DOCSLIB.ORG

Sir William Flinders Petrie, FRS, FB A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sir William Flinders Petrie, FRS, FB A 204 NATURE AUGUST 15, 1942, VoL. 150 It has been thought the more excusable here to OBITUARY oft'er a personal assessment of Petrie's merits since the facts of his career are so well known, have received Sir William Flinders Petrie, F.R.S., F.B.A. such wide publicity in the Press, and are also set IN NATURE of July 18, p. 84, the respective claims of forth in his "Seventy Years in Archroology" and his Sir Flinders Petrie and the late Prof. Reisner to have much earlier summary "Ten Years' Digging in been the greatest of all Egyptian excavators were here Egypt" (1892). being discussed, a.nd satisfa.ction was being expressed For this reason also the rest of this account that the former was still in the la.nd of the living. shall be confined to enumerating the greatest of Now, so shortly afterwards, he has passed from us his discoveries and to stressing the most important at the advanced age of eighty-nine, and the mournful of his innovations in archroological method. He duty has arisen of reviewing his achievements and of had been engaged but four years in the field when, discussing the influence he exerted upon archroology with his work on the Pyramids of Gizah and on the in England and in the world generally. One out­ city of Tanis behind him, he started digging on the merit must be emphasized at the outset : site of what proved to be the Greek colony ofNaucratis It would be difficult to recall a life so wholeheartedly (1884). Already he had set new standards in archroo­ devoted to the task its owner set before himself; no logy by his attention to the minutest details, by his hardship, no lack of monetary resources could ma.ke recognition of the outstanding importance of pottery, him swerve from the purpose he pursued with an and by his personal and sympathetic supervision of energy for which few have the physical endowment, his native work-people. His striking presence and and none could better have deserved the fame and personality could not fail to imbue the latter with the honours showered upon him, the latter culminat­ respect, while at the same time he possessed some of ing in the knighthood of 1923. the quick-wittedness with which Kitchener proved His was a distinctively British career, exhibiting more than a match for Oriental cunning. both the strength and the weakness of an intense The work in the Fayyum in 1888-90 brought much individualism, enhanced by a private education and (if fresh knowledge of the Middle Kingdom, but was the truth be told) undisciplined by academic training. transcended in importance by the discoveries at All the more brightly shone forth his undoubted El-Amarnah in 1891 and at Nakadah in 1894. On genius. Few have possessed so high a degree of flair, the former site Petrie unearthed the palace of or have obtained such accurate results by such Akhenaten, the heretic king, finding very valuable unorthodox means. The writer has been told he frescoes and smaller objects, while in the latter he sometimes made his plans with the help of an old came upon an entirely new culture not at first walking.stick, from the original length of which de­ recognized by him for what it really was, namely, a duction was made for wear and tear. Be this truth prehistoric cemetery of vast extent and wealth. In or mere fable, certain it is that his plans display a connexion with these prehistoric remains he inaug­ very high degree of accuracy, as was discovered when urated one of his most valuable contributions to one of his rivals thought fit to uncover afresh some archroological method, a classification styled by him of the Royal Tombs of the First Dynasty at Abydos, "sequence-dating". This consisted in segregating the an undertaking which both in its scientific results main groups of pottery, ivory, etc., in superimposed and in the material finds proved sheer waste of the layers, and since no inscriptions were present to rival's time. supply definite dates, in placing them in sequence The trouble is that the cavalier methods Petrie with numbers theoretically ranging from I upwards, pursued required the hand of the master, and could but actually starting at 30 for the oldest known not so profitably be adopted by pupils. This suggests remains, and ending at 80 for the First Dynasty. another point. No one in England has ever excited As regards the tombs of the Kings of the First so much interest in Egyptology, or has introduced Dynasty at Abydos, investigated with great skill and so many fresh workers into the field; some of them, care during 1899-1900, Petrie was not the original like the papyrologists Grenfell and Hunt, were destined discoverer, but the previous excavations by Ameli­ to win great fame, while others, as little academically neau had been disgracefully conducted, and Petrie's trained as himself, drifted into field work as a sport systematic clearing was salvage of the highest order. and drifted out again a few years later. A comparatively small dig at Thebes in 1895-96 There was one regrettable side to Petrie's attitude had brought to light a stela of the reign of Merenptah to his science which must not be passed over in with the first and only hieroglyphic