of Albania, as well as the trade union delegations which had mi. Af ter this, the square echoed rvith come to Albania to take part in the May songs dedicated to the marlyrs and sung Day celebrations, paid homage and laid by a choir of 2500 people. At the same wreaths on the graves of the martyrs. time torches were set ablaze irL the square In the evening more than 30.000 people in memory of those faller-r. participated in the mass meeting devoted The many activities devoted to May 5, to May 5, Martyrs'Day, which was orga- Mariyrs' Day, scrved, this year too, to nised in the central square of Tirana, which raise sti11 higher thc enthusiasm with bears the name of the Natlonal Hero, which the people are working, to further Gjergj Kastrioti-Scanderbeg. Present at the strenglhen the unity of the people round meeting were Party and State leaders and the Party of Labour of Albania, the orga- replesentatives of rnass organisations. r.iser and leading force of all the victo- The main address was delivered by the ries of the Albanian people, which will Chairman of the executive Committee of celebrate the 35th annivcrsary of its foun- the District People's Council, Nesip Ibrahi dation on November B this year. A living exomple of militont spirit, IIFE OF THE revolutionory optimism EI e:) I e ond sociolist solidority t- -F h On May 24 ,this year an extraordinary ge with co::rp-lelc sucecss anel l.rave lestor- hail storm occurre<1 in the Myzeqe basin, cd the srtuation in agliculture every-rvhere" - Central Albania, which gravely damaged This achievement was made possible bc- =e -l the crops, In the Lushnja district alonc, cause old and young responded immediat- E a 11150 hectares sown to wheat and othcr e1y to the call issued by the special plenunl crops were damaged, of which about 3000 of the regional ParLy Committee to elimina- IL hcctares were totally destroyed, te the consequences as quickly as possible A difficult situation was created, but in and to triumph over this natural calamity. rcsponse to the call issued by the Party The Party branches, like real fighting olganisations all the working people of staffs, took over the direction of the Luslrnja immediately went into action, whole work resulting in a brilliant mani- with rcvolutionary optiraism and ful1 con- festation of the complete confidence, re- fidence in victory. Volunteers fron othel volutionary optimism, and socialist soiida- regions: cooperativists, tractor and com- lity of all the working pe ople of the legion, bine drivers, and servicemen went at oncc features with u'hich tl-re Party and you, com- to their Lusl-urja brothers, and all toge- lade Enver, have tempered our new man. ther, under the leadership of the Party As always, in these special condi,tions Committee, they set to u,ork to eliminate which were created in our district, right the aftermath of the s,Lorm. from the first moments we felt the hand On June 3, only 10 days after the storrn and special care of the Party, the Central which caused all that damage, the First Committee and you, comrade Enver. They Secretary of the Central Committee of the gave us heart and strength, guided us Party of Labour of Albania, comrade arld showed us the way to overcome the Enver Hoxha, received a telegram from a difficulties as quickly as possible. meeting of the working people and cadres Our entire socialist homeland stood of the Lushnjadistrict,which read in part: beside us. Volunteer actionists from va- 'Dcal Comrade Enver, lious legions and from oul People's Army, We gathered today and drew up the poured into t1-re Myzeqe plain and under baiance-shee,t of the rvork of these days the slogan none for all and all for one,, to overcome the difficulties created for us united theil minds, hearts and strong by the heavy hail storm in a number of hands with those of the u,orking people the economies of our district, and it is of our district. Wolking ,together day and wilh great joy that we inform you that the night, they made it possible, vrithin one communists and working people of the week of effective work, to complete the Lushnja district, under the leadership of drainage of the whole damaged area ot the Party organisation, have crowned the 11.100 l.rectares, the ploughing, discing and action for the liquidation of the hail dama- re-sowing of 3000 hectare with maize, cot- :!

Cttnttade Enr:er Hoxha placingl botrqttets ol lresh llotLters an the graues of tlte martyrs ffiry ffieffi

LIFE OF THE EI eCiI -F G {- o= a CElr

A uiew ol the mass 1l1eetinq

ton, beans, sunflower, vegetables aud work and further increase our confidence fodder crops. At the same time the neces- in our own forces, and fight to overcone sary attention was given to the partly da- difficulties and achieve victolies, werie maged crops including dosing with sup- concretized. plementary fertiliser, cultivatiorr, thin- Cuided by the collect line of the Party, ning and hoeing over the whole of the re- and basing ourselves on the leadiness and lnaln1ng alea. revolutionary spirit of the working mas- This was a great test foi the Party or- ses, as well as on the ir-ritiative of the ganisation and all the working people of coopelativists of Toshkdzi to overfulfill our distlict, who, elightened by the correct this year's produciion plan in bread grain line of the Party, overcame this natural ca- and other agricultural crops, which rvas lamity and emerged victoriouc in this batt- supported by all the unharmed coopera- 1e, too. This could be achieved only in our tives, we assure you, and the plenum of socialist older, where the people, led by our the regional Party Committe decided this, MarxisL-Leninist Party are ln power. that irrespective of the damage caused, The great action for the elimination of we sha11 realise the tasks of the 1976 plan the aftermath of hail became a real school in bread grain, cotton, etc., and will fight for us, because the Party's teachings on to overfulfill them. how, young and old, we must rise quicl

uhich was held in the Central Square of the capital city on the occasion oI Mattyrs Day

