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Get Over It! Een Onderzoek Naar De Representatie Van De Vrouw in Seizoen 20 Van South Park

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Get Over It! Een Onderzoek Naar De Representatie Van De Vrouw in Seizoen 20 Van South Park Get over it! Een onderzoek naar de representatie van de vrouw in seizoen 20 van South Park BA Eindwerkstuk Communicatie en Informatiewetenschappen Door Melissa Sturkenboom Studentnummer 3872580 Docent Pauline van Romondt Vis Datum: 23-1-2017 Aantal woorden: 5994 Samenvatting In dit onderzoek staat de representatie van de vrouw in South Park centraal. South Park is een animatieprogramma op televisie dat regelmatig ingaat tegen dominante denkbeelden waardoor het discours in de maatschappij rondom zo'n denkbeeld verandert (De Beer, 2014). Eerdere onderzoeken naar South Park hebben zich slechts toegespitst op onderwerpen als racisme, taboes en mannelijkheid, maar onderzoek naar de representatie van de vrouw ontbreekt nog. Daarom is de hoofdvraag van dit onderzoek: Hoe wordt de vrouw gerepresenteerd in seizoen 20 van South Park?. Uit onderzoeken naar de representatie van vrouwen en mannen in cartoons blijkt dat vrouwen veelal stereotypisch gerepresenteerd worden, zoals emotioneel en minderwaardig dan de man. Ook komen vrouwen minder voor en hebben ze minder belangrijke rollen. Door het uitvoeren van een content analyse en een discoursanalyse is gebleken dat dit ook het geval is bij South Park. Ze gaan mee met het dominante discours waarin de man superieur is en de vrouw minderwaardig, en mannen zijn overduidelijk dominant. Toch zijn er enkele momenten waarop South Park er wel tegenin gaat, maar dat is onvoldoende om het discours te veranderen. 2 Inhoudsopgave Inhoud Samenvatting ............................................................................................................................... 2 Inhoudsopgave ............................................................................................................................. 3 1. Inleiding ................................................................................................................................... 4 2. Theoretisch Kader ..................................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Representatie ..................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Stereotypering .................................................................................................................... 7 2.3 Gender ............................................................................................................................... 7 3. Methode .................................................................................................................................. 9 4. Resultaten .............................................................................................................................. 11 4.1 Content analyse ................................................................................................................ 11 4.2 Discoursanalyse ................................................................................................................ 12 5. Conclusie ................................................................................................................................ 15 6. Discussie ................................................................................................................................ 17 7. Literatuurlijst .......................................................................................................................... 19 8. Bijlages ................................................................................................................................... 22 Bijlage 1, tabel 1. Overzicht stereotype eigenschappen en gedragingen ................................... 22 Bijlage 2, tabel 1. Overzichtstabel content analyse................................................................... 23 Bijlage 3, onderzoekstabellen methode ................................................................................... 25 Tabel 1. In te vullen tabel contentanalyse................................................................................ 25 Tabel 2. In te vullen tabel discoursanalyse ............................................................................... 25 Bijlage 4, overzicht discoursanalyse ......................................................................................... 26 Bijlage 5. Overzicht discoursanalyse aan de hand van stereotype kenmerken ........................... 