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Mobility Sector RE-SOURCING Deliverable 4.2

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Mobility Sector RE-SOURCING Deliverable 4.2 State of Play and Roadmap Concept: Mobility Sector RE-SOURCING Deliverable 4.2 Dr. Johannes Betz, Stefanie Degreif, Peter Dolega Öko-Institut e.V. 07.04.2021 This project has received funding from the European Union‘s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement Nº 869276 Disclaimer: This publication is part of a project that has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 869276. This publication reflects only the author’s view. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the information contained in this publication. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorized, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy. Imprint: Date: April 2021 | Johannes Betz, Stefanie Degreif, Peter Dolega (Oeko-Institut) Work package: WP4 EU State of Play & Roadmaps | Task 4.2 State of Play and Roadmap concepts for mobility sector | Final | Dissemination level: public http://re-sourcing.eu State of Play and Roadmap Concepts: Mobility Sector | Version: Final Contents List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................... 5 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 9 1 Introduction and Focus ...................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 The RE-SOURCING Project ....................................................................................................................... 11 1.2 The Mobility Sector .................................................................................................................................. 13 2 Key Players in the Selected Global Battery Value Chain Steps ............................................................. 17 2.1 Mining and Processing............................................................................................................................. 19 2.1.1 Lithium ............................................................................................................................................ 20 2.1.2 Cobalt .............................................................................................................................................. 23 2.1.3 Nickel .............................................................................................................................................. 25 2.1.4 Graphite .......................................................................................................................................... 28 2.2 Cell Production ......................................................................................................................................... 30 2.2.1 Companies with producing European battery plants ..................................................................... 32 2.2.2 Companies with planned or under construction European battery plants .................................... 33 2.3 Recycling .................................................................................................................................................. 35 2.3.1 Battery Recycling Plants in the EU .................................................................................................. 35 2.3.2 Battery Recycling Plants outside of the EU ..................................................................................... 36 3 Challenges ......................................................................................................................................... 37 3.1 Mining and Processing............................................................................................................................. 38 3.1.1 Lithium ............................................................................................................................................ 38 3.1.2 Cobalt .............................................................................................................................................. 39 3.1.3 Nickel .............................................................................................................................................. 40 3.1.4 Graphite .......................................................................................................................................... 41 3.2 Cell Production ......................................................................................................................................... 42 3.2.1 Technical Overview ......................................................................................................................... 43 3.2.2 Challenges in Production ................................................................................................................ 45 3.3 Recycling .................................................................................................................................................. 47 3.3.1 Technological Status of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling ................................................................... 47 3.3.2 Challenges of LIB Recycling ............................................................................................................. 50 4 Standards and Initiatives .................................................................................................................... 53 4.1 General .................................................................................................................................................... 54 4.1.1 Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Standards in the EU ......................................................... 55 4.1.2 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ................................................................... 55 4.1.3 Global Reporting Initiative .............................................................................................................. 55 4.1.4 International Finance Corporation, World Bank Group .................................................................. 55 4.1.5 International Labour Organisation (ILO) Conventions and Recommendations .............................. 56 4.1.6 ISO Standards .................................................................................................................................. 56 1 State of Play and Roadmap Concepts: Mobility Sector | Version: Final 4.1.7 OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises & Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Mineral Supply Chains ............................................................................................................................................... 57 4.1.8 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) ........................................................................................... 57 4.1.9 UN Human Rights Principles ........................................................................................................... 57 4.2 Mobility / Battery-Specific Standards and Initiatives .............................................................................. 57 4.2.1 Drive Sustainability ......................................................................................................................... 57 4.2.2 European Battery Alliance .............................................................................................................. 58 4.2.3 European Green Vehicles Initiative (EGVI) ..................................................................................... 58 4.2.4 Global Battery Alliance ................................................................................................................... 58 4.2.5 Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning Batteries and Waste Batteries ..................................................................................................................................... 59 4.3 Mining...................................................................................................................................................... 60 4.3.1 Alliance for Responsible Mining ..................................................................................................... 60 4.3.2 Certified Trading Chains (CTC) Certification Scheme by BGR ......................................................... 61 4.3.3 China Responsible Mineral Supply Chain Due Diligence Management Guide................................ 61 4.3.4 Cobalt Industry Responsible Assessment Framework (CIRAF) ....................................................... 61 4.3.5 EITI Standard ................................................................................................................................... 61 4.3.6 Extractive Waste Directive .............................................................................................................. 61 4.3.7 Fair Cobalt Alliance (FCA) ................................................................................................................ 62 4.3.8 Global Tailings Review .................................................................................................................... 62 4.3.9 ICMM Mining Principles .................................................................................................................
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