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Influence of Altitude on Distribution of Native Palm Species: a Case Study at Gunung Jagoi, Bau, Sarawak

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Faculty of Resource Science and Technology INFLUENCE OF ALTITUDE ON DISTRIBUTION OF NATIVE PALM SPECIES: A CASE STUDY AT GUNUNG JAGOI, BAU, SARAWAK Meni Anak Manggat Bachelor of Science with Honours (Plant Resource Science and Management) 2012 INFLUENCE OF ALTITUDE ON DISTRIBUTION OF NATIVE PALM SPECIES: A CASE STUDY AT GUNUNG JAGOI, BAU, SARAWAK MENI ANAK MANGGAT (23993) This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Degree of Bachelor of Science with Honors (Plant Resource Science and Management) Department of Plant Science and Environmental Ecology Faculty of Resource Science and Technology UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK 2012 i APPROVAL SHEET Name of Candidate: Meni Anak Manggat Title of Dissertation: Influence of Altitude on Distribution of Native Palm Species: A Case Study at Gunung Jagoi, Bau, Sarawak “I declare that I have read this work and in my opinion this work is adequate in terms of scope and quality for the purpose of awarding a Bachelor’s Degree of Science with Honours (Plant Resource and Management Programme).” Signature : ………………………………………... Supervisor’s name : Prof. Dr. Gabriel Tonga Noweg Date : Signature : ………………………………………... Coordinator’s name : Dr Siti Rubiah Zainudin Date : ii DECLARATION I declare that no portion of the work referred to in this dissertation has been submitted in support of an application for another degree of qualification of this or any other university or institution of higher learning. …………………………………….. (MENI ANAK MANGGAT) Programme of Plant Resource Science and Management Department of Plant Science and Environmental Ecology Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to thank God for His blessings and guidance throughout conducting the research from doing field work until finishing this project. I would like to give outmost gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Dr. Gabriel Tonga Noweg for his support, guidance and advices in completing my research study. High gratitude also expressed to Faculty Resource Science and Technology (FRST), Institute of Biodiversity and Enviromental Conservation (IBEC) and Jagoi Area Development Committee for giving me opportunity and full support to complete this research. I would also like to express my appreciation to Ik Wadell Anak Ik@Pahon, Veronica Juti, Eline Anak Iran, Esther Tiffany Redim, Julan Baling, Fahzreen Binti Fahrudin, Ogary Kinshen Migas and Siti Nurlatifah Binti Salehhudin for their kind assistance during conducting the field work in Bau. Besides, I would like to acknowledge Mr Jugah Anak Tagi and Mr Jiho for their help in identifying some of palms species in the study area by providing the local name of the species. Lastly, a very special thanks to my family members especially my parents and my siblings for their moral and financial support that give me strength to complete this research. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page…………………………………………………………………………….. i Approval Sheet………………………………………………………………………. ii Declaration…………………………………………………………………………... iii Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………... iv Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………….. v List of Abbreviations………………………………………………………………… vi List of Figures……………………………………………………………………….. vii List of Tables………………………………………………………………………… viii Abstract……………………………………………………………………………… ix 1.0: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………….. 1 2.0: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Diversity and Distribution of Palm…………………………………………. 4 2.2 Native Palms of Sarawak…………………………………………………… 7 2.3 Mixed Dipterocarp Forest (MDF)………………………………………….. 8 2.4 Kerangas forest…………………………………………………………….. 9 3.0: METHODOLOGY 10 3.1 Study Site………………………………………………………………….. 12 3.2 Sampling Method………………………………………………………….. 13 3.3 Field Visit and Data Collection……………………………………………. 3.4 Data Analysis 14 3.4.1 Frequency and Percentage…………………………………………… 14 3.4.2 Shannon Diversity Index (H’)……………………………………….. 4.0: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Frequency and Percentage of Palm Species in High Altitude……………… 15 4.2 Frequency and Percentage of Palm Species in Medium Altitude………….. 16 4.3 Frequency, Percentage and Diversity of Palm Species in Low Altitude…… 17 4.4 Diversity of Palm Species in Gunung Jagoi, Bau…………………………... 19 5.0: CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………… 21 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………... 