Pontificia Universidad Católica Del Ecuador Facultad De Comunicación Lingüística Y Literatura Escuela Multilingüe De Negocios Y Relaciones Internacionales

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Pontificia Universidad Católica Del Ecuador Facultad De Comunicación Lingüística Y Literatura Escuela Multilingüe De Negocios Y Relaciones Internacionales PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE COMUNICACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA Y LITERATURA ESCUELA MULTILINGÜE DE NEGOCIOS Y RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES DISERTACIÓN PREVIA A LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TÍTULO DE LICENCIADO MULTINGÜE EN NEGOCIOS Y RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES ESTADO DEL PODER HEGEMÓNICO DURO Y BLANDO DE ESTADOS UNIDOS EN EL SIGLO XXI STALIN XAVIER TAYUPANTA CÁRDENAS ENERO, 2014 QUITO – ECUADOR A mi familia AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi padre y a mi madre por el infinito amor, apoyo incondicional, comprensión y especialmente tolerancia que me han brindado durante toda la vida y en mi camino hacia la autosuficiencia en este mundo egoísta y competitivo. Ellos serán siempre mi apoyo y mi pilar fundamental para todas las decisiones que emprenda para mi futuro. A mi hermano por su apoyo y sus lecciones tanto académicas como de vida; es muy fácil darse cuenta que tiene un amplio talento ¡Seguramente será un gran economista! A mi directora, Paola Lozada quién hace tres años despertó en mí la vocación de las relaciones internacionales y ahora me ha brindado la oportunidad de dirigir acertadamente esta Disertación de Grado. A mis jefas y amigas, Wendy Barreno y Gabriela Gallegos, por brindarme su apoyo, protección y compartirme su experiencia durante mi aprendizaje y desenvolvimiento en el entorno laboral. Y finalmente, a todos mis amigos y amigas por todas las vivencias inolvidables que hemos pasado juntos durante estos últimos cuatro años. Ahora podemos mirar hacia atrás y darnos cuenta de cuánto hemos madurado y aprendido en esta etapa que culmina pero que no implica el fin de nuestra amistad. ÍNDICE GENERAL 1. TEMA 1 2. INTRODUCCIÓN 1 CAPÍTULO I ESTRUCTURA POLÍTICO-ECONÓMICA INTERNACIONAL Y ESTADOUNIDENSE 1.1. Influencia corporativa en la estructura política estadounidense 6 1.1.1. Incidencia corporativa en los partidos políticos y el congreso 6 1.1.2. Influencia corporativa en las instituciones del gobierno 8 1.1.3. La Gran Recesión 11 1.2. Estado de la economía de Estados Unidos y estrategias de la Unión Europea con respecto a la crisis mundial 15 1.2.1. Estado de la economía de Estados Unidos 15 1.2.2. La Crisis de la Unión Europea 18 1.2.3. Reformismo de la Unión Europea 22 1.3. El nuevo estatus internacional de los Países Emergentes 25 1.3.1. La economía de los Países Emergentes en el mundo 25 1.3.2. Acumulación de reservas exteriores 28 1.3.3. Participación en las instituciones de gobernanza mundial 30 CAPÍTULO II LA POLÍTICA EXTERIOR EN EL CUMPLIMIENTO DE OBJETIVOS MUNDIALES Y GEOPOLÍTICOS DE SEGURIDAD NACIONAL 2.1. La “Guerra contra el Terrorismo” como política exterior 33 2.1.1. Contratistas privados 33 2.1.2. Priorización del enfoque militar 35 2.1.3. Los ataques del 11 de septiembre y la “Guerra contra el Terrorismo” 37 2.2. Control geopolítico de Estados Unidos 40 2.2.1. Escenario geopolítico para Estados Unidos 40 2.2.2. Iraq 42 2.2.3. Pakistán y Afganistán 48 2.3. Escenario geopolítico mundial 53 2.3.1. China 53 2.3.2. Otros jugadores geopolíticos 57 2.3.3. Territorios