in our own for:ces, which this action rai- ces to overfulfill the planned production powcr, thc preservation of thc tclrn .Pco- sed even higher, in order to go to the targets for 1976. ple's Republic" or its substitution with glorious jubilee of the 35th anniversary of In this way the great militant unity, the 'socialist Republic- cannot conceal the rea- tl.re founding of the Party of Labour of por,verful socialist solidarity, the mass he- lity, the fact that an antipopular and anti- Albania proud of our suocesses. loisrr, the strength and vitality of the sociaiist state power has been established Long live the Party of Labour of Alba- socialist order, where everythiug is pro- in these countries, the dictatorship of the nia and its Central Committee with you, duced and built on behalf and interests of new bourgeois class of bureaucrats and, comrade Enver, at the head!, the working people, on behalf of the hap- technocrats, which has trampled under foot Immediately after this, meetings of the piness of the people, and the prosperity, the victo::ies of the revolution and has be- Palty activist were held in all the dis- the further stlengthening and tempering trayed the interests of the working masses. tricts of the country, which discussed the of our- socialist homeland, were once lnore rn our sta-ie of the dictatorship of thc damage caused by hail in the Lushnja and manifested in all their brilliance. proletariat, whicl-r expresses and defends other districts, as well as the enthusiasm Third, through this name an element of the interests of all the wolking people, with which the wolking people of thg the sound tradition and the worthy place under the leadership of the Party of La' Lushnja district fought to bvercome the occupied in the international arena by the bour of Albania, the name has been and dil'ficulties. Inspired by this, ancl respon- ,People's Republic of Aibania,, is preserved, will always be in conformity with its class ding to the Party's call to increase agri- Of course, the name of the state does character, with its historic mission' This cultural products, they pledged that, follo- not change its content. This is the more charaqter, this mission is very well expres- r.ving the example of the working people of obvious when, as is known, in a series of sed by thc name the nPeople's Socialist Lushnja, they will mobilise all their for- countlies where revisionist cliques are in Rcpublic of Albania'. PtUl{DERERS OF THE PEOPTES OF DEYETOPING The imperiolist powers, ond in the first ploce the US COUilTRIES bY ilIKO KETRI imperiolists ond the Soviet sociol imperiolists, ore doing their utmosl to hinder the independent development of developing counlries by forcibly implementing o sovoge policy of oppression ond coloniol exploitotion ogoinst them

AS A BESUI.T OF THE PEOPEE'S I.IBERATION STRUGGLES, TODAY, THE OLD most complete political independence. "One capi- COLONIAL EMPIBES HAVE COLLAPSED AND MANY NEW STATES WHICH ARE SEE' of the main forms used by finance KING TO DEVELOP IN COMPLETE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE tal to oppress and exploit the peoples of HAVE EMERGED IN THE INTERNATIONAL ARENA. WITH THEIR EEFOBTS AND other countries and to extract maximum THE IMPORTANT MEASUBES THEY HAVE TAKEN TO ELIMINATE TIIE BACKWARD- profits from them is the granting of eco- NESS INHERITED FROM THE LONG COLONIAL BULE, TO STNENGTHEN THE UNITY nomic financial and technical-organisatio- AND COT.LABOBATION AMONG THEM, AND TO NATIONALIZE AND PT,ACE ALL THE nal "aid-. NATURAL RICHES OF THE COUNTRY AT THE SERVICE OT THE NAPID AND INDE- But what in fact is the "aid, which the PENDENT DELET,OPMENT OF THEIR ECONOMIES, THESE STATES ANE PLAYING AN US imperialists and the Soviet social im- EVEI MONE ACTIVE ROLE ON THE PBESENT INTERNATIONAL SCENE, perialists pretend to give the developing But the imperialist powers, in the first means used by the imperialist powers to countries? The facts show that the va- place the us imperialists and the soviet oppress and exploit other peoples have rious forms of imperialist .aid- are only social imperialists, are doing their utmost not been, and are not always, the same. links of the neo-colonialist chains, which to hinder the independent development of Thus, whereas in the past they used main- are secured through the barbarous exploi- these countries by forcibly implementing ly the open and direct forms of colonial tation of the working class and peoples of a savage policy of oppression and colonial exploitation, today, when the struggles and the world by the imperialist powers and exploitation against them. efforts of the peoples for liberation and which hinder the independent economic The pursuit of such a policy by the two independent development have assumed and social development of the countries supelpowers stems from the aggressive great proportions, imperialism is compel- receiving the aid. nature of imperialism itself, from its in- led to find new disguised and indirect Thus, although the countries of Asia, satiable thirst for maximum profits, As forms and methods to oppress and exploit Africa and Latin America are rich in re- imperialist powers, the United States of the peoples of other countries. sources of the most useful minerals, have America and the Soviet Union cannot live An important role in this direction is large reserves of energy and fuels and without economic expansion, without po- played by finance capital, which, as Le- possess abundant raw materials, manpo- litical interference and military aggres- nin pointed out, {constitutes such a great, wer and other great possibilities for de- sion, without oppressing and exploiting indeed we might say decisive, force in all velopment, the level they have attaioed in other peoples. However, the ways and international economic relations, that it the field of socio-economic development is is capable of subjugating, and in fact sub- exceptionally low. About 1 billion peo- NIKO KETRI _ le"ture, the fita Uniuersily, "t jugates, even the states that enjoy the p1e from the population of these coun- should be sought neither in the ulack of profits, interest, repayment ' instalments, experience and qualified cadres* nor in the etc., they extort sums several times larger ,rapid increase of the populationn of these than the annual 'aid'. Thus, for every countries, as the bourgeois-revisionist ideo- rupee India receives as raid, from the So- logists preach, but in the .aid,, in the all- viet Union, it is compelled to rePay out economic and political expansion of about 16 rupees. world imperialism, in the first place of the But the economic benefit of the finan- two superpowers, in these countries. cial "aid, to the imperialist powers is not just pro- This 'aid-, as well as other forms and confined to extracting one high means of neocolonialist exploitation, serves fit: In most instances the countries recei- the imperialist powers to impose on the ving the loans are compelled by the im- developing countries such economic, poli- perialist powers to buy various goods tical and military structures and agree- from their countries with the sums bor- ments as will facilitate their penetration rowed. Thus, as Lenin said, the imperialist into these countries and the plunder of powers strip, 'two skins from the same raw materials and natural riches, while sheep,, first, the high interest payments leaving unchanged the backward econo- on the loan provided, and, second, the mic situation and dependence on foreign difference in the price of the commodities countries. The neocolonialist plunder has sold, because the prices of industrial meant a1so, that the rates of increase of goods which are sold to the developing the gross national production and natio- countries by the industrialised caPitalist nal incomes in these countries are very countries, are very high in comparison low. Thus, rvhereas the average rate of with the prices of the raw materials the increase of total national production of developing countries sell. the developing countries was forecast to Thus, while the prices of processed pro- be 6 per cent per year in 7970-7973, in ducts and raw materials exported by the more than one third of these countries the developing countries were down by about rates of increase did not reach even 3 per 56 per cent in April, 7975, in comparison cent while in more than half the develo- with the previous year, the prices of in- ping countries, national income per head dustrial products which they purchased of population did not show any advance from the imperialist powers in 7974 were during this period. about 20 per cent higher than the pre- Although the actual amount of financial vious year. From unequal trade with de- tries, suffer from hunger and over 800 mil- ,aid, for the developing countries is usu- veloping countries the United States of lion are illiterate, while the number of ally less than what is promised, the pro- America secures a profit of 2 billion dol- able bodied people who can find no fits which the imperialist powers draw lars every year. jobs amounts to 200-250 million. Accor- from this aid always exceed the forecasts. The Soviet social imperialists also draw ding to some figures, the share of Speaking of this problem, the bourgeois colossal profits from unequal trade with 100 developing countries of Asia, Africa, press points out that the flow of finan- these countries. The prices of products and Latin America in the total industrial cial resources from the developing coun- they sell to developing countries are con- production of the capitalist world acco- tries to the industrialised capitalist coun- stantly rising. Thus, in order to buy a So- unts for only 10.5 per cent, while indus- tries now, exceeds the total amount of all viet lorry the developing countries had to trial production per head of population in forms of financial "sld- given to these pay 2,2 tons of lea or 4 tons of rubber, these countries is 20-40 times smaller than countries. Thus, the US imperialists who in 1960, whereas today, to get this lorry, in the industrialised capitalist countries. claim that they are the main .helpers, of they have to pay 5,8 tons of tea or 10,1 Thus, the economic gap separating the de- the developing countries, spend 0,3-0,4 tons of rubber. veloping capitalist countries from the per cent of their national incomes each The result of all this is that the share industrialized countries has not only not year for this purpose but at the same time of the developing countries (exluding the been narrowed, but is growing ever more they plunder these countries of income main oil exporting countries) in world pronounced. Evidence of this is the fact three to four times greater than the amo- trade has fallen from 74,6 per cent in 1960 that the developing countries, which re- unt given as ,aid,. In every 10 dollars to 70,7 pet cent h 7973. present about 70 per cent of the popula- income of the budget of the United States As in the sale of arms (which is one tion of the world, dispose of less f}:,ar. 7f3 of America today, 1 dollar comes from the of the developing countries (excluding the of world income, and what is worse, the exploitation of the peoples of the deve- plunder used by Moscow and Washington), estimates forcast for the year 1980 are loping countries. the two superpowers pursue a differentia- that the average income per head of the The same thing is going on also with ted policy in the whole process of gran- population in the developing countries the Soviet social imperialists. Striving ting ,aid,. Thus, they provide aid only to will be 12 times smaller than in the de- not to lag behind the U.S. imperialists, those countries which pursue a policy veloped capitalist countries. they have provided about 40 developing r,r'hich has their approval and only as long The causes of this gloomy situation countries with various credits and loans as this policy is implemented because in which characterises the developing coun- amounting to several billion dollars, the opposite case the aid is held up or cut tries of Asia, Africa and Latin America, through which every year, in the form of risht off, 56.3(281,1976 AI-BANIA TODAY