mention of silence. No philologist himself, he tended to discount Israel. In 1911-12 at El-Lahun, Petrie's assistant the importance of philology and to foster in his Brunton came upon a great treasure of Middle assistants the belief in some sort of antithesis between Kingdom jewellery, later unfortunately disposed of philology and archroology. This was ill-judged, and to New York instead of finding a place, as it should resulted in a certain amateurishness with which some have done, in the British Museum. of his work, for example, his "History of Egypt", and The above enumeration of the most outstanding many articles in his periodical Ancient Egypt, is finds shows that it was not given to Petrie to chance stamped. Obviously the Egyptian archroologist upon such sensational discoveries as Carter's tomb should possess at least a competent acquaintance of Tutankhamun or Reisner's reburial of Queen with the hieroglyphs, just as the most learned Hetepheres. Cumulatively, however, his contribution decipherer of papyri and inscriptions would be but has been considerably greater, for the number of sites a poor Egyptologist could he not claim a sufficient and the variety of the objects found are almost working knowledge of archroology. But this having incredible as the outcome of a single lifetime. This been said, let us hasten to add that almost any inadequate statement would contain an unpardon­ defect could be pardoned in one who owned even able omission were not reference made to the constant three quarters of the skill, the devotion and the and unfailing help rendered by Lady Petrie ever driving-power of this greatest of all the British since their marriage in 1897. excavators. ALAN H. GARDINER. © 1942 Nature Publishing Group.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Petrie Museum of 'Race' Archaeology?
    Think Pieces: A Journal of the Joint Faculty Institute of Graduate Studies, University College London 1(0) ‘UCLfacesRACEISM: Past, Present, Future’ The Petrie Museum of 'Race' Archaeology? Debbie Challice [email protected] The essay makes the case that the Petrie Museum at UCL—a collection of objects from Egypt and Sudan comprising over 7,000 years of history from the Nile valley in northern Africa—is as much a museum of ‘race’ archaeology as Egyptian archaelogy. Tracing the relationship between slavery, racism and curatorial practices at museums, I excavate the lifelong beliefs of William Petrie in migration, racial mixing and skull measuring through objects such as the craniometer now housed at the Department of Statistical Sciences. The correlation of racialised groups and purported intelligence in Petrie’s work is examined, and I finally claim that his ideas need to be re-examined for an understanding of the Petrie Museum and their legacy within UCL today. ‘Race’, Archaeology, Museums, William Matthew Flinders Petrie, UCL Petrie Museum The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology at University College London (UCL) is made up of a collection of 80,000 objects from Egypt and Sudan that comprise over 7,000 years of history from the Nile valley in northern Africa. The museum is celebrated for its combination of objects, excavation and archival records, which give a unique insight into the ancient context of the collection as well as the work of the museum’s founding archaeologist William Matthew Flinders Petrie (1853-1942). These records also give an insight into the racially determinist viewpoints of Petrie and how he interpreted some of the objects in the museum according to ideas about race in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • How Ancient Egypt Became Common Knowledge to Britons, 1870-1922
    “The Glamour of Egypt Possesses Us”: How Ancient Egypt Became Common Knowledge to Britons, 1870-1922 Holly Polish A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in History Professor Katharine Norris, Faculty Director American University May 2009 Polish 1 Fun , a comedy magazine, reported on the 1896 “discovery” of an important papyrus, found in Egypt. 1 The papyrus depicts ancient Egyptians playing golf and wearing kilts and tams. It is a parody of paintings with which many are familiar, those in which figures are drawn alongside hieroglyphs relating a story. The included caption reports that the papyrus was examined by “experts on Egyptian matters” who “have all agreed that it deals, if not with golf itself, at least with a game of remarkable similarity.” 2 The writer continues and suggests that Scotland may want to reconsider its claim to the pastime. In that brief caption, the writer raises the point that the public relies on the work of “the Professor” and “experts on Egyptian matters” to decipher the ancient culture, and, furthermore, to decipher the origins of their own heritage. The satirist’s work depends on the British public’s familiarity with ancient Egyptian art and expression to be able to understand the joke. The parody in Fun was conceived in the context of an exciting period for study of Egypt, the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. While travelers, scholars, and archaeologists developed precise methodology and were able to travel more easily, the study of Egypt, took on the title Egyptology and, like many disciplines, became formalized.