22 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS MDF - Mixed Dipterocarp Forest LDF - lowland dipterocarp forest HDF - hill dipterocarp forest GPS - Global Positioning System H’- Shannon Diversity Index UNIMAS - Universiti Malaysia Sarawak vi LIST OF FIGURES Fig. No. Page Figure 1 Location of study area in Gunung Jagoi, Bau, Sarawak 11 Figure 2 Sampling points in the study area 11 Figure 3 Sampling plot design with main plot size of 10 × 10 m 12 vii LIST OF TABLES Tables Page Table 1 Native palm genera of Sarawak with some of their respective species 7 Table 2 Data Sheet for Palm Sampling 13 Table 3 The frequency, percentage and diversity of palm species in high altitude 16 Table 4 The frequency, percentage and diversity of palm species in medium 17 altitude Table 5 The frequency, percentage and diversity of palm species in low altitude 18 Table 6: The Shannon Diversity Index (H’) of palm species in each altitude level 19 viii Influence of Altitude on Distribution of Native Palm Species: A Case Study at Gunung Jagoi, Bau, Sarawak Meni anak Manggat Faculty of Resource Science and Technology Universiti Malaysia Sarawak ABSTRACT Gunung Jagoi is located in Bau, Sarawak and 35 km from Kuching city. Sufficient information on plants including palm is important for better management and conservation of Gunung Jagoi as community reserve area. Palm species is likely to be varied in each altitude. A study using 10 m × 10 m plot method was carried out to determine the whether altitude influences the distribution of native palm species in Gunung Jagoi, Bau. 9 main plots have been established in each altitude level. There were 21 palm species recorded in Gunung Jagoi, Bau. These species belong to the genus Arenga, Calamus, Caryota (not recorded in medium altitude), Daemonorops, Korthalsia, Licuala, Oncosperma, Pinanga and Salacca (only recorded in low altitude), accordingly. Pinanga Crassipes is dominant species in high and low altitude while dominant species in medium altitude is Licuala petiolulata. Diversity of palm species in all altitudes is low. However, palm species most diverse in medium altitude. The altitude did not influence the palm distribution in Gunung Jagoi, Bau. Key words: Gunung Jagoi, altitude, native palm, distribution, diversity ABSTRAK Gunung Jagoi terletak di Bau, Sarawak dan 35 km dari bandaraya Kuching. Maklumat yang mencukupi mengenai tumbuhan termasuk palma adalah penting untuk pengurusan dan pemuliharaan Gunung Jagoi yang lebih baik sebagai kawasan simpanan komuniti. Spesies palma kelihatan berbeza di setiap aras ketinggian.Satu kajian menggunakan kaedah plot 10 m x 10 m telah dijalankan untuk mengenalpasti sama ada ketinggian mempengaruhi taburan palma asal di Gunung Jagoi, Bau. 9 plot utama telah dibuat pada setiap aras ketinggian. Sebanyak 21 spesies palma yang direkodkan di Gunung Jagoi, Bau. Spesies-spesies tersebut tergolong dalam genus seperti Arenga, Calamus, Caryota, Daemonorops, Korthalsia, Licuala, Oncosperma, Pinanga dan Salacca. Genus Caryota tidak dijumpai di ketinggian sederhana dan genus Salacca hanya dijumpai di ketinggian rendah. Pinanga Crassipes merupakan spesies yang dominan di ketinggian tinggi dan rendah manakala spesies yang dominan di ketinggian sederhana ialah Licuala petiolulata. Kepelbagaian spesies palma adalah rendah di semua aras ketinggian. Namun, spesies palma paling pelbagai di ketinggian sederhana. Ketinggian tidak mempengaruhi taburan spesies palma di Gunung Jagoi, Bau. Kata kunci: Gunung Jagoi, ketinggian, palma asal, taburan, kepelbagaian ix 1.0 INTRODUCTION The Malaysia tropical rain forest is known to be one of the most diverse ecosystems on the earth. It contains many species of plants and animals which include both aquatic and terrestrial. According to Ismail and Shahrulnizam (2001), the high amount of rainfall (over 2200 mm a year) is favourable to supports trees, tall shrubs, ferns and climbers. Among the plant species are palms which come in attractive and usual leaf shapes and sizes. Palms are classified under family called Arecaceae or Palmae. It is the world’s third most useful monocot plant family after grasses & legumes (Johnson 1996 as cited Ismail & Shahrulnizam, 2001). The family divided into 15 subfamilies or major groups based on differences in their physical forms and growth distribution throughout the tropics. The common subfamilies found in Malaysia include Arecoideae, Borassoideae, Caryotoideae, Coryphoideae, Lepidocaryoideae, Nypoideae and Phoenicoideae (Whitmore 1997 as cited in Ismail & Shahrulnizam, 2001). Sarawak and Sabah provide a wide variety of habitats for palms. Sarawak has more than 213 named native palm species belonging to 25 genera (Pearce, 1991). Among these genera rattans make up almost half of the Sarawak palm species with Calamus and Daemonorops which are the largest rattan genera (Johnson, 1991). Johnson found that endemism is relatively high (at least 26 % of the species) with the Areca, Iguanura and Salacca having a particularly high proportion of endemic species. According to Balslev et al. (2011), palms have ecological and economic importance. Palms provide a variety of foods and raw materials (Tomlinson, 1990). Haynes (2006) stated that among the most important palms are Cocos
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