During the process of granting ,aid, the developing countries. But in most portant role in this direction. Very signi- the imperialist powers try to arrange cases, they are spies and agents disgui- ficant in this direction is the unity and agreements with the "aid receivingtr coun- sed as specialists who collect and send to collaboration of the oil producing coun- tries which cornpel the latter to develop their centres secret information about the tries which, with the imposing of the those of their economies branches in the establishment of ports, town and roads or oil embargo and the price policy they are proportions that are in the interest of the about various mineral reserves, from de- implementing for this commodity, show aid-givers; for instance the branches of veloping countries, or they give informa- that the developing countries have very extracting industry, those of the produc- tion about and take measures to hinder powerful weapons in their hands to de- tion of raw materials, the branches of any step in the economic and political ac- fend their rights, to assist, each other in the sphere of services and the infrastruc- tivity of these countries which runs coun- the development of their national indus ture, etc. Thelefore, in the majority of tel to the interests of the state that has tlies and to put an end to their depen- cases, the economic structures of the de- sent them. dcnce on and exploitation by foreign ca- veloping countries conform less with the A11 kinds of imperialist aid do great piia1. n:tional interests of those countries than damage to developing countries also be- Albnnia could well be taken as an exam- they do with the economic needs of the cause they continually increase the flight ple for the peoples of the developing coun- aid-giving countries. They have a one-si- of an ever larger part of the national in- tries for their advance on the road of free ded and dispropor[ional character because comes from these countries to the aid-gi- and independent development, according these countries are compelled to devote ving states. to the principle of self-reliance. Within theii' whole al-tention and a1l the .aid, to The negative effect of the ,aid,, which three decades Albania has managed to e1i- one or few branches produce raw imperialist powers a which the pretend to give minate the gl'eat backwardness caused by materials, while the other branches of the thc devcloping countlies has been incre- the protracted colonial and semi-colonial processing industry are developed very a,sed to an appreciable extent pre- at the rule of the past, and to create its own 1iLt1e or not at all. This has meant that st:nt timc r.vhen the capitalist world, and developed, independent, multibranched the deveioping counLries have rernained in the first place the two superpowers, is eccnomy, with a complex extracting and on the ,,gl'ound floor,' of world industry, i"e. bogged down in a grave and allround pl'ocessing, heavy and light industry, and in the role of sr-rppliers of raw mate- economic and financial cr.isis. To cope with r,,,ith an actvanced agricullure developed r'ials to tlre industrialized capitalist coun- the great burden of difficulties arising in an all-round way which ensures the in- tries in the international division of 1a- from this clisis, they ar.e striving to saddle crease of the economic potential and the bcur'. the rvolking people of their own coun- dcfence capacity of the country and the A serious hindrance to the creation and [r'ies with it as well as to load it on to the continuolls improvement of the material development by the developing countries slroulders of other peoples of the world, and cultural 1eve1 of the broad masses of of their national heavy and light proces- and particularly the peoples of developing T.vorhing people. sing induslry has been the socalled tech- countries. through economic and financial These are first nical .aid,. Like the ,financial,' aid, tech- -aid*. Thus, simply as a consequence of victories due, in the place, to the correcl line which the Party nical ,aid,' also ensures favourable condi- the filst devaluation of the U.S. dollar in pursued, tions to exlend the deglee of economic de- 7977, lhe developing countries lost more of Labour of Albania has always pendence and disprcportion in these co- tiran 2 billion dollars. to the consistent implementation of the pr-inciple of self-reliance, and to the unity luntries even f ulLher and to extract biq Br-rt day by day the peoples of the deve- profits for the aid giving states. This is lc|ing .orn,ries are becoming more awa- and total mobilisation of all the enel'gies because the patents or technical equip- re of the negative effect of the imperia- of the Albanian people for the rational ex- rrent supplied to the developinq countries list .aid. and the demagogic character of ploitation of their natural resources by in the context of technical raid,,, are sold ti-re bourgeois-revisionist propaganda in fighting unwaveringly against the blan- at very high prices and in most instances regard to it. Evidence of this is the con- dishments and demagogic promises of they ale o1d or incomplete, i.e. incapable tinual intensification of their strLrggles ,aid and co11aboration,,, and the pressures, of ensuring the fu11 cycle of the proces- and efforts to throw off these neocolonia- blackmail and blockades of the imperia- sing of rarv materials loca11y, a thing which list shachles which hinder their free and lists and social irnperialists. This unwa- compels the developing countries to independent development once and for vering 1ine, this consistent and principled export their raw materials in the form of all. policy, finds its complete consecration in serni-finished or unfinished products. For The resolute stand of the peoples of the the draft of the new Constitution which is example, the equipment for the oil pro- Cc.veloping countries to oppose the policy now being discussed in the P.R., of Alba- cessing plants which the USA sells to de- rf discrimination and pressure which the nia, and which states in a clear-cut way lelopir-rg countries are incomplete and gleat powers implement in international that ,The granting of concessions to, and ensures only the primary or semi-proces- ecc.nomic relations, and to put their na- the creation of foreign economic and fi- sing of oil, whereas equipment for the in- iional resources uncler their complete so- nancial conpanies and other institutions, tensive processing of oil is kept as a U.S. vereignty, by strengthening their unity, or ones formed jointly with bourgeois ancl monopoly. collaboration, and mutual assistance, in rcvisionist capitalist monopolies and sta- In the context of technical assistance, order to serve the rapid and independent tes, as well as obtaining credits from them, the imperialist powers often send ilcadress development of each country according to ale prohiblted in the Peoplc's Sor:ialist and .speciallsLs, of various pr.ofiles to thc principle of self-reliance, plays an im- F-epublic of Albania*. o Press revrew

