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An Fm/Rds (Radio Data System) Software Radio

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An Fm/Rds (Radio Data System) Software Radio 07 - 10 September 2009 PROCEEDINGS 54. IWK Internationales Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium International Scientific Colloquium Information Technology and Electrical Engineering - Devices and Systems, Materials and Technologies for the Future Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Startseite / Index: http://www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/DocumentServlet?id=14089 Impressum Herausgeber: Der Rektor der Technischen Universität llmenau Univ.-Prof. Dr. rer. nat. habil. Dr. h. c. Prof. h. c. Peter Scharff Redaktion: Referat Marketing Andrea Schneider Fakultät für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Frank Berger Redaktionsschluss: 17. August 2009 Technische Realisierung (USB-Flash-Ausgabe): Institut für Medientechnik an der TU Ilmenau Dipl.-Ing. Christian Weigel Dipl.-Ing. Helge Drumm Technische Realisierung (Online-Ausgabe): Universitätsbibliothek Ilmenau Postfach 10 05 65 98684 Ilmenau Verlag: Verlag ISLE, Betriebsstätte des ISLE e.V. Werner-von-Siemens-Str. 16 98693 llmenau © Technische Universität llmenau (Thür.) 2009 Diese Publikationen und alle in ihr enthaltenen Beiträge und Abbildungen sind urheberrechtlich geschützt. ISBN (USB-Flash-Ausgabe): 978-3-938843-45-1 ISBN (Druckausgabe der Kurzfassungen): 978-3-938843-44-4 Startseite / Index: http://www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/DocumentServlet?id=14089 AN FM/RDS (RADIO DATA SYSTEM) SOFTWARE RADIO Carsten Roppel University of Applied Sciences Schmalkalden P. O. B. 100452, D-98564 Schmalkalden E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper describes a software radio for the Processor Audio reception of FM (frequency modulation) and RDS (demodu- Multi-standard (radio data system) signals. Both the FM and RDS lation, Video receiver use quadrature sampling and simple RF tuner decoding, baseband signal processing. After FM demodulation Data the signal is further processed by the RDS receiver control) using matched filtering and feedforward phase estimation. Figure 2 Multi-standard receiver Index Terms – software radio, FM demodulator, In a multi-standard receiver, the analog front-end RDS receiver is capable of receiving multiple broadcast standards (Figure 2). Different frequency ranges and 1. INTRODUCTION bandwidths are typically accommodated by dedicated amplifiers and filters, followed by IQ- This paper presents the design and development of a downconversion to baseband. The output at zero or software radio for the reception of FM/RDS signals. low IF (intermediate frequency) is, after analog-to- RDS receivers are - besides their use in traditional digital conversion, demodulated and decoded in the FM radio receivers - important for navigation systems processor. based on GPS (Global Positioning System). Such In the following sections, we describe the signal systems, if equipped with an RDS receiver or processing of our FM/RDS software radio. Finally, connected to an FM/RDS radio, receive information we discuss different options for the implementation of on road traffic conditions, which is transmitted by the software radio. broadcast stations via RDS over the Traffic Message Channel (TMC). The implementation of the RDS 2. FM RECEIVER receiver as a software radio allows easy integration on existing hardware with a general-purpose processor FM broadcast signals are transmitted in the frequency (GPP) or a digital signal processor (DSP). range of 87 MHz to 108 MHz. The baseband signal is the audio signal limited to a bandwidth of 15 kHz. Pro- Audio Stereo transmission uses a multiplex scheme, where cessor the sum of the left and the right channel, xl(t) + xr(t), RF Demodu- (deco- Video is transmitted in the lower frequency range and the tuner lator ding, difference of the stereo channels is modulated using control Data DSB-SC (double-side band suppressed carrier) onto a ) 38-kHz carrier (Figure 3). Figure 1 Typical broadcast receiver S( f ) Pilot tone xl(t) + xr(t) x (t) − x (t) Figure 1 shows a high-level block diagram of a l r RDS typical broadcast receiver. This approach requires a dedicated RF tuner and demodulator for each 15 23 38 53 57 standard. Even for audio broadcast a variety of analog 19 f [kHz] and digital standards exist, like AM, FM, DAB Figure 3 Schematic spectral representation of the FM (digital audio broadcasting), DRM (digital radio stereo baseband signal mondiale) and HD radio. Moreover, these standards use different frequency ranges and bandwidths in different regions of the word. © 2009 - 54th Internationales Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium ½ xi(t) × LPF × d ∼ dt x (t) c cos(2π fct) + y(t) − 90° d dt LPF × ½ x (t) × q Figure 4 Block diagram of the FM demodulator This multiplex scheme is compatible with where ϕ (t) depends on the modulating signal monaural receivers which use the xl(t) + xr(t) signal according to only. A pilot tone with frequency 38 kHz/2 = 19 kHz t indicates the stereo signal to the receiver and is used ϕ(t) = 2 π f x(τ) dτ . Δ ∫ for coherent demodulation of the DSB signal. As 0 shown in Figure 3, the RDS signal is inserted above the stereo multiplex using a subcarrier of 57 kHz. The quadrature components are obtained by multi- The baseband signal is FM-modulated onto a plying xc(t) with cos(2 π f c t) and −sin(2 π f c t). The carrier using a frequency deviation of f Δ = 75 kHz. lowpass filters (LPF) following the multipliers in The bandwidth of the modulated signal is Figure 4 reject the double-frequency terms located at 2 f c, which result from the multiplication [2]. , B ≈ 2( f Δ + 2 f g ) As further shown in Figure 4, xi(t) and xq(t) are differentiated and cross-multiplied giving where f g ≈ 60 kHz is the upper frequency limit of the baseband signal. Thus the FM signal has a bandwidth d x (t) d x (t) y(t) = x (t) q − x (t) i of 390 kHz. i dt q dt d ϕ(t) d ϕ(t) 2.1. Quadrature Demodulation = cos 2 ϕ(t) + sin 2 ϕ(t) For FM, a number of demodulation schemes are dt dt d ϕ(t) known [1]. A demodulator particularly suited for = = 2 π f x(t) digital implementation is shown in Figure 4. It is a dt Δ quadrature demodulator, where the FM signal is first where the factor 1/2 was omitted for simplification. decomposed into its quadrature components x (t) and i As shown, the demodulator output equals the x (t). After further processing as shown in the block q baseband signal x(t) multiplied by an amplitude diagram the baseband signal is available at the output. factor, which depends on the frequency deviation. An FM signal is described by Although we did assume a perfectly synchronised ⎛ t ⎞ local oscillator signal, the demodulator also works x (t) = A cos⎜2 π f t + 2 π f x(τ) dτ ⎟ c c ⎜ c Δ ∫ ⎟ when the oscillator has a phase or frequency offset 0 ⎝ ⎠ relative to the carrier of xc(t). A phase offset Δφ, i. e. = Ac cos()2 π f c t + ϕ(t) , the local oscillator signal is cos(2 π f c t − Δφ), cancels out in y(t). A frequency offset cos(2 π ( f − Δ f ) t) where f and A are the carrier frequency and c c c results in a d. c. component proportional to Δ f in y(t) amplitude, respectively, f Δ is the frequency deviation and can be removed easily. and x(t) is the baseband signal. We express xc(t) as 2.2. Implementation Aspects xc (t) = Ac cos()2 π f c t + ϕ(t) The demodulator of Figure 4 is implemented = A Re{}exp(jϕ(t)) exp(j2 π f t) . c c completely in the digital domain. The analog front- end is described in Section 4. A very simple digital exp(j ϕ (t)) is the complex envelope of xc(t). Its real and imaginary parts are the I (in-phase) and Q version of the quadrature demodulation results, if the sampling rate is f = 4 f . This quadrature sampling (quadrature-phase) signals xi(t) and xq(t), s c scheme [3] is illustrated in Figure 5. The input signal , xi (t) = cosϕ(t), xq (t) = sinϕ(t) xc(t) is sampled at t = n Ts, Ts = 1/4 f c. The discrete- time signal xc(n) is multiplied with the discrete-time 19 kHz, the stereo multiplex signal centered at versions of cos(2 π f c t) and −sin(2 π f c t). As shown in 38 kHz and the RDS signal at 57 kHz. Figure 5, even samples n = 2 k multiplied by (−1)k represent the in-phase component, and odd samples 3. RDS RECEIVER n = 2 k + 1 multiplied by (−1)k represent the quadrature component: RDS allows the transmission of digital data in parallel to the audio signal. RDS enables services like x (2k) = (−1) k x (2k) , i c program identification, automatic tuning, radio text, k traffic message channel (TMC) and many others. xq (2k +1) = −(−1) xc (2k +1) . 3.1. RDS Modulation and Coding cos 2 p fc t The RDS baseband signal has a bit rate of æ æ 1187.5 bit/s. The information is transmitted in groups with a length of 104 bits. A group comprises 4 blocks æ æ H Læ æ of 26 bits. A block is composed of a 16-bit information word and a 10-bit CRC for error æ æ detection (Figure 7). To enable group -sin 2 p fc t synchronization, offset words A, B, C and D are æ æ added modulo 2 to the CRC of blocks 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively [4]. æ æ H æ L æ Group (104 bit) æ æ Figure 5 Sampling instants of the locally generated Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 quadrature carriers for fs = 4 fc Quadrature sampling results in quadrature Information word CRC + offset components sampled at a rate f s /2 = 2 f c.
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