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The Early-Middle Mississippian Borden-Grainger-Fort Payne Delta

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The Early-Middle Mississippian Borden-Grainger-Fort Payne Delta Acknowledgement The Kentucky Society of Professional Geologists would like to thank the field trip leaders for their time and use of this guidebook (Field Guide 29). It was originally submitted to The Geological Society of America 2012 annual meeting, November 4─7 in Charlotte, North Carolina, but the field trip was cancelled. GSA did all of the original editing and production of the field guide. Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................................... 345 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 346 Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Framework ................................................................................................... 347 Tectonic Framework ............................................................................................................................................. 347 Stratigraphic Framework ..................................................................................................................................... 350 Borden-Grainger Deltaic Complex ...................................................................................................................... 353 Floyds Knob Bed/Zone ........................................................................................................................................ 354 The Stops ................................................................................................................................................................... 357 Stop 1: Upper Part of the Black-Shale Sequence and Lower Borden Formation ................................................. 357 Unit 1, Cleveland Shale Member (Ohio Shale) ............................................................................................... 357 Unit 2 (Bedford Shale) ..................................................................................................................................... 362 Unit 3 (Sunbury Shale) .................................................................................................................................... 363 Unit 4, Henley Bed, Farmers Member (Borden Formation) ............................................................................ 363 Unit 5, Farmers Member (Borden Formation) ................................................................................................. 364 Unit 5, Farmers/Nancy transition (Borden Formation) .................................................................................... 365 Unit 6, Nancy Member (Borden Formation) ................................................................................................... 366 Interpretation ................................................................................................................................................... 366 Stop 2: Granitic Dropstone Embedded in the Uppermost Cleveland Shale Member of the Ohio Shale .............. 366 Statistics and Occurrence ................................................................................................................................. 367 Interpretation ................................................................................................................................................... 368 Stop 3: The Cowbell Member of the Borden Formation: Transition from Delta Front to Delta Platform ........... 369 Unit 1, Cowbell Member (Borden Formation) ................................................................................................ 369 Unit 2, Cowbell Member ................................................................................................................................. 369 Unit 3, Cowbell Member ................................................................................................................................. 369 Unit 4, Cowbell Member ................................................................................................................................. 370 Interpretation ................................................................................................................................................... 370 Stop 4: Borden Delta Destruction: The Nada Member and the Floyds Knob Zone in the Borden Formation ..... 371 Stop 5: Transition between the Nancy and Cowbell Members of the Borden Formation, Northeastern Kentucky .................................................................................................................................................. 373 Stop 6: (A and B): Borden Delta Sequence at the Delta-Platform Margin—Big Hill .......................................... 375 Stop 6A: ................................................................................................................................................................ 375 Stop 6B: ................................................................................................................................................................ 377 Interpretation .................................................................................................................................................. 378 Stop 7: Floyds Knob Zone in the Delta-Front Siltstones and Carbonates of the Halls Gap and Muldraugh Members of the Borden Formation .......................................................................................................... 379 Optional Stops A and B: Fort Payne basin at the Toe of the Borden Delta Slope ................................................ 381 Stop 8: Floyds Knob Bed on Western Side of the Fort Payne Basin .................................................................... 383 Stop 9: Toe-of-Slope, Carbonate Mud Mounds and the Floyds Knob Zone in the Distal Fort Payne Basin ........ 383 Stop 10: Mound Flank Beds from Floyds Knob Zone .......................................................................................... 388 Stop 11: The Sunbury and Grainger Formations at Pound Gap, Kentucky .......................................................... 388 Sunbury Shale .................................................................................................................................................. 390 Grainger Formation ......................................................................................................................................... 390 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................... 391 References Cited ........................................................................................................................................................ 392 Figures 1. Paleogeographic map showing the development and progradation of the Borden-Grainger-Price-Pocono delta complex in east-central United States during Early and Middle Mississippian time as a result of the Neoacadian Orogeny ................................................................................................................................... 346 2. Late Devonian paleogeographic reconstruction of Laurussia (Old Red Sandstone Continent), showing the location of the basinal black-shale sea in eastern Laurussia into which the Borden-Grainger delta complex prograded ..................................................................................................................................................... 348 3. Schematic diagram showing tectonic framework of the Acadian/Neoacadian orogeny .............................. 349 4. Neoacadian tectonic situation that generated the Sunbury Shale (Stop 1) .................................................. 349 5. Schematic southwest-northeast section across the central Appalachian Basin in Kentucky and West Virginia ....................................................................................................................................................... 350 6. Schematic east-west cross section across the central Appalachian Basin at various times ......................... 351 7. Basement structures in eastern and central Kentucky that may have influenced the deposition of the Borden-Grainger-Fort Payne delta-basin complex ...................................................................................... 352 8. The geologic section along the field-trip route ............................................................................................ 353 9. Relative distribution of the Acadian/Neoacadian clastic-wedge, delta complexes on southern Laurussia . 354 10. Schematic cross section along C–C’ in Figure 7 from the Borden delta front in northeastern Kentucky to the Fort Payne basin in south-central Kentucky and then back onto another lobe of the Borden delta ............ 355 11. Facies map of the Floyds Knob Bed/zone and equivalent strata in Kentucky and adjacent states .............. 356 12. Field-trip route and stops in northeastern, east-central, south-central, and southeastern Kentucky ............ 358 13. Photo showing the upper part of the stratigraphic section at Stop 1 ............................................................ 359 14. Schematic stratigraphic section for the outcrop at Stop 1 ........................................................................... 360 15. “Ribbed” black shales
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