WHY DOES FEDERAL GERMANY REFUSE TO PAY WAR REPARATIONS?

,ZERI I POPULLIT,, orgctn of the Centtal Committee ol the Party of Labour ol Albania

Thirty-one years will be soon clauses of the socalled London Albania's right to reparations completed from the day of the agreement, It may please the ru- is based on the fight, the blood- victory of the peoples over fa- lers of Federal Germany to have shed, the countless sufferings scism and the defeat of tlitle- short memories and to grasp at and sacrifices of the Albanian rite Germany, from the con- justifications which have no people against German fascism, elusion of the Second World foundation whatever either in Albania was one of the first War. But the Federal Republic practice 'or in international law, victims to the fascist aggression of Germany, the successor to the But, as a defeated state, respon- and one of the fighters against *estern zones of occupation of sible for unparalleled destruc- the nazifascist armies from the Germany, has still not paid the tion and sufferings which they very beginning up till the last reparations it owes the Peop1e's have inflicted on other peoples, moment of their defeat. In pro- Republic of .tlbania. The Alba- they cannot escape their inter- portion to the size of its PoPu- nian Government has drawn at- national obligations by such Iation and territory, the damage tention to this and has demanded stunts. our country su,ffered in human that Federal Germany should The responsibility of Germany lives and material and cultural pay the reparations for the da- to pay for war damage was values was heavier than that of mage caused by the aggressive clearly and fairly defined in the many other states. German armies as soon as possi- Potsdam agreements. It is point- The London agreements, to ble, as well as the tosses that ed out in them that Germany which the Federal Government have resulted from the fai- must be compelled to pay com- refers, have no legal force what- lure to pay up at the proper pensation for the damage and ever over our countrY and time, suffering it has caused various do not deal with the rePara- But those who are running pre- nations. The Paris Conference tions Germany is obliged to PaY sent-day Germany, the Schmidts on the reparations for war da- Albania. The Albanian PeoPIe do and Strausses, socialdemoffats mage, held in November-De- not recognize agreements and and liberals, Christiandemo- cember 1945, in which Albania decisions of the imPerialist Po- crats and Christian-socialists, are also participated, recogtized \ir'ers or any kind of agreement striving to avoid the full res- our country's right to repara- which is concluded without ponsibility which fa.lls on them tions. But Albania's demands for their participation, rvithout for the liquidation of the war reparations \Yere not taken their approval, and to their de' consequences of the ,crrirnes into consideration to the proper triment. It must be Pointed out perpetrated by the German extent. Since that time rve have that even the Bonn Government fascist armies against the Alba- forcefully expressed our firm itself, which pretends that it is uian people during the Second and just objections to this allegedly prohibited by the World War. Through manoeu- flagrant injustice perpetrated London agreement from paying vres, bluffs, and invented "juri- by the imperialist great po- the reparations, has acted in oP- dical, pretexts, they pretend that lyers, as well as reserving our position to this agreemert in they are allegedly prevented right to raise this problem practice. How and to whom it has from paying reparatiauc by th9 agaiu" paid reparations, we eau aud will 58c3(281,1976 ALBANIA TODAY

