Paul Gauguin : Un Esotismo Controverso

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Paul Gauguin : Un Esotismo Controverso Capitolo I La questione dell’esotismo. Una riflessione Per venire a patti con la vexata quaestio dell’approccio di Gauguin alla realtà antropologicamente altra incontrata nelle Isole della Società, è stato recentemente proposto, nel catalogo Van Gogh and Gauguin. The Studio of the South, il termine di “esotismo revisionista”: invece che occidentalizzare i nativi, esorcizzandone la diversità, com’era nella tradizione della pittura orientalista, Gauguin ne accentua i tratti specifici, dalla fisionomia e corpo- ratura fino ai costumi di vita, messi in evidenza da tanti titoli delle opere, riferiti a brani di discorsi colti nello scambio quotidiano, specie nei dialoghi femminili. Nei quadri di genere del primo soggiorno tahitiano, Gauguin in questo modo, al pari di un etnologo, registra e documenta attitudini, modi di dire e relativi comportamenti; ma, a valutarne l’opera sulla stregua delle nuove consapevolezze proprie dell’ottica degli studi postcoloniali, egli appare fare molto di più. Il suo evidente intento, manifestato anch’esso nel corso del primo viaggio, di dipingere e così ricreare, miti, divinità, leggende e ambien- ti tradizionali di Tahiti, denunciato con crudezza in tanti contributi critici di neanche due decenni fa, per l’essere uno strumento di oppressione, con- sono a una prospettiva forzatamente eurocentrica, imperialista e patriarcale, viene ormai letto, negli ultimi studi, come un’intrapresa in realtà liberatoria, mirata a rendere i nativi consapevoli del proprio disperso retaggio culturale, motivandoli sulla strada di una resistenza all’assimilazione indiscriminata o comunque funzionale a politiche di dominio. È stato dato così risalto all’ul- timo triennio della vita dell’artista, quando, nell’isolamento delle Isole Mar- chesi, è posto a brutale contatto non con un’incontaminata vita selvaggia, come in buona parte si illudeva al momento della partenza dal capoluogo tahitiano, Papeete, ma con una quintessenza della realtà coloniale, di cui il villaggio di Atuona era una sorta di microcosmo: poche capanne di indigeni alla mercé dell’ufficio di gendarmeria francese, delle due opposte missioni, la cattolica e la protestante, e dello spaccio di generi vari affidato all’inevita- bile bottegaio cinese. Il quadro di un Gauguin impegnato nei “diritti civili” Gauguin and van Gogh, The Studio of the South, catalogo della mostra a cura di D. Druick e P.K. Zegers, Chicago, The Art Institute, 2001, trad. ital. Van Gogh e Gauguin. Lo studio del Sud, Milano 2002, p. 337. Maria Grazia Messina, Paul Gauguin : un esotismo controverso. ISBN 88-8453-372-4 (online), ISBN 88-8453-373-2 (print), © 2006 Firenze University Press 2 Paul Gauguin un esotismo controverso muove da nuove ricerche d’archivio, attestanti la presenza nella Tahiti del tempo di una ricca cultura autonoma e di nativi vivaci antagonisti del colo- nialismo francese, tali da indurre l’artista in azioni di consapevole sostegno, come testimonia il suo lavoro di redattore nel 1899 al giornale satirico di Papeete “Les Guêpes” e la successiva pubblicazione di un proprio foglio, “Le Sourire”, puntato contro gli abusi del clero missionario e dei funzionari go- vernativi. Ma, l’unico, effettivo, dato di fatto è che non si può ricondurre a coerenza un comportamento come quello di Gauguin, non solo socialmente, ma anche ideologicamente posto in una situazione liminale, fra condivisione di stereotipi della propaganda coloniale, quali la disinibita, infantile, inno- cenza degli indigeni e la contraria assunzione di questi stessi topoi a punti di forza di un’esibita ribellione ai canoni e pratiche di una politica di forzosa civilizzazione. Lo studio per eccellenza postrevisionista di Peter Eisenman, Gauguin’s Skirt, del 1997, ha ben posto in luce la posizione di “disquilibrio” vissuta dall’artista, il difficile crinale, fra buona fede e ipocrisia, percorso in un tempo che vede il culmine di egemonie imperialiste e gli albori di consa- pevolezze contrarie. Un’incertezza di statuto che motiva tante opposte letture, il farsi da sempre Gauguin sia un mito che un bersaglio. All’epoca, i conna- zionali residenti nelle Isole lo consideravano un elemento di discredito per la politica di colonizzazione perseguita oltremare dalla Francia, ma a Parigi gli amici simbolisti lo osannavano per aver messo in atto il loro ambito ritorno alle origini; oggi, molti polinesiani lo ritengono l’archetipo del turismo ses- suale che ha poi infestato la regione, ma insieme un precursore di una lotta in difesa dell’autoctono patrimonio culturale delle popolazioni indigene, tale da conferire loro identità e capacità di resistenza. Fino alla tesi che, nell’attri- buire ai tahitiani le fattezze o i gesti rituali dei fregi del tempio giavanese di