Monografie Umanistica – 10 – Monografie Umanistica

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Monografie Umanistica – 10 – Monografie Umanistica Monografie Umanistica – 10 – Monografie Umanistica 1. Tommaso Urso, Una biblioteca in divenire. La biblioteca della Facoltà di Lettere dalla penna all’elaboratore. Seconda edizione rivista e accresciuta, 2005 2. CruzHilda López, America Latina aportes lexicos al italiano contemporaneo, 2001 3. Innovazione tecnologica e cambiamento dell’università. Verso l’università virtuale, a cura di Antonio Calvani, 2001 4. Carla Milloschi, Santa Maria e San Bartolomeo a Padule a Sesto Fiorentino. Una piccola chiesa in una grande storia, 2001 5. Psicologia dello sviluppo cognitivo-linguistico: tra teoria e intervento, a cura di Luigi Aprile, 2003 6. Manuel Plana, Messico. Dall’Indipendenza a oggi, 2003 7. Technological Innovation and Change in the University: moving towards the Virtual University, a cura di Antonio Calvani, 2003 8. L’Epistolario di Anton Francesco Gori. Saggi critici, antologia delle lettere e indice dei mittenti, a cura di Cristina De Benedictis, Maria Grazia Marzi, 2004 9. Dalla misurazione dei servizi alla Customer Satisfaction: la valutazione della qualità nel Siste- ma Bibliotecario di Ateneo dell’Università di Firenze, a cura di Roberto Ventura, 2004 Maria Grazia Messina Paul Gauguin un esotismo controverso Firenze University Press 2006 Paul Gauguin : un esotismo controverso / Maria Grazia Messina. – Firenze : Firenze university press, 2006. (Monografie. Umanistica, 10) http://digital.casalini.it/8884533724 Stampa a richiesta disponibile su http:// epress.unifi.it ISBN 97888-6453-110-6 (online) ISBN 88-8453-373-2 (print) 759.4 (ed. 20) Gauguin, Paul Immagine di copertina: Paul Gauguin, Cambio di residenza, 1899, Xilografia, Boston, Museum of Fine Arts. Impaginazione di Alberto Pizarro Fernández © 2006 Firenze University Press Università degli Studi di Firenze Firenze University Press Borgo Albizi, 28, 50122 Firenze, Italy http://epress.unifi.it/ Printed in Italy Sommario Capitolo I La questione dell’esotismo. Una riflessione 1 Capitolo II Autoritratti come maschere, 1888-1890 15 Stilemi giapponesi per sensi occidentali 17 Identità duplici 27 Capitolo III Libri e suggestioni letterarie 43 Proiezioni fra Balzac e Poe 45 Analogie di artifici e metafore 51 Capitolo IV L’Esposizione Universale del 1889 61 Lezioni dal Museo 63 Trends di mercato 75 Capitolo V Arcaismi di Bretagna 87 Iconografia delle origini 88 La belle Angèle: un archetipo femminile 97 La Bretagna e l’ideologia del primitivo 105 Capitolo VI Tahiti, distanza e memoria 117 Nuove figure per le leggende maori 122 L’esotismo alla prova del mercato 132 L’Europa vissuta altrove 137 Appendice Gauguin. La costruzione del mito.Testi e documenti 153 Le opere bretoni, emblema del sintetismo 153 Il dibattito sulle opere tahitiane, 1893-1898 161 1903. Un primo bilancio 181 Nota bibliografica 189 Maria Grazia Messina, Paul Gauguin : un esotismo controverso. ISBN 97888-6453-110-6 (online), ISBN 88-8453-373-2 (print), © 2006 Firenze University Press Capitolo I La questione dell’esotismo. Una riflessione Per venire a patti con la vexata quaestio dell’approccio di Gauguin alla realtà antropologicamente altra incontrata nelle Isole della Società, è stato recentemente proposto, nel catalogo Van Gogh and Gauguin. The Studio of the South, il termine di “esotismo revisionista”1: invece che occidentalizzare i nativi, esorcizzandone la diversità, com’era nella tradizione della pittura orientalista, Gauguin ne accentua i tratti specifici, dalla fisionomia e corpo- ratura fino ai costumi di vita, messi in evidenza da tanti titoli delle opere, riferiti a brani di discorsi colti nello scambio quotidiano, specie nei dialoghi femminili. Nei quadri di genere del primo soggiorno tahitiano, Gauguin in questo modo, al pari di un etnologo, registra e documenta attitudini, modi di dire e relativi comportamenti; ma, a valutarne l’opera sulla stregua delle nuove consapevolezze proprie dell’ottica degli studi postcoloniali, egli appare fare molto di più. Il suo evidente intento, manifestato anch’esso nel corso del primo viaggio, di dipingere e così ricreare, miti, divinità, leggende e ambien- ti tradizionali di Tahiti, denunciato con crudezza in tanti contributi critici di neanche due decenni fa, per l’essere uno strumento di oppressione, con- sono a una prospettiva forzatamente eurocentrica, imperialista e patriarcale, viene ormai letto, negli ultimi studi, come un’intrapresa in realtà liberatoria, mirata a rendere i nativi consapevoli del proprio disperso retaggio culturale, motivandoli sulla strada di una resistenza all’assimilazione indiscriminata o comunque funzionale a politiche di dominio. È stato dato così risalto all’ul- timo triennio della vita dell’artista, quando, nell’isolamento delle Isole Mar- chesi, è posto a brutale