a Prc6s fcvrew tell with dscuments if need only feathers but also wings. nreturn of Germany to its histo- be. Profiting from the rivalry of rical borders,. Seeking to dodge their obliga- the superpowers each of which As to the People's Bepublie tions, the rulers of Federal Ger- is striving to draw it on to its of Albania, it will continue, as many are spreading rumours own side by making one con- up to date, to demand and that allegedly the People's Re- cession after annother, Federal struggle to make Federal Ger- public of Albania is making Germany is now going along in many fully carry out its obli- major demands. They are major history without signing the pea- gations as a defeated state and demands because major damage ce treaty, without implementing which emanate from the inter- was suffered. Albania is always the Ya1ta and Potsdam deci- national agreements of the time prepared to verify these de- sions and in violation of them. of the rvar. It will struggle in mands and support them with Instead of implementing the particular to make the Federal argument. In the first place, the measures of compulsion and re- Bepublic of Germany pay the re- Bonn government must agree to striction envisaged by the re- parations. If the Bonn govern- pay the reparations and not in- cognised international agree' ment does not respond positively voke the f,ondon Agreement as ments towards Federal GermanY and refuses to pay the repara- an excuse for considering this as responsible for its past, he tions, we shall not cease our isssue as closed, United States and the revisio- dennunciation of it for this Albania will continue to the nist Soviet Union have sought unjust and hostile action. end to demand every one of its and continue to seek not onlY to In his speech of October rffe rights. shall not cease our release it from any obligation, 3, 7974, referring to the unjust denunciation of the government but also to rehabilitate it and and hostile attitudes of the go' of the Federal Republic of Ger- give it a lustre as a peace-lov- vernmerit of Britain over the and its many over this action ing and progressive state. In plundering of the gold and of unjust and hostile attitude. acting like this, the U.S. imPe' the Bonn government over what The obstinate stand of Feder- rialists aod the Soviet social im" it owes Albania as obligations al Germany in refusing to PaY perialists are acting consciously for war reparations, comrade the reparations it owes Albania, to weaken the revolutionarY, Enver Hoxha said: they is not something divorced from "Are antifascist, and democratic wing perhaps expecting us to borv the general political course it of the German people and to low to these governments that has pursued since its creation, give the ruling circles of Bonn have committed so many evils, from its efforts to transform it- a ,icertificate of political good so many injustice against us? self again into a great power behaviour', and one e[courag- Never! They are mistaken,,. We with rvorld pretentions as in the ing their reactionary, revanchist have respect for those Germans time of the Kaiser and Hitler. and expansionist appetites. and democrats who lYant to It is an expression of the enmitY Federal break with and wipe out the it has for those countries and It is a fact that now past, the fascists, peoples who do not reooncile Germany is ever more forcefully but not for or themselves to revanchism and striving to impose its will on not for those, the Schmidts pay fascism, who do not give up ex- its West European allies, to Strausses, who refuse to the posing the danger of the revival weaken them and create serious reparations they owe Albania of German militarism. difficulties for them, to emerge and which they ought to Pay German imperialism is not a as the dominant power of the immediately. This is our unde' ghost rvhich belongs to the past. European Nine and openly claim niable and indefeasible right; with the assistance, first of the the role of the leader in the and on this question the Alba' United States, and then of the European community and to nian people have had and con- revisionist Soviet Union, the incite the old dream of German tinue to have the support of all Prussian eagle has put on not fascism of "living spacetr, of tle progressive world opinion. ALBAhIIA TODAY 3 (28), '1976 o 59

a press Yevrew THE EXPULSION OF'TFIE FI,EETS OF THE SUPERPOWERS FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN AN IMPORTANT ACTION FOR- THE STRENGTHENING OF INDEPENDENCE AND GENERAL SECURITY

,ZERI I POPULLIT'

The decision of Egypt to an- tian people and their leaders The fleets of the superpowers nul the Soviet-Egyptian Treaty have dlawn valuable lessons in take advantage of crisis situa- and expel the ships of the naval regard to the resolute defence tions and come allegedly to help, fleet of the Soviet Union from of the freedom and sovereignty but they .forget, to leave. They its ports, is a bold act in defen- of their country, and not allow- come disguised as friends, br.rt ce of its national independer-rce ing any kind of naval fleet of any they very soon change into ene- and state sovereignty. superpower, which may present mies of the peoples, into means This step of the Egyptian Go- itself in'the guise of an a1ly and to implement the old gun-boat vernment, which has been ap- friend to enter their ports. policy, to exert blackmail and proved and hailed by all the re- It has now become clear threaten all the countries that volutionaries and peoples of that no country can base its car-ne within their sphele of ac- the world, represents a new and hopes for the defence of the tion. heavy blow at the expansionist freedom and independence of its The People's Republic of A1- policy of the Soviet social homeland on the United States bania has openly and publicly imperialists, another great ex- of America and the Soviet expressed its view and attitude posure of the sham friend- Union, on their armies and that the granting, on any condi- ship of the Kremlin leaders naval fleets, and that any il1u- tions whatever, of port facilities torvards the Arab peoples. sion in this direction is fraught to Soviet and U.S. warships The Albanian people sincerely rvith grave consequences, not which are prowling like wild rejoice that the Egyptian people only for its own freedom and beasts around the Mediterra- and Government saw and clearly independence, but also for that nean, is an extremely dange- understood the perfidy of the of others. rous action. Soviet revisionist leadership and The expulsion of the Soviet In his speech of October lhe danger of granting various fleet from the Egyptian ports 3, 1974 to his electorate, comrade facilities to its f1eet. They wel- must serve as a lesson and Enver Hoxha made very cleal corne this just and wise decision example to other countries of the determined opposition of the of the Government of Egypt. the Mediterranean also, so that Albanian people to the presence Many years ago, in the time of the warships of the imperialist of the fleets of the superpowers Plesident Nasser, our Govern- and social imperialist warmon- in foreign ports. He declared: ment had expressed its opinion gers will find no place in their ,We say to our neighbours: In officially and in a friendly man- ports, under any pretext or in our country there are, and will ner to the Egyptian Govern- any form whatever. This will be be, no foreign military bases, ment concerning the dangers, in the interest of the country but we wish that they too which the granting of bases or which puts an cnd to conces- would get rid of the forelgn mi- port facilities to the naval fleet sions, as well as in the interest litary bases in their countries. of the Soviet social imperialists of other countries, in the inte- There is no valid pretext for the posed to Egypt and the other rest of the peoples who want to f leets of the two superpowers sovereign countries of the Me- live in good neighbourliness to be permitted even the right diterranean. with all peoples, and particu- to anchor, to be repaired 01' There is no dor-rbt that from larly with those of the Medi supplied, 1et alone have perma- their bitter experience the Egyp- terran ean, nent bases there. This is very 60.3(28),1976 ALBANIA TODAY