    [Show full text]
  • Worksheet Carter – Archaeology 2
    WORKSHEET CARTER – ARCHAEOLOGY 2 1. HOWARD CARTER’S DISCOVERY The Valley of the Kings area between the finds into squares on a map. This meant he could record every excavation that The Valley of the Kings is on the west bank of the had taken place and all the finds. After five years, Nile, opposite the ancient city of Thebes. Thebes almost the whole area had been investigated, is called Luxor today and was the official residence and only the unexplored land by the ancient of the pharaohs. The city of the dead (necropolis) builders’ huts at the entrance to the tomb of on the west bank was one of the most important Ramesses VI was left. That’s where the excavation burial places of Ancient Egypt during the time team searched during the last planned digging of the New Kingdom (18th–20th Dynasties, season. On November 4, 1922, Howard Carter 1550–1070 B.C.). Almost all the New Kingdom discovered some steps under the builders’ huts. Kings were buried there but only the tomb of He sent for Lord Carnarvon who came over from Tutankhamun was found almost untouched. England. On November 26, 1922, Carter opened the wall to the antechamber in the presence of Carnarvon, his daughter Lady Evelyn Herbert, and The discovery of the tomb by Howard Carter in 1922 Howard Carter first went to Egypt in September 1891 when he was 17. The British Lord Carnarvon later spent some time in Egypt too. This awoke his interest in Egyptology, and he had enough money to pay for excavations.
    [Show full text]
  • Hawass, Zahi. “Royal Figures Found in Petrie's So-Called Workmen's Barracks at Giza.”
    BES17 . BULLETIN OF THE EGYPTOLOGICAL SEMINAR STUDIES IN HONOR OF JAMES F. ROMANO VOLUME 17 2007 James F. Romano 1947-2003 STUDIES IN MEMORY OF JAMES F. ROMANO THE EGYPTOLOGICAL SEMINAR OF NEW YORK PRESIDENT Adela Oppenheim, The Metropolitan Museum ofArt VICE-PRESIDENT Phyllis Saretta TREASURER Stewart Driller EDITOR OF BES Ogden Goelet, Jr., New York University CO-EDITOR OF BES Deborah Vischak Columbia University MEMBERS OF THE BOARD: Matthew Adams, Institute ofFine Arts, New York University Susan Allen, The Metropolitan Museum ofArt Peter Feinman, Institute ofHistory, Archaeology, and Education Sameh Iskander David Moyer, Marymount Manhattan College David O'Connor, Institute ofFine Arts, New York University Copyright ©The Egyptological Seminar ofNew York, 2008 This volume was edited by James P. Allen BULLETIN OF THE EGYPTOLOGICAL SEMINAR (RES) VOLUME 17 2007 Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar (RES) VOLUME 17 (2007) CONTENTS Diana Craig Patch James F. Romano: Scholar, Colleague, and Friend 1-2 Daphna Ben-Tor Scarabs ofthe Middle Kingdom: Historical and Cultural Implications 3-27 Edward Bleiberg The Coffin ofWeretwahset/Bensuipet and "Scribal Errors" on Women's Funerary Equipment 29-46 Madeleine E. Cody An Unusual Faience Group Statuette in the Brooklyn Museum ofArt .47-60 Marianne Eaton-Krauss The Art ofTT 100, the Tomb ofthe Vizier Rekhmire 61-65 Biri Fay Padihor's Block Statue 67-81 Richard A. Fazzini Some New Kingdom Female Images 83-96 Zahi Hawass Royal Figures Found in Petrie's So-called Workmen's Barracks at Giza 97-108 Marsha Hill Hepu's Hair: a Copper-Alloy Statuette in the National Archaeological Museum, Athens 109-34 Jack A.