en disputa 60 CAPÍTULO III ESTADO DEL PODER BLANDO DE ESTADOS UNIDOS 3.1. Configuración de la opinión pública 67 3.1.1. Control gubernamental de la información 67 3.1.2. Control privado de la información 70 3.1.3. Control internacional de la información 73 3.2. Influencia cultural 75 3.2.1. Estado de la sociedad estadounidense 75 3.2.2. Fomento de la cultura de consumo 78 3.2.3. Influencia cultural de otros países 80 3.3. Aceptación del sistema estadounidense 82 3.3.1. Estados Unidos 82 3.3.2. El mundo musulmán 83 3.3.3. Aceptación global 85 3. ANÁLISIS 88 4. CONCLUSIONES 94 5. RECOMENDACIONES 100 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 104 GLOSARIO DE TÉRMINOS ANEXOS ÍNDICE DE ANEXOS ANEXO 1 FINANCISTAS CORPORATIVOS DE LOS PARTIDOS REPUBLICANO Y DEMÓCRATA (PERIODO 98-12) ANEXO 2 PERFILES DE LOS PRINCIPALES FINANCISTAS CORPORATIVOS ANEXO 3 PRINCIPALES SECTORES QUE PROPORCIONAN DINERO A LOS PARTIDOS POLÍTICOS (PERIODO 2011-2012) ANEXO 4 PRINCIPALES CONTRIBUIDORES CORPORATIVOS DE LOS CANDIDATOS PRESIDENCIALES 2012 ANEXO 5 ENTREVISTAS A MIEMBROS RETIRADOS DEL CONGRESO SOBRE LA INFLUENCIA DEL DINERO ENLA POLÍTICA, FRAGMENTO DEL LIBRO REPUBLIC LOST DE LAURENCE LESSIG, PÁGS. 133-134 ANEXO 6 EL SECTOR ALIMENTICIO, FRAGMENTO DEL DOCUMENTAL FOOD INC. ANEXO 7 DESIGUALDAD DE PAÍSES DESARROLLADOS Y EMERGENTES ANEXO 8 DATOS DE INTERÉS DE LA DEUDA EXTERNA ESTADOUNIDENSE ANEXO 9 PARTICIPACIÓN EN EL PIB MUNDIAL Y PODER DE VOTO EN EL FMI Y EL BANCO MUNDIAL AL 2 DE MARZO DE 2011 ANEXO 10 EVOLUCIÓN EN CULTIVO Y PRODUCCIÓN DE OPIO EN AFGANISTÁN POR REGÍMENES DE GOBIERNO EN EL PERIODO 1994-2012 ANEXO 11 ARTÍCULO DE TIMES OF INDIA SOBRE LA VINCULACIÓN DE LA ISI CON LOS ATAQUES DEL 11 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 2001 ANEXO 12 REPORTE DE CNN DE VINCULACIÓN DE LA ISI CON LOS ATAQUES DEL 11 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 2001 ANEXO 13 VINCULACIÓN DE LA ISI CON EL GOBIERNO DE ESTADOS UNIDOS, FRAGMENTO DEL LIBRO AMERICAN WAR ON TERRORISM (CAPÍTULO III) ANEXO 14 ARTÍCULO DE THE GUARDIAN EN REFERENCIA A LA PUBLICACIÓN DE LE FIGARO LLAMADA: “JUILLET 2001: BEN LADEN RENCONTRE LA CIA À DUBAI”, DEL 31 DE OCTUBRE DE 2001 ANEXO 15 ENTREVISTA A RICHARD CLARKE, COORDINADOR NACIONAL PARA LA SEGURIDAD, PROTECCIÓN DE LA INFRAESTRUCTURA Y CONTRATERRORISMO DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS, PARA EL DOCUMENTAL FAHRENHEIT 911 ANEXO 16 PERFIL ENERGÉTICO DE CHINA ANEXO 17 ZONAS ESTRATÉGICAS DE CONTENCIÓN A CHINA ANEXO18 RESERVAS DE PETRÓLEO Y GAS NATURAL DEL GOLFO PÉRSICO EN 2006 ANEXO 19 PRINCIPALES CONTRATISTAS PRIVADOS EN IRAQ, FRAGMENTO DEL DOCUMENTAL LA DOCTRINA DEL SHOCK ANEXO 20 MAPA DE CONTROL DE BAGDAD ANEXO 21 COSTOS APROXIMADOS DE LA GUERRA DE IRAQ HASTA 2009 ANEXO 22 INFORMACIÓN ENERGÉTICA DE CHINA Y ESTADOS UNIDOS ANEXO 23 PERFIL ENERGÉTICO DE INDIA ANEXO 24 RESERVAS Y PRODUCCIÓN ENERGÉTICA DE RUSIA ANEXO 25 PRODUCCIÓN Y RESERVAS PETROLERAS Y GASÍFERAS DE LA CUENCA DEL MAR CASPIO ANEXO 26 PARTICIPACIÓN INTERNACIONAL EN LOS MÁS GRANDES PROYECTOS DE GAS NATURAL Y PETRÓLEOS DE AZERBAIYÁN Y KAZAKSTÁN ANEXO 27 PRINCIPALES BASES MILITARES DE ESTADOS UNIDOS EN ASIA CENTRAL ANEXO 28 MAYORES RUTAS DE GAS Y PETRÓLEO EN LA ZONA DEL MAR CASPIO ANEXO 29 PAÍSES CON MAYORES RESERVAS Y PRODUCCIÓN DE GAS NATURAL A NIVEL MUNDIAL ANEXO 30 PAÍSES AFRICANOS CON MAYOR PRODUCCIÓN Y RESERVAS PETROLERAS Y GASÍFERAS ANEXO 31 LAS 10 ESTRATEGIAS BÁSICAS DE MANIPULACIÓN MEDIÁTICA ANEXO 32 GANANCIAS DE ACADÉMICOS POR MANIPULACIÓN DE INFORMACIÓN, FRAGMENTO ENTRE LAS PÁGINAS 240-260 