e pfess revlcw dangerous, both for the country be so easily washed, therefore nearby countries, with whom we which grants these concessions in an open and principled way, want to live in peace and good and for its neighbours. We can- we denounce a1l those actions, neighbourliness. not agree to anyone granting by anyone at all and from what- We are astonished by the fact such actions. trVe have declared ever side they may come, which that the Federal Secretary fot our attitude towards the aggres- endanger the independence of Foreign Affairs of Yugoslavia, sive US and Soviet fleets in the our people, and the general se- Minich, in a speech to the offi- Mediterranean, and we remain curity in the Balkans and the cers of the Belgrade garrison, loyal and consistent to this po- Mediterranean. accused our country of inciting licyo. As to where the fleets of the tension, of allegedly not being This speech of comrade superpowers head and what they for this and for that. We re- Enver Hoxha should be under- intend to do when they sail ject the groundless reasoning of stood correctly by those coun- from foreign ports this nobody the Yugoslav Foreign Minister. tries which provide facilities for can control, nor give any gua- lVe do not wish to enter in po- the fleets of the superpowers rantee. The Yugoslavs, for exam- lemics with him, nor with some because nobody can deny the ple, as they themselves have ad- other central and regional simple fact which anyone can mitted, were unable to control leaders who unjustly attack A1- see, that if for example, in some even their own ship which at- bania. It is not Albania that pur- crisis the Soviet social imperia- tacked the Albanian fishing ves- sues the policy of raising ten- 1ists, eventually decide to attack sel last December and ki1led sion, the Albanians have not Albania by sea, it is easier for its captain while it was within killed any Yugoslav ships cap- them to come and do this from our territorial waters. They are tain in the waters of Yugoslavia. the ports of the neighbouring now seeking to wash their hands On the contrary, we have hand- countries than to set out from on this question with various ex- ed over to them, alive and well, the Mediterranean and pass cuses. But this punishable act the Yugoslavs who have violated through the Ontranto channel. At cannot be hushed up. A provo- our territorial waters in the lake the suitable moment selected by cation occurred, a man was of Shkodra and the Buna. their staffs, the {peaeefultr, kil1ed, blood was shed. The Certain leaders of the region "friendly", and ilunafmedtr So- problem must be treated with of Kossovo are gravely mistaken viet ships which are in these the greatest seriousness and not when they try to denigrate A1- ports for repair or visits, can by trying to concoct arguments bania and its policy. They know come out armed on the high seas to wash the hands. very well that we have never and attack whoever they want. Every state is sovereign and interfered in the internal affairs An attack by the fleet of the So- free to pursue its policy in the of Yugoslavia and Kossovo. On viet social imperialists might be way it sees fit to defend the in- the contrary, when we have been launded even against the very terests of its country. But it is asked, we have helped the ef- country which gives it shelter, impermissible and unacceptable forts of the people of Kossovo maybe not u,hen the ships are that the defence of the interests for the development of their in the ports ,'unarmed,, but of one country should be r:arried education and cultule sincerely when they come out from the out in such a way as to affect and fraternally, to the limit of ports fully armed. and harm the interests of our possibilities. We have given, Some might say that from the another country. and are ready to give this assis- moment the warships of the su- Much less can we allow va- tance, which we consider as our pel'powers leave the ports of the rious insinuations to be made important duty, whenever it is country that has received them, about the just policy pursued by asked of us. Likewise, we stand the government of that country the Albanian Government, which for the maintenance of correct bears no responsibility and is a principled and correct po- trade and cultural relations washes its hands of what they licy in defence of the interests rvith the YFSR on the basis of do later. But its hands cannot of its own country and the rnutual interests and advantage. ALBANIA TODAY ! (2ll' 1976 o 6l

p;e3s ieYiew Meanwhile, the Yugoslav Co- never hostile to the peoples, which is not conditioned by the vernment is making no effort our friends, wherever they are, various temPorary circumstan' whatsoever to conclude the honour and respect us; the in- ces, a policy which responds to agreement on cultural collabo- ternational authority and presti the interests of our countrY, but ration which, through no fault of ge of Albania stand high and which also respects the freedom, ours has been held up for long unshakeable. We have always independence and sovereignty time. defended the principle that all of others, The People's Republic of Al- states and all parties are free to We Albanians love and respect bania and the Party of Labour determine their own policy and the peoples and our friends but of Albania have their own po- stands themselves, and to act in it is our custom to speak out Iicy which is correct and con- the way that seems to them best openly, without kid gloves, be- sistent, because it is Marxist- and most reasonable, for their cause sincerity is the most relia- Leninist and internationalist. own good and in the interests ble and irreplacable, weapon Precisely due to this frank and of the freedom and security of to strengthen true friendship principled policy, due to our all peoples. As far as Albania is and collaboration among peo- wise stand, constructive and concerned, it pursues a policy ples.

!

