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Timor-Leste Water Sector Public Disclosure Authorized Assessment and Roadmap Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized About the Water Global Practice

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Timor-Leste Water Sector Public Disclosure Authorized Assessment and Roadmap Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized About the Water Global Practice WATER GLOBAL PRACTICE Public Disclosure Authorized Timor-Leste Water Sector Public Disclosure Authorized Assessment and Roadmap Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized About the Water Global Practice Launched in 2014, the Word Bank Group's Water Global Practice brings together financing, knowledge, and implementation in one platform. By combining the Bank's global knowledge with country investments, this model generates more firepower for transformational solutions to help countries grow sustainably. Please visit us at www.worldbank.org/water or follow us on Twitter @WorldBankWater. Timor-Leste Water Sector Assessment and Roadmap © 2018 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Please cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2018. “Timor-Leste Water Sector Assessment and Roadmap.” World Bank, Washington, DC. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights @ worldbank.org. Cover design: Jean Franz, Franz and Company, Inc. Cover photos: Toilet manufacturer, AusAID/Wikimedia Commons; dry soil, Yeowatzup/Wikimedia Commons; father and son drinking, Bro. Jeffrey Pioquinto/flickr. Contents Acknowledgments vii Preface ix Abbreviations xi Executive Summary 1 Institutional and Legal Framework 2 Water Resources Development 2 Irrigation 2 Urban Water Supply and Sanitation 3 Rural Water Supply and Sanitation 3 Roadmap—Priority Responses and Way Forward 3 Notes 4 Chapter 1 Sector Overview 5 Country Context 5 Development Context 5 Water Resources Development Challenges 8 Climate and its Challenges 9 Surface Water Resources 11 Groundwater Resources 12 Protection from Water-Related Disasters 14 Notes 15 Chapter 2 Institutional and Legal Framework 17 Institutional Sector Arrangements 17 Legal and Regulatory Framework 20 Key Policy and Institutional Challenges 22 Notes 22 Chapter 3 Water Resources Management, Development, and Water Use 25 Water Resources Management 25 Water Use 27 Key Water Management Challenges 33 Notes 34 Chapter 4 Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Services 35 Status of Operation and Service Delivery 35 Financing 38 Notes 40 Timor-Leste Water Sector Assessment and Roadmap iii Chapter 5 Rural and Peri-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Services 41 Status of Operation and Service Delivery 41 Financing 46 Key Rural Water and Sanitation Challenges 47 Notes 47 Chapter 6 Roadmap—Priority Responses and Way Forward 49 Roadmap Overview 50 Realizing the Roadmap 56 Appendix A Organigram of the Water Sector 57 Appendix B Water Sector Targets 59 Appendix C Development of Lakes and Springs as a Water Resource 63 Appendix D Maps of the Republic of Timor-Leste 65 References 67 Figures 1.1. GDP at Constant Prices (2015 = 100), 2010–15 6 1.2. Change in Average Monthly Rainfall in Timor-Leste during El Niño and La Niña Years for the Northern Watershed and for the Southern Watershed 10 1.3. Mean Monthly Precipitation Based on Elevation, Selected Locations and the North and South Coasts 11 3.1. Public Spending in Agriculture versus AgGDP at Constant Prices (2016 US$) 29 4.1. Access to Urban Water Supply 36 4.2. Access to Urban Sanitation Facilities 37 5.1. Access to Rural Water Supply 42 5.2. Access to Rural Sanitation Facilities 44 A.1. Organigram for Water Supply and Sanitation Service Delivery in Timor-Leste 58 Maps D.1. Political Map of Timor-Leste 65 D.2. Topographical Map of Timor-Leste 65 Tables 1.1. AgGDP of the Timor-Leste Economy, 2008–15 7 1.2. Overall Aquifer Vulnerability 13 iv Timor-Leste Water Sector Assessment and Roadmap 3.1. MAF Plans for Irrigation Development 2013–20—Areas to be Irrigated (ha) 29 3.2. Completed, Ongoing, and Planned Irrigation System Development and Rehabilitation— MAP Systems to be Funded Out of the Infrastructure Fund 30 4.1. Basic Figure of Population Served in Selected Municipalities 36 4.2. Timor-Leste Capital Spending from the Consolidated Fund of Timor-Leste and the Infrastructure Fund Relevant to Water Supply and Sanitation, 2011–15 39 5.1. Peri-Urban (Capital of Administrative