DEL LIBRO PREDATOR NATION DE CHARLES FERGUSON ANEXO 33 CASO DE MANIPULACIÓN MEDIÁTICA DE MONSANTO, FRAGMENTO DEL DOCUMENTAL “THE CORPORATION” ANEXO 34 LISTA DE LOS 50 MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN MÁS GRANDES DEL MUNDO ANEXO 35 LISTA DE ACTIVOS DE NEWS CORP ANEXO 36 ENCUESTA REALIZADA PARA DETERMINAR EL ÍNDICE DE CONFIANZA HACIA LA POLÍTICA EXTERIOR DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS DEL AÑO 2010 ANEXO 37 MAPA DE INFLUENCIA MUNDIAL 1. TEMA ESTADO DEL PODER HEGEMÓNICO DURO Y BLANDO DE ESTADOS UNIDOS EN EL SIGLO XXI 2. INTRODUCCIÓN La presente Disertación de Grado tiene el objetivo de demostrar como hipótesis que “El sistema político-económico internacional e interno de Estados Unidos causaría que su política exterior no le permita garantizar el cumplimiento de sus objetivos geopolíticos de manera efectiva, lo cual afectaría a su poder duro y blando, así como la aceptación de su liderazgo mundial en el siglo XXI”. De esta manera, se abordará el estudio de los 3 factores principales que determinan el poder de una nación internacionalmente de acuerdo a las teorías realista e idealista de las relaciones internacionales, es decir que abordará el estudio de la economía, la milicia y la admiración externa de Estados Unidos, así como se realizará un análisis de la política de este país, como un eje transversal. En este contexto, como primer capítulo se buscará identificar de qué manera los intereses del sector privado y especialmente del sector financiero afectan a la estructura política de Estados Unidos para adecuarla a sus beneficios. Se mostrará cómo el proceso de toma de decisiones del país permite a las mayores corporaciones adquirir el control total sobre la sociedad estadounidense sin una supervisión gubernamental adecuada, hasta el punto que éstas llegan a lucrar a expensas de la población y de los ingresos fiscales del Estado gracias a su comportamiento corrupto no regulado y la dependencia que la sociedad tiene hacia las mismas. Este comportamiento corporativo conjuntamente con la complicidad gubernamental ha provocado que tanto la economía de Estados Unidos como la economía mundial se sumerjan en una recesión, lo cual ha generado un escenario en donde los países con economías emergentes pueden reclamar mayor participación en la toma de decisiones mundial. En este sentido, se analizará hasta qué punto estos países han llegado a influir en el orden mundial para ser tomados 1 en cuenta. Principalmente se hará énfasis en esto debido a que en el marco de los regímenes internacionales el poder entre los Estados es un juego de suma cero en el cual si un país gana más influencia los otros pierden proporcionalmente la misma. De esta manera, se buscará explicar este fallo a través de la intromisión corporativa en el sistema político de Estados Unidos que ha logrado reemplazar los intereses nacionales por sus intereses privados, para direccionar a la política exterior del país hacia la consecución de objetivos de corto plazo y de altas ganancias para sus negocios en lugar de objetivos de preservación de poder de largo plazo con ganancias para el Estado. Por otro lado, en el segundo capítulo se mostrará cómo el sector privado con el afán de obtener ganancias ha provocado la priorización del enfoque militar de la política exterior de Estados Unidos, la cual lo ha llevado a conducir 2 costosas guerras en un periodo de tiempo de 12 años en las que todavía no se logra obtener el control total de los territorios.
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