33 3 1. Inleiding South Park is een van de meest omstreden hedendaagse televisieprogramma’s (Wikipedia, 2016; Schulzke, 2012, p.1). Al sinds de eerste aflevering heeft het de grenzen van de vrijheid van meningsuiting opgezocht, censuur betwijfeld, overheidsbeleid bekritiseerd, belangrijke sociale sleutelfiguren belachelijk gemaakt en soms controversiële posities ingenomen over datgene wat er op dat moment in het nieuws is (Schulzke, 2012, p.1). Het is meer dan een simpele geanimeerde televisieserie: het is onderdeel geworden van vele verschillende publieke debatten over aanstootgevend materiaal op televisie, maar ook ongekend populair en van invloed op de hedendaagse cultuur (Williams, 2008, p.35). Net als Williams stelt ook Schulzke (2012) dat South Park waardevol is om te onderzoeken, vanwege de manier hoe de show omgaat met huidige gebeurtenissen en daarmee het discours rondom die gebeurtenissen beïnvloedt. Onderzoek naar South Park vertelt dus meer over de huidige cultuur en de bijbehorende discoursen in de maatschappij. Er zijn al enkele onderzoeken gedaan naar South Park. Die onderzoeken waren gericht op hoe de grove taal van South Park van invloed is op betekenisgeving (Schulzke, 2012) en hoe satire betekenisgeving beïnvloedt (Frim, 2014). Ook zijn er enkele onderzoeken gedaan naar South Park in relatie tot gender: hoe de portrettering van gender in combinatie met een ‘coming of age’ narratief zorgt voor bepaalde opvattingen en ideeën over het concept gender (Gournelos, 2008), hoe de ‘market masculinity’ (mannen die zich afzetten tegen de consumer culture) naar voren komt in South Park (Gardiner, 2000) en hoe om wordt gegaan met mannelijkheid en cultuur in de South Park film ‘South Park – Bigger, Longer and Uncut’ (Gardiner, 2005). Daarnaast werd ook nog onderzoek verricht naar hoe media door racistische humor te gebruiken toch niet als racistisch worden gezien (Sienkiewicz & Marx, 2009) en hoe homoseksualiteit en seksuele taboes naar voren komen in televisie animaties voor volwassenen (De Beer, 2014). Deze onderwerpen van gender, homoseksualiteit, satire en racistische humor komen in South Park op een unieke en vaak controversiële wijze naar voren. Omdat deze onderwerpen vaak zo uniek weergegeven worden zijn er ook enkele onderzoeken uitgevoerd naar de motivatie van South Park om zo om te gaan met hun onderwerpen. Volgens Becker (2008) is South Park ‘politiek ambivalent’: het heeft geen duidelijke politieke visie, maar laat verschillende ideologische denkbeelden zien (p. 158). Ook volgens Groening (2008) is South Park ‘commited to be uncommited’ (p. 123), en kiest het dus bewust ervoor om niet politiek gekleurd te zijn. Andere onderzoekers (Anderson, 4 2005; Coleman, 2008) stellen echter dat South Park door middel van satire wel een ideologische boodschap uitdraagt en dus wel politiek gekleurd is. Iedereen is het echter eens met het idee dat South Park satire gebruikt om ideologisch geladen commentaar te geven op sociale realiteit (Frim, 2014, p. 151). Doordat South Park de dingen waar ze naar verwijzen in de afleveringen vaak onrealistisch en overdreven of verdraaid weergeven (Frim, 2014, p. 152) worden heersende ideologieën en denkbeelden vaak omgedraaid (Frim, 2014, pp. 166-167). Zo stelt Gournelos (2008) dat South Park hedendaagse ideeën van seksuele identiteit ondermijnt: “South Park examines and disrupts gender norms precisely through multiplicity and fragmentation, demonstrating an emergent paradigm for social activism” (p. 143). Door zo om te gaan met ideeën rondom gender ontstaat dus de mogelijkheid om die normen en ideeën te veranderen. Ook volgens Schulzke (2012) ondermijnt South Park vaak hedendaagse ideeën van seksuele identiteit door het omkeren van populaire inzichten en het ondermijnen van stereotyperingen (p. 26). Daarbij heeft Schulzke het wel over de mannelijke seksuele identiteit en hoe South Park omgaat met homoseksualiteit in de afleveringen. Ook de andere onderzoeken met betrekking tot gender zijn alleen gericht op mannelijkheid en de mannelijke identiteit (Schulzke, 2012; Gardiner, 2000; Gardiner, 2005; De Beer, 2014). De vrouwelijke identiteit wordt echter niet besproken in alle voorgaande onderzoeken van South Park. Alleen Gournelos (2008) bespreekt kort enkele voorbeelden rondom de vrouwelijke identiteit in South Park, maar doet dit slechts aan de hand van één aflevering, en geeft daarbij geen conclusies over de portrettering van vrouwen in South Park. Het is dus duidelijk dat er geen eerder onderzoek gedaan is dat zich specifiek richt op hoe vrouwen geportretteerd worden in South Park. Juist omdat South Park zich niet conformeert aan gendernormen (Gournelos, 2008; Schulzke, 2012) is het interessant om te onderzoeken hoe vrouwen worden neergezet in South Park. Conformeert South Park zich aan stereotyperingen van de vrouw die heersen in de maatschappij of gaan zij hier juist tegen in, net zoals ze bijvoorbeeld met homoseksualiteit hebben gedaan (De Beer, 2014)? Is de manier waarop vrouwen naar voren komen in South Park controversieel of juist niet? Gaan ze mee met de heersende ideologieën of gaan ze ook hier tegen
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