    [Show full text]
  • A Bridge of Curiosity and Conflict: How Egyptology Connected Europe and Egypt
    A Bridge of Curiosity and Conflict: How Egyptology Connected Europe and Egypt Departmental Honors Paper Jessica Burnette Burnette, 1 Outsiders in Egypt Egyptology has been a driving force of cultural clash and exchange in Egypt for a very long time. Even during the Pharaonic Period in Egypt itself, there were people who possessed a deep fascination for the nation’s past. It is hardly a surprise, then, that this fascination continued through time and spread to other nations and peoples. Egypt and its people have borne the brunt of the effects of this foreign fascination with their nation. This is especially true during and following the periods of major European influence in Egypt. Egyptology, even before it was officially called such, was both a major reason for and a way in which Europeans interacted with Egypt and its people. Egyptology acted as a sort of connective tissue between Egypt and Europe. Changes, both cultural and political, in one country would send ripples through that connection, which would then have an effect on the other. That is not to say that the connection was entirely equal. Europe was very much a colonial power in this relationship, and exerted more influence on Egypt than Egypt was often capable of matching in return. Despite the imbalance, neither side was left unchanged by the connection forged through Egyptology. In order to explore how Egyptology changed over time and affected Egypt and Europe, it is important to understand what exactly it is. To judge by the name alone, Egyptology would seem to be the study of every aspect of Egypt: its geology, culture, climate, languages, society, politics, and its entire history.
    [Show full text]
  • Rev. AH Sayce and His Intellectual Approach
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2007 A non-traditional traditionalist: Rev. A. H. Sayce and his intellectual approach to biblical authenticity and biblical history in late-Victorian Britain Roshunda Lashae Belton Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Belton, Roshunda Lashae, "A non-traditional traditionalist: Rev. A. H. Sayce and his intellectual approach to biblical authenticity and biblical history in late-Victorian Britain" (2007). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 1655. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/1655 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. A NON-TRADITIONAL TRADITIONALIST: REV. A. H. SAYCE AND HIS INTELLECTUAL APPROACH TO BIBLICAL AUTHENTICITY AND BIBLICAL HISTORY IN LATE-VICTORIAN BRITAIN A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Roshunda Lashae Belton B.A., Louisiana Tech University, 1999 M.A., Louisiana Tech University, 2001 December 2007 For my father, the late Roosevelt Belton who encouraged me to dream big and for my mother, Velma Belton for being my cheerleader ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of this dissertation could not have been achieved without the support and encouragement of my mentor and advisor Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Flinders Petrie
    HIS6E01-PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF ARCHAEOLOGY MODULE-1 FLINDERS PETRIE PREPARED BY PRIYANKA.E.K DEPT OF HISTORY LITTLE FLOWER COLLEGE GURUVAYOOR Sir William Matthews Flinders Petrie 1853-1942 British archaeologist & Egyptologist Made valuable contributions to the techniques of excavation & dating A pioneer of systematic methodology in archaeological excavation Conducted solo expeditions & produced a book ‘Inductive Metrology’ 1877- he sought to determine the standard of measurement used by different ancient civilizations His collections made the Egyptian collection of British museum Conducted first scientific excavation of Egyptian antiquities Excavated many important archaeological sites in Egypt like Naukratis, Tanis, Abydos, Amarna & Merneptah Stele As a son of civil engineer & professional surveyor- began his professional