THE MEN OF BOURGEOIS GOVERNMENTS ARE READY TO SELL ANYTHING FOR MONEY

,BASHKIMI", oenttal otgan of the Democratic Front of Albania

New and more scandalous ces and high officials, In ltaly, as "flying gfaves, (in 14 years facts of the huge proportions of they mention the names of the 178 rStarfighterr planes havc the bribes the CIA and various former Defence Ministers and crashed in the GFR). And des- US monopoly companies have other high officials who order- pite this, despite the indigna- paid to government figures in ed the purchase of *Hercules C tion and continuous protests of Italy, West Germany, Japan 130* transport aircraft from the the public, nothing stopped the and many other capitalist coun- ,Lockheed' company, although buying of further supplies of tries, ate appearing in the they were unsuitable. these defective ailrcraft. It could press. The practice of paying In Japan, they mention names not happen otherwise: The bri- bribes is quite usual in the de- of high officials, and indeed bes which the Cabinet Ministers generate life of capitalist coun- former Prime Ministers, who and officials had received from tries. "The money we distribute suspended work on the construc- ,Lockheedn were very fat in- is not for graft but purely as tion of Japanese aircraft, caus- deed. gift,, a - declared one of the ing thousands upon thousands Government figures of these managers of the big American of workers to be fired, and or- and many other capitalist coun- firm ,Lockheed,, which has paid dered the import of US aircraft, tries have taken bribes, have millions of dollars in bribes to Likewise in West Germany, closed down so many factories government figures in all parts some years ago 977 ,Starfighter, on their own countries, spent oI the world, before the Senate. planes were ordered in exchange millions of dollars, taken out It is not any sort of person for a modest ,gift" of 10 mil- of the pockets of poor tax- who feceives fhs ,giftsr from Iion dollars by ,Lockheed., al- payers to buy defective, fre- *Lockheed,, but Cabinet Mini- though they had so many de- quently unnecessary or unsuita- sters and Prime Ministers, prin- fects that they were described ble American aircraft. 62c3(281,1976 AIBANIA TODAY

c Pret3 fevlew The U.S. monopoly companies their commodity to the detri terference and blackmail which had full guarantee that, in ex- ment of the national commodity. U.S. imperialism exerts over the change, for the bribes they paid Heading the list are the uExxon, others. Sometimes through oPen they wculd secure profits se- and ,Esso* companies, followed aggression and at other times veral times higher. Thus, for by ,Lockheed, and "Mobil,' with through the notorious CIA or its instance, in South Africa 'Lock- more than 2 million dollars each companies, U.S. imPerialism, in heed, paid 9 million dollars; paid out in graft, .United rivalry with Soviet social impe- in Nigeria it paid 3,6 million Brands", .Mcdonald - "Douglas,, rialism, is seeking to plunder dollars graft to secure a con- ,'Sesi1g,, "Northrop,, nTeneco everlrwhere, to plaY the role of tract worth 45 million dollars; Inc,, and many others. The no- international gendarme, to dic- in Spain - 1,3 million dollars torious American CIA does not tate to the others its will as a graft to sell ,Hercules, planes, lag a single step behind these ruler. This brutal interference worth a sum of 20 billion dol- corporations in paying out bribes in the affairs of other countries lars. And not only ,Lockheed, to buy government figures, mi- is, in the final analysis, a compo- -Gulf Oil,, "Occidental Petro- litary men, journalists and whole nent part of the policy which leum,, uTenecou, "Northrop,, newspapers. The fact has now the two superpowers and their uGrumman", *Aerospace,, .Unit- become known that in the last allies are pursuing, a policy in ed Brandsn, uAshland Oil,, -Ex- 30 years the American CIA has which, as comrade Enver Hoxha xon" and other companies have handed out over 50 billion lira has pointed out, degeneration, acted in the same wa]r. For as graft to various Italian poli- falsity and deception reign. The example, in order to sell Iran tical formations and personali- monstruous proportions of the its "F-114, fighter planes, the ties. corruption also show that the Grumman company handed out Paying bribes, buying or com- men of government everywhere bribes amounting to 28 million promising the men of govern- in capitalist countries serve and dollars. Likewise, in Italy alone, ment and officials of other \\.arship money alone, they are there is talk of g large US com- countries, even of those describ- ready to sell anything, their ho- panies which have paid out mil- ed as .allies,, is one of the nour, their dignity and their na- lions of dollars in graft to sell forms of the unscrupulous in- tion for money, for graft.

I

THE SOVIE,T BOURGEOISIE ENSURES HIGH INCOMES FROM OPPRESSION AND EXPLOITATION OF THE WORKING PEOPLE

,PUNA,, otgan ol the Central Council ol the ATU

Analysis of the present-day on the one hand, - and the nerals and senior officers, spe- Soviet capitalist reality, and in working class and the broad cialists, writers and artists, etc., particular of the revisionist po- working masses (tn the other in a word, the bourgeois of the licy in the field of incomes and hand. The nrain course which new type. And this policy of consumption, brings to the fore the Soviet revisionists follow to class differentiation has led to the ever more rapid class polari increase their incomes is that of a situation such that the revi- sation wlich is occurring in the increasing the salaries of the sionist cadres receive salaries Soviet Union, that widening of leading cadres, functionalies of tens of times higher than the the insurmountable gulf bet- the revisionist party and state workers pay. The primary diffe- ween the revisionist bourgeoisie administration, the caste of ge- xenee is in pay, As a tule, fqr ATBANIA TODAY r (28r, tgl6 o 6l