Post) Population Estimation 46 6.1. Overview Priority Actions for Water Resources—Policy, Regulations, and Strategies 50 6.2. Overview Priority Actions for Water Resources—Service Delivery 51 6.3. Overview Priority Actions for Water Resources—Institutional Development 52 6.4. Overview Priority Actions for Water Supply and Sanitation—Policy, Regulations, and Strategies 53 6.5. Overview Priority Actions for Water Resources—Service Delivery 53 6.6. Overview Priority Actions for Water Resources—Institutional Development 55 B.1. Legal Documents Related to Water and Sanitation Development 59 B.2. National Policy Objectives and Targets for Water in Timor-Leste Compared to SDG No. 6 for Water 60 C.1. Examples of Spring Yield and Associated Hydrogeology from Timor-Leste 63 Timor-Leste Water Sector Assessment and Roadmap v Acknowledgments The World Bank team was led by Martin Albrecht • The National Director for Irrigation and Water (Water and Sanitation Specialist) and Deviariandy Management of the Ministry of Agriculture and Setiawan (Senior Water and Sanitation Specialist) and Fisheries includes Marcus Wishart (Senior Water Resources The Head of Environmental Health Department of Specialist), Paul van Hofwegen (Water Resources and • the Ministry of Health Irrigation Consultant), Craig McVeigh (Water Resources Consultant), Job Supangkat (Water and Sanitation The team is grateful for support provided by Claudia Consultant) and David Ginting (Water Resources Sadoff, Bill Young, and Edoardo Borgomeo from the Consultant). Lilian Pena Pereira Weiss (Senior Water Water Resources Management and Water Security and Sanitation Specialist) and Joop Stoutjesdijk (Lead Global Solutions Group of the World Bank’s Water Irrigation Engineer) provided valuable support and Global Practice and by Professor Jim Hall and Tess Sudipto Sarkar (Practice Manager) provided overall Doefflinger from the Environmental Change Institute guidance. of Oxford University, who have kindly helped compile The team would like to extend its appreciation and data and information for this assessment. gratitude to the following members of the Government Special thanks are extended to the peer reviewers of of Timor-Leste who were available for discussions this work, Bill Young (Lead Water Resource Management between May and June 2017: Specialist), Greg Browder (Lead Water Resource • Director General for Water and Sanitation and his Management Specialist), Dominick van der Waal (Senior Directors of the time, the Ministry of Public Works, Water and Sanitation Specialist), and Iwan Gunawan, Transport and Communications (Senior Natural Resource Management Specialist). Timor-Leste Water Sector Assessment and Roadmap vii Preface Recognizing the importance of water management to Improving water management takes time and has to be the government’s objectives of economic diversifica- undertaken in multiple phases over the course of many tion, the World Bank has been supporting the General years. This rapid assessment should therefore only be Directorate for Water and Sanitation in the Ministry of considered as a first phase that sets the ground for fur- Public Works, Transportation, and Communications. ther discussions about the direction of potential This sector assessment and roadmap has been pre- engagement. The information included in this report pared at the request of the General Directorate for was based on a review of existing data and analyses, as Water Supply and Sanitation as a contribution to the well as discussions conducted with government repre- advisory services and analytics. It has been conducted sentatives and sector stakeholders. Given the reliance as a just-in-time assessment between April and June on secondary data sources and given the priorities of 2017, including a 10-day mission to Timor-Leste for past donor engagement in the water supply and sanita- data collection and stakeholder discussions. The tion sector, this assessment results in a heavier focus on report was finalized after the parliamentary elections water supply and sanitation, while only providing gen- in July 2017. However, after unsuccessful attempts to eral information on water resources and irrigation. form a government, the President of Timor-Leste Nonetheless, the scope included the entire water sector announced in January 2018 that early reelections to set the tone for a comprehensive dialogue across the would be held in the first half
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