contatto non con un’incontaminata vita selvaggia, come in buona parte si illudeva al momento della partenza dal capoluogo tahitiano, Papeete, ma con una quintessenza della realtà coloniale, di cui il villaggio di Atuona era una sorta di microcosmo: poche capanne di indigeni alla mercé dell’ufficio di gendarmeria francese, delle due opposte missioni, la cattolica e la protestante, e dello spaccio di generi vari affidato all’inevita- bile bottegaio cinese. Il quadro di un Gauguin impegnato nei “diritti civili” 1 Gauguin and van Gogh, The Studio of the South, catalogo della mostra a cura di D. Druick e P.K. Zegers, Chicago, The Art Institute, 2001, trad. ital. Van Gogh e Gauguin. Lo studio del Sud, Milano 2002, p. 337. Maria Grazia Messina, Paul Gauguin : un esotismo controverso. ISBN 97888-6453-110-6 (online), ISBN 88-8453-373-2 (print), © 2006 Firenze University Press 2 Paul Gauguin un esotismo controverso muove da nuove ricerche d’archivio, attestanti la presenza nella Tahiti del tempo di una ricca cultura autonoma e di nativi vivaci antagonisti del colo- nialismo francese, tali da indurre l’artista in azioni di consapevole sostegno, come testimonia il suo lavoro di redattore nel 1899 al giornale satirico di Papeete “Les Guêpes” e la successiva pubblicazione di un proprio foglio, “Le Sourire”, puntato contro gli abusi del clero missionario e dei funzionari go- vernativi. Ma, l’unico, effettivo, dato di fatto è che non si può ricondurre a coerenza un comportamento come quello di Gauguin, non solo socialmente, ma anche ideologicamente posto in una situazione liminale, fra condivisione di stereotipi della propaganda coloniale, quali la disinibita, infantile, inno- cenza degli indigeni e la contraria assunzione di questi stessi topoi a punti di forza di un’esibita ribellione ai canoni e pratiche di una politica di forzosa civilizzazione. Lo studio per eccellenza postrevisionista di Peter Eisenman, Gauguin’s Skirt, del 1997, ha ben posto in luce la posizione di “disquilibrio” vissuta dall’artista, il difficile crinale, fra buona fede e ipocrisia, percorso in un tempo che vede il culmine di egemonie imperialiste e gli albori di consa- pevolezze contrarie. Un’incertezza di statuto che motiva tante opposte letture, il farsi da sempre Gauguin sia un mito che un bersaglio. All’epoca, i conna- zionali residenti nelle Isole lo consideravano un elemento di discredito per la politica di colonizzazione perseguita oltremare dalla Francia, ma a Parigi gli amici simbolisti lo osannavano per aver messo in atto il loro ambito ritorno alle origini; oggi, molti polinesiani lo ritengono l’archetipo del turismo ses- suale che ha poi infestato la regione, ma insieme un precursore di una lotta in difesa dell’autoctono patrimonio culturale delle popolazioni indigene, tale da conferire loro identità e capacità di resistenza. Fino alla tesi che, nell’attri- buire ai tahitiani le fattezze o i gesti rituali dei fregi del tempio giavanese di Borobudur, Gauguin abbia infine restituito loro la consapevolezza di origini parallele e affini a quelle dei ceppi etnici del sub-continente asiatico, secondo i convincimenti della coeva etnologia diffusionista da lui professati. Certo, c’è un forte gradiente di verità nel supporre una condivisione di identità fra Gauguin e i nativi delle Isole, sulla base di una comune vittimizzazione subita da parte di un establishment conformista per il primo e di una logica colonizzatrice per i secondi. Così come è giusto insistere su quanto, nella coeva, maggioritaria, prospettiva evoluzionista, l’essere marginali coincidesse con l’essere degenerati, in una non così sorprendente sovrapposizione fra gli indigeni tahitiani, destinati per intrinseca debolezza alla sparizione, come li aveva visti Loti, i proletari parigini descritti da Zola o le prostitute ritratte da Degas, e certe frange della cerchia simbolista da Verlaine allo stesso Gauguin, accusate nei fogli conservatori di un efebismo dandistico, pericoloso per la La questione dell’esotismo. Una riflessione 3 salute della nazione francese.2 Così come un altro dato di fatto, a conferma della tesi di Eisenman, è l’ambiguità connaturata fin dagli esordi all’esotismo di Gauguin. In quanto critico lettore di Pierre Loti, egli non poteva ignorare, al momento della prima partenza per la Polinesia, la parodia che del romanzo tahitiano di questi, Rarahu, aveva offerto Alphonse Daudet col suo Porto Tara- scona del 1890, ennesima puntata della saga del vanesio Tartarino – cui Gau- guin peraltro era stato raffrontato da van Gogh – in parte motivata dal fastidio dello stesso Daudet per il gran parlare che l’artista faceva allora dei propri pro- getti di esodo oltremare.3 Gauguin, attivamente inserito all’epoca nella cer- chia dei simbolisti, non poteva parimenti misconoscere la consapevolezza già espressa da Baudelaire che,
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