Borobudur, Gauguin abbia infine restituito loro la consapevolezza di origini parallele e affini a quelle dei ceppi etnici del sub-continente asiatico, secondo i convincimenti della coeva etnologia diffusionista da lui professati. Certo, c’è un forte gradiente di verità nel supporre una condivisione di identità fra Gauguin e i nativi delle Isole, sulla base di una comune vittimizzazione subita da parte di un establishment conformista per il primo e di una logica colonizzatrice per i secondi. Così come è giusto insistere su quanto, nella coeva, maggioritaria, prospettiva evoluzionista, l’essere marginali coincidesse con l’essere degenerati, in una non così sorprendente sovrapposizione fra gli indigeni tahitiani, destinati per intrinseca debolezza alla sparizione, come li aveva visti Loti, i proletari parigini descritti da Zola o le prostitute ritratte da Degas, e certe frange della cerchia simbolista da Verlaine allo stesso Gauguin, accusate nei fogli conservatori di un efebismo dandistico, pericoloso per la La questione dell’esotismo. Una riflessione 3 salute della nazione francese. Così come un altro dato di fatto, a conferma della tesi di Eisenman, è l’ambiguità connaturata fin dagli esordi all’esotismo di Gauguin. In quanto critico lettore di Pierre Loti, egli non poteva ignorare, al momento della prima partenza per la Polinesia, la parodia che del romanzo tahitiano di questi, Rarahu, aveva offerto Alphonse Daudet col suo Porto Tara- scona del 1890, ennesima puntata della saga del vanesio Tartarino – cui Gau- guin peraltro era stato raffrontato da van Gogh – in parte motivata dal fastidio dello stesso Daudet per il gran parlare che l’artista faceva allora dei propri pro- getti di esodo oltremare. Gauguin, attivamente inserito all’epoca nella cer- chia dei simbolisti, non poteva parimenti misconoscere la consapevolezza già espressa da Baudelaire che, alla fine del viaggio, si ritrova sempre e soltanto “un desert d’ennui”, la reiterata immagine di sé stessi. Ma, sconfinando nel biogra- fismo, di cui gli studi su Gauguin sono stati sempre tributari – dall’agiografia del civilizzato che sposa immemori innocenze già formulata da Victor Segalen fino all’opposta denuncia di un istinto violento, incline alla sopraffazione, in- centivato dallo strappo compiuto rispetto alle convenzioni europee – anche Eisenman è infine indotto a discutibili conclusioni. Trascorrendo dal contesto storico al vissuto personale, nel suo studio il disquilibrio di Gauguin viene letto in termini di una latente indeterminazione sessuale, annettendo valore a quel “taata vahiné” (uomo-donna), travestito, con cui i nativi lo avevano accolto al suo primo sbarco a Tahiti, per i capelli lunghi, spioventi sulle spalle, sinonimo nelle Isole di femminilità. Su questa linea, il nudo di schiena di Tehamana nel quadro Manaò tupapaú (Lo Spirito dei morti veglia) è ricondotto all’iconografia dell’Ermafrodito Borghese e a suggestioni dall’androgino Séraphita del raccon- to di Balzac, e l’opera viene letta come sintomo di una rimossa pederastia, con una sovrainterpretazione altrettanto rozza di quella prevalsa con i Gender Studies che l’avevano decrittato in chiave di aggressione razzista e maschilista. Mentre, a ben vedere, il quadro, ben più di altre opere, si presta alla conferma di una precisa coscienza in Gauguin del relativismo antropologico. L’artista infatti vi obietta al facile e pruriginoso erotismo delle odalische orientaliste, di- pingendo un nudo “indecente” – come lui stesso scrive nel manoscritto Cahier H. Fouquier, L’Avenir symboliste, in “Le Figaro”, 24 maggio 1891, p. 1, cit. in P.Eisenman, Gauguin’s Skirt, New York and London 1997, ma vedi anche gli articoli comparsi in morte di Gauguin, in P. O’Reilly, La mort de Gauguin et la presse française, in “Bullettin de la Societé archéologique historique et artistique Le vieux papier”, XXIV, 212, aprile 1965, pp. 225-247. Jules Renard racconta: “Daudet, en verve, nous parle des embarquements de Gauguin, qui voudrait aller à Tahiti pour n’y trouver personne, et qui ne part jamais”, cit. da L. Made- line, Ultra-sauvage: Gauguin sculpteur, Paris 2002, p. 33. Ch. Baudelaire, Le Voyage, in Les Fleurs du mal, Paris 1857. 4 Paul Gauguin un esotismo controverso pour Aline – che ha la sua unica ragione d’essere in un dato antropologico, la paura degli spiriti propria della popolazione maori. In questa pirotecnia di fuochi fatui interpretativi, la salvezza, per parafra- sare lo stesso Gauguin, sta nel ritornare alle fonti, nel suo caso di artista alle arti arcaiche e primitive, nel nostro di storici ai documenti: alle testimonian- ze dell’epoca effettivamente attinenti la sua esperienza di vita nelle Isole, a iniziare da quelli raccolti nel seminale studio dell’antropologo Danielsson, Gauguin in the South Seas, tali da dimostrare quanto l’artista fosse
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