204 NATURE AUGUST 15, 1942, VoL. 150 It has been thought the more excusable here to OBITUARY oft'er a personal assessment of Petrie's merits since the facts of his career are so well known, have received Sir William Flinders Petrie, F.R.S., F.B.A. such wide publicity in the Press, and are also set IN NATURE of July 18, p. 84, the respective claims of forth in his "Seventy Years in Archroology" and his Sir Flinders Petrie and the late Prof. Reisner to have much earlier summary "Ten Years' Digging in been the greatest of all Egyptian excavators were here Egypt" (1892). being discussed, a.nd satisfa.ction was being expressed For this reason also the rest of this account that the former was still in the la.nd of the living. shall be confined to enumerating the greatest of Now, so shortly afterwards, he has passed from us his discoveries and to stressing the most important at the advanced age of eighty-nine, and the mournful of his innovations in archroological method. He duty has arisen of reviewing his achievements and of had been engaged but four years in the field when, discussing the influence he exerted upon archroology with his work on the Pyramids of Gizah and on the in England and in the world generally. One out­ city of Tanis behind him, he started digging on the merit must be emphasized at the outset : site of what proved to be the Greek colony ofNaucratis It would be difficult to recall a life so wholeheartedly (1884). Already he had set new standards in archroo­ devoted to the task its owner set before himself; no logy by his attention to the minutest details, by his hardship, no lack of monetary resources could ma.ke recognition of the outstanding importance of pottery, him swerve from the purpose he pursued with an and by his personal and sympathetic supervision of energy for which few have the physical endowment, his native work-people. His striking presence and and none could better have deserved the fame and personality could not fail to imbue the latter with the honours showered upon him, the latter culminat­ respect, while at the same time he possessed some of ing in the knighthood of 1923. the quick-wittedness with which Kitchener proved His was a distinctively British career, exhibiting more than a match for Oriental cunning. both the strength and the weakness of an intense The work in the Fayyum in 1888-90 brought much individualism, enhanced by a private education and (if fresh knowledge of the Middle Kingdom, but was the truth be told) undisciplined by academic training. transcended in importance by the discoveries at All the more brightly shone forth his undoubted El-Amarnah in 1891 and at Nakadah in 1894. On genius. Few have possessed so high a degree of flair, the former site Petrie unearthed the palace of or have obtained such accurate results by such Akhenaten, the heretic king, finding very valuable unorthodox means. The writer has been told he frescoes and smaller objects, while in the latter he sometimes made his plans with the help of an old came upon an entirely new culture not at first walking.stick, from the original length of which de­ recognized by him for what it really was, namely, a duction was made for wear and tear. Be this truth prehistoric cemetery of vast extent and wealth. In or mere fable, certain it is that his plans display a connexion with these prehistoric remains he inaug­ very high degree of accuracy, as was discovered when urated one of his most valuable contributions to one of his rivals thought fit to uncover afresh some archroological method, a classification styled by him of the Royal Tombs of the First Dynasty at Abydos, "sequence-dating". This consisted in segregating the an undertaking which both in its scientific results main groups of pottery, ivory, etc., in superimposed and in the material finds proved sheer waste of the layers, and since no inscriptions were present to rival's time. supply definite dates, in placing them in sequence The trouble is that the cavalier methods Petrie with numbers theoretically ranging from I upwards, pursued required the hand of the master, and could but actually starting at 30 for the oldest known not so profitably be adopted by pupils. This suggests remains, and ending at 80 for the First Dynasty. another point. No one in England has ever excited As regards the tombs of the Kings of the First so much interest in Egyptology, or has introduced Dynasty at Abydos, investigated with great skill and so many fresh workers into the field; some of them, care during 1899-1900, Petrie was not the original like the papyrologists Grenfell and Hunt, were destined discoverer, but the previous excavations by Ameli­ to win great fame, while others, as little academically neau had been disgracefully conducted, and Petrie's trained as himself, drifted into field work as a sport systematic clearing was salvage of the highest order. and drifted out again a few years later. A comparatively small dig at Thebes in 1895-96 There was one regrettable side to Petrie's attitude had brought to light a stela of the reign of Merenptah to his science which must not be passed over in with the first and only hieroglyphic mention of silence. No philologist himself, he tended to discount Israel. In 1911-12 at El-Lahun, Petrie's assistant the importance of philology and to foster in his Brunton came upon a great treasure of Middle assistants the belief in some sort of antithesis between Kingdom jewellery, later unfortunately disposed of philology and archroology. This was ill-judged, and to New York instead of finding a place, as it should resulted in a certain amateurishness with which some have done, in the British Museum. of his work, for example, his "History of Egypt", and The above enumeration of the most outstanding many articles in his periodical Ancient Egypt, is finds shows that it was not given to Petrie to chance stamped. Obviously the Egyptian archroologist upon such sensational discoveries as Carter's tomb should possess at least a competent acquaintance of Tutankhamun or Reisner's reburial of Queen with the hieroglyphs, just as the most learned Hetepheres. Cumulatively, however, his contribution decipherer of papyri and inscriptions would be but has been considerably greater, for the number of sites a poor Egyptologist could he not claim a sufficient and the variety of the objects found are almost working knowledge of archroology. But this having incredible as the outcome of a single lifetime. This been said, let us hasten to add that almost any inadequate statement would contain an unpardon­ defect could be pardoned in one who owned even able omission were not reference made to the constant three quarters of the skill, the devotion and the and unfailing help rendered by Lady Petrie ever driving-power of this greatest of all the British since their marriage in 1897. excavators. ALAN H. GARDINER. © 1942 Nature Publishing Group.