life as a practical surveyor, self studying trigonometry & geometry His interest in ancient relics came up when he came into contact with the megalithic ruins such as stone henges in Southern England 1892- become Professor of Egyptology at University College,London After 2 years- founded ‘The Egyptian Research Academy’- which later became ‘The British School of Archaeology’ in 1905 Studied & excavated Great Pyramid of Giza- 1880-83 & analyzed meticulously 1884- discovered fragments of statue of Ramses II, ancient Egyptian king Excavation work continued along the Nile delta resulting in the discovery of the temple of Tanis, the sites at Naukratis & Daphnae Stated that both Naukratis & Daphnae were ancient
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeology and the Bible
    Archaeology and the Bible In recent years archaeological discoveries in the Near East, particularly in Palestine, have been related in one way or another to the Bible, often in an effort to prove its historical veracity. But newer field methodologies, regional surveys and creative syntheses have called into question this traditional approach. Archaeology and the Bible examines these new developments and discusses what they imply for biblical studies. The book: • traces the history of the development of Near Eastern archaeology, including the rise and fall of the so-called “biblical archaeology” movement • describes how field archaeology is actually done so that the reader can visualize how archaeological discoveries are made, recorded and studied • recounts the broader prehistorical/archaeological horizon out of which the Bible was born • elucidates how recent archaeological discoveries and theorizing pose serious challenges to the traditional interpretations of such biblical stories as the “Exodus” and the “Conquest” • explores the implications of new developments in the field for understanding Israelite religion. Archaeology and the Bible presents a concise yet comprehensive and accessible introduction to biblical archaeology which will be invaluable to students. John C. H. Laughlin is Professor of Religion and Chairman of the Department of Religion at Averett College. He has excavated at Tel Dan and served as Field Supervisor at the Capernaum excavations. Since 1989, he has been a Field Supervisor at Banias. He has published and lectured widely on the subjects of Near Eastern archaeology and the Bible. Approaching the Ancient World Series editor: Richard Stoneman The sources for the study of the Greek and Roman world are diffuse, diverse, and often complex, and special training is needed in order to use them to the best advantage in constructing a historical picture.
    [Show full text]
  • Science, Magic and Ancient Egypt in Late Victorian and Edwardian
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Birmingham Research Archive, E-theses Repository SCIENCE, MAGIC AND ANCIENT EGYPT IN LATE VICTORIAN AND EDWARDIAN LITERATURE by ELEANOR DOBSON A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of M.A. by Research Department of English College of Arts and Law The University of Birmingham September 2013 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract This thesis investigates the ways in which science and magic were brought together in fiction of the fin de siècle concerning ancient Egypt, in the works of popular including Bram Stoker, H. Rider Haggard and Marie Corelli. Notions of authenticity and artifice, fact and fiction, antiquity and modernity collided in the late nineteenth- century metropolis, where London’s academic institutions, occult organisations and theatrical exhibits of Egyptiana sat side by side. Writers who lived in this central hub are examined in relation to this unique geographical space that encouraged a sense of intimacy between these concepts. The influence of scientific discoveries demonstrated in the city’s lecture halls, including remarkable electrical phenomena, and occult undertakings such as Spiritualist séances, are traced within literature.