PleSs review example, in the revisionist en- number of workers. The sav- extract the maximum surplus terprises the manager receives a ings in wages made in such a value. sum in monthly pay which is way also go to increase the bo- In an even more difficult si- ten times larger than that of nuses of the managers and other tuation are the peasants, whose the most highly qualified wor- revisionist leaders. And the pro- incomes are only half those of ker of the enterprise. This dif- fits and various material incen- the workers in the towns. In the ferences becomes even greater tives which are distributed after countryside, too, the difference for the cadres in the highest the realisation of the sale of the of the pay between the ordina- posts of the revisionist admini- product are divided in an arbi- ry peasants and the managers stration. Concretely, the pay of trary way by the managers them- of collective farms is 20-30 ti- the manager of the electric bulb selves, who always take the mes. Apart from this, the mana- plant in Moscow is 1.000 rubles larger share. This is one of the gers of collective farms like the per month, at a time when the favourite ways by which the rranagers of the revisionist en- pay of the worker is about 60- new Soviet bourgeois increase terprises, increase their incomes -70 rubles. But their salary is their incomes, and it is so wi- by grabbing the larger part of not the only source from which despread that the Soviet revisio- the bonus fund. The policy of the new revisionist bourgeois nist press itself is obliged to the Soviet revisionist leadership accumulate wealth in their admit it. Thus, according to the is that of deepening the diffe- hands. The aim of the various revisionist review uEconomic rence between the countryside revisionist ref orms that have Affairs", studies carried out in and the town. This is clearly aP- been implemented in the Soviet more than 700 industrial enter- parent also in the ever increas- Union has been to create as prises show that the workers, ing prices of industrial and many and as broad as pos- who comprise 80-90 per cent of chemical products intended for sible roads of enrichment the working people of the en- agricultural production. Accord- for the revisionist leaders. terprise, receive only 18 per ing to the admissions of the re- Thus, for instance, on the cent of the total sum of. bonu- visionist press itself, in the Pe- basis of the revisionist rules tire ses, while the manager, the riod 7965-7973 the rise of costs pay of the worker in this or that chiefs, and specialists, take 82 in the collective and state farms enterprise and plant is not set per cent of the bonuses. In of the USSR was 44 Per cent by government ordinances, but many enterprises and factories higher than the increase of agri is left at the discretion of the the appetite of the new revisio- cultural production. NaturallY, managers, who. irrespective of nist bourgeois for increased ga- all'these things have grave con- the work the worker does, pay ins is ever greater, and in them sequences for the living condi- out whatever they like. It is ob- the workers receive only 0,3-0,8 tions of the ordinary Peasants, vious that the "savings, from per cent of the total sum of bo- who have nothing apart from the workers' wages funds go nuses. Thus, in reality, the inco- their two hands. Thus, about 30 into the pockets of the managers mes of the managers and other per cent of the total peasant Po- who also decide, themselves, on cadres of the Soviet revisionist pulation cannot attain even the the distribution of bonuses. One administration are over 100 ti- minimum acceptable standard rvay used by the revisionist ma- mes larger than those of the of living. nagers to increase their share of qualified workers. The thirst of Not satisfied with this, how- the income is the continual re- the Soviet bourgeoisie for pro- ever, the Soviet revisionist bour- duction of the number of the fits is constantly increasing and geoisie also rob the working workers, or the increase of this has greatly increased the class and the cooperativist pea- unemployment, while keeping up oppression and exploitation of santry through a whole system the same quantity of production the working class which is being of taxes which increase from or increasing it, with a smaller squeezed harder and harcler, to year to year. 61.3(2E1,1976 ATIANIA TODAY

Pre35 review EMIGRANT WORKERS _ VICTIMS TO THE ORDER

'BASHKIMI, The emigrant workers have shift onto the backs of the broad between them and the local spread throughout the caPitalist working masses. Price rises, nu- workers. These then are the world, particularly on the Euro- merous lay - offs are felt every- economic and Political Profits pean continent. The number of where. And first of all this that make the bourgeoisie en- them today exceed 15 million. wave hits, the migrant workers, courage emigration. These millions, who leave Italy, who are the mosl defenceless The phenomenon of emigra- Spain, Yugoslavia, TurkeY, Gree- masses from the legal viewPoint tion is observed in the revisio- ce, Puerto Rico, etc." go with and with fewer rights. After nist countries, too. Tens of East the hope that they will Put an having exploited them for Years thousands of Bulgarian, end to their troubles and find on end and squeezed them, the German and other workers and wellbeing, but they suffer great bourgeoisie of the countries specialists, the majoritY of them disillusionment. In the coun- where they are is throwing the young, are obliged to emigrate tries to which they emigrate the migrant workers out in the road to the Soviet Union, encouraged difficulties are even greater' to face unemployment. by the bourgeoisie of their own hoPe that theY They are compelled to work The "slaven traders of the countries, in the work- under very heavy conditions and 20th century are making large can earn something after for very little pay, even to endan' profits from this trade, and the ing to exhaustion in the inte- ger their lives just to get a job. profits are economic and Poli rests of the Soviet bourgeoisie. You find a good Part of the tical. By sending their citizens More than 40.000 Bulgarian in emigrant wotkers cleaning the abroad to work, the exPorting workers are cutting timber streets in Paris, working in the governments lighten the heavY the forests of Siberia, or work- mines of Belgium, driving the burden of mass unemPloYment ing in various Soviet factories. tunnels for' the underground locally. Thousands of German, Czecho- railways in Munich and Rotter- For the imPorting country, slovak, and other workers, are dam. In almost all the cities of this trade with these u20th cen- working on the construction of West Germany the collection of tury slaves, is one of the most the gas piPeline for the exPort of garbage is considered an occu- profitable, because the price of of Soviet gas to the countries pation mainly for foreign their labour Power is very Western EuroPe. The emigrants workeri. cheap. Being in a verY bad eco- from Bulgaria, East GermanY, The emigrants also have ex- nomic situation, theY agree to and other countries also do the jobs ceptionally bad living condi- work anywhere, on the heaviest heaviest and most difficult to tions. They are comPelled to work and with very low PaY which Soviet workers refuse to live in shacks outside the citY. simply to ensure a job. APart do, and they are exPloited And despite the lack of water. from the barbarous exPloitation the maximum bY the Soviet light and any household equiP- of the migrants, the caPitalists bourgeois owners. ment in their hovels, theY are also use economic emigration as In the face of such a difficult compelled to pay the caPitalists a means of pressure on the local situation, the migrant workers very high monthly house rents, working class. To divert the at- have raised their voice and have which take a large part of their tention of the unemPloYed hurled themselves into struggle income, The situation of these workers from the real cause of against the savage caPitalist ex- .20th century slaves, has beco- their unemployment, the caPi' ploitation and the excePtionallY me still worse as a result of the talist owners try to convince difficult situation in which theY general crisis that has griPPed the workers of their countries find themselves. Their struggle the capitalist world and which that foreign workers have taken has found the allround suPPort the bourgeoisie is seeking to their jobs, thus, arousing hatred of the local workers' l

The Party ol Labout ol Albania and comrade Eruter Hoxha pet- soilally take gteat care tot the pteserualion and strengthening ot the good haditions ol the people. They lake gteat care particularly ol lolhlote and na- tional costumes. In the photo; Some ol the most characteristic trutional coslumes oi the cou- il' .t 1 ., t: ntrY G ri Albaniatoday

Tltc cltilrlrett are llrc besl ilou,et's itt socialist Albania. Specia) cure is taltett ol tlu:m by all: thereiore they gtow up healthy and tlrtl lrt)l ii qi(s tttttl stttr r'i lltt hrtpltt, lttlrtre In thc pictr.rrc: Frrsll hotrqrtele iot JLtne 1-sl. Children's Inletnalional Day.