    [Show full text]
  • Confronting Petrie's Racism
    The Elephant in the Room: Confronting Petrie’s Racism Tristan Samuels (University of Toronto) [Review Essay: Challis, Debbie, The Archaeology of Race: The Eugenic Ideas of Francis Galton and Flinders Petrie. New York/London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013. Hardcover; xiv + 272 pages; RRP CDN $69; ISBN: 978-1-78093-420-4] Egyptologists have recently begun thorough discussions of the overt racism of early Egyptology.1 Challis’ work is an important contribution to a growing discussion. This book, made up of ten chapters and foreword by Kathleen L. Sheppard, discusses the personal and academic relationship between eugenicist Francis Galton and Egyptologist William Flinders Petrie with an emphasis on the eugenic-thinking in Petrie’s intellectual and personal life. In addition, Challis places Petrie’s thought within the context of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century racial thinking. The historical context shows how Petrie’s eugenic-thinking was both in line and, in some cases, at odds with the overt racist academic views of his time. Challis shows that Petrie’s racist theories played a major role in the linking of anthropology, archaeology and, most notably, Egyptology through his archaeological interpretations. This book succeeds in demonstrating Petrie’s racism, but the deeper issues surrounding race and Kemet (ancient Egypt) in the works of Petrie and his contemporaries, which still impact Egyptology today,2 are not adequately addressed. The initial problem is that Challis misinterprets race. Challis correctly acknowledges that race is a social construct, but makes race and racism contingent on biology. Challis defines racist as: the point of view in which a biological concept of race is systematically used to be the main determining factor in explaining the actions and a characteristics of a person or a group of people (p.
    [Show full text]
  • The Discovery of the So-Called New Race in Egypt.-About Two Years Ago We Noticed in These Columns Mr
    -- -- - - -- The Discovery of the So-called New Race in Egypt.-About two years ago we noticed in these columns Mr. Flinders Petrie's discovery of remains which he attributed to a race that had invaded Egypt about the twelfth dynasty, and which he believed were of Libyan stock. Dr. D. G. Brinton speaks in Science as follows of recent conclusions about this dis- covery : "Since then there has been .considerable discussion of the subject. the general trend of which was in favor of Petrie's view. Dr. G. Schweinfurth, however, in the Verha?zdlungsn of the Berlin Anthropological Society for January, attacks this theory, and claims that the remarkable stone artefacts unearthed in the tombs of the 'new race' are such as are made to-day by the Ababde in the Thebais. He is inclined to the belief that the ancestors of these tribes in prehistoric times were the so-called 'new race' and came from the Bedcha stock. near the coast of the Red Sea. There are, however, a number of facts overlooked by Schweinfurth, which indicate that the 'new race' were con- querors of an older Egyptian civilization ; nor is it likely that the Bedchas would have occupied so exclusively the left bank of the Nile, when their homes were east of its right bank. Petrie's supposition is still the most probable of any offered." NAQADA AND BALLAS. DIRECTOR'S LIBRARY ORIENTAL INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE, D.C.L., LL.D., EDWARDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON; VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL ARCHWOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, LONDON; MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCHWOLOGICAL INSTITUTE ; MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES; AND J.
    [Show full text]
  • An Evaluation of Flinders Petrie's Contribution to Archaeology
    Issue 49 Archaeological Heroes: An evaluation of Flinders Petrie’s contribution to Archaeology Heather Barrass1 1 Department of Archaeology, University of York, King’s Manor, York, YO1 7EP, UK [email protected] In this essay I will be critically evaluating the contribution of W. M. Flinders Petrie – a renowned British Egyptologist and pioneer of systematic methodology - to the field of archaeology. I will be focusing more specifically on the ways in which general archaeological practice and thought has changed over time in response to his work, along with briefly recognising and highlighting some of the criticism he has faced both posthumously and during his life–looking particularly at the overshadowing of Margaret Murray and her work as an Egyptologist and archaeologist. It can be argued with a considerable amount of support that “the whole attitude towards archaeology has undergone a complete change, due in large measure to the work of Flinders Petrie” (Murray, 1961:9). Some of his most noteworthy contributions include the surveying of prehistoric monuments in order to get a better understanding of their geometry. This led to his accurate survey of Stonehenge at the age of 19, which prompted further work and led to his surveys of the pyramids of Giza. However, Petrie’s most influential contribution to archaeology is perhaps his work with predynastic graves in Diospolis Parva, during which time he pioneered a new method of dating known as contextual seriation, and as a result began to teach archaeologists the importance and general need for context within archaeology to provide meaning and purpose. W.
    [Show full text]