9781107432413 Index.Pdf

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-43241-3 — The Geology of Australia Robert Henderson , David Johnson Index More Information

Index

Page numbers in italic refer to Proterozoic, 97 , 104 , 106 carbonates, 43 illustrations. australite, 7 Carboniferous, 72 , 147 – 9 , 165 azurite, 44 carnelian, 39 A cassiterite, 39 abyssal seafl oor, 28 , 30 , 32 , 68 B cave, 62 – 4 , 218 , 247 , 248 acritarch, 104 , 105 back arc basin, 32, 111 , 120 – 30 , 137 ages, 64 active continental margin, 32 , 111, banded iron formation, 90, 94 – 7 , deposits, 64 122 , 123 , 125 , 126 , 132 104 , 199 cement, 53 Adelaide Rift Complex, 91 , 105 , barite, 44 Cenozoic, 73, 199 – 219 , 251 107 , 136 , 241 basalt, 32 , 35, 47 , 48, 79 cerussite, 44 aeromagnetic mapping, 8 , 10 Archean, 90, 96, 104 chain silicates, 43 agate, 39 Cambrian, 132 , 252 chalcedony, 39 age, timescale unit, 73 Carboniferous-Permian, 127 , 157 chalcopyrite, 42 albite, 43 Cenozoic, 170 , 200 , 203 , 208 , chalk, 54 ammonite, 189 , 190 , 343 251 – 67 chenier, 296 , 297 amphibole, 43 , 47 , 144 Jurassic-Cretaceous, 252 , 276 chert, 54, 104 , 123 , 124 , 127 amygdule, 46 plug, 254 , 257 , 259 chlorite, 43, 57 andesite, 47, 48 , 252 seafl oor, 27, 28, 29, 33, 39, 111 , chrysoprase, 39 anorthite, 43 265 , 276 circum-Antarctic current, 197 , 211 apatite, 44 , 226 , 231, 242 , 269 Silurian-Devonian, 123 , 124 citrine, 39 aquifer, 192 wall, 258 clay, 52 aragonite, 224 bauxite, 203 clay minerals, 43, 44, 186 arc beach erosion, 290 , 291 – 2 cleavage, rock, 55 , 56 continental, 30 beach ridge, 200 climate, 89 island, 30 , 111 , 119 , 122 , 126 , bed rock, 51, 52 , 53 , 94, 175 , 226 Australian, 16 – 18 129 , 137 belemnite, 189 , 190 , 338 , 343 change, 341 magmatic, 30 , 32 , 57 , 111, 115 , Benioff zone, 29 past, 337 – 41 121 – 7 , 139 , 148 , 165 , 171 , biotite, 43 , 57, 142 , 143 club moss. See fossil: lycophyte 172 , 184 , 186 black shale, 138 , 140 coal, 54 , 127 , 160 , 179 , 186 , 208– 9 , volcanic, 28 , 30 breccia, 36 , 38 338 archaeocyathid, 136 , 228 , 241, 243 formation, 158 – 64 Archean, 87 , 89 – 97 , 103 , 203 , 241 , C coalseam gas, 166 332 calcareous algae, 135 , 156 , 228 , 233 , coastline, 282 arsenical pyrites, 42 316 , 317 Australian, 304 artesian bore, 191 , 192 , 193 calcite, 43 , 44, 224 , 231 , 241 depositional, 283 , 287 artesian spring, 63 , 190 , 192 , 193 calcrete, 58 erosional, 282 , 283 – 6 ash, 46 , 47 , 49 , 50 caldera, 157 , 303 columnar jointing, 158 , 183 , 256 ash fl ow, 50 Cambrian, 71, 88, 132 – 7 , 142 , 241 , concretion, 53, 224 , 225 asthenosphere, 25 , 26 , 28 , 29 , 35 , 87 243 conglomerate, 53 atmosphere, 26 , 338 , 341 , 342 carbon dating, 64, 82, 83, 258 , 312 , continental collision, 13 , 29, 32, 91, Archean, 97, 104 318 , 325 97, 98, 99 , 110 , 330 , 331 , 332 Hadean, 86 carbonate mud, 135 continental drift, 13 , 27 , 29 , 328 , 329

369

continental growth, 113 , 114 , 137 , diatomite, 227 , 262 F 138 diatreme, 46, 183 fault, 12, 14, 36 , 37 continental shelf, 32, 67 , 273 – 82 , dinosaur, 174 , 178 , 181 , 182 , 186 , normal, 37 , 112 , 148 , 275 , 278 319, 320 188 , 189 , 238 , 239 , 246 reverse, 37 continental slope and rise, 32, 52, diorite, 254 strike-slip, 37, 124 67 , 274 , 275, 277 , 319 divergent plate boundary, 27 – 9 , 47 thrust, 37, 113 , 126 , 168 convergent plate boundary, 15 , 28 , dolerite sill, 182 transform, 31, 37, 276 29 – 31 , 33 , 110 , 115 , 119 , 132 , dolomite, 43 , 54 , 96 , 101 , 135 feldspar, 43, 44, 47, 133 , 144 148 , 184 , 334 dropstone, 99, 150 , 151 , 153, 155 , ferricrete, 58, 60 , 203 coral reef, 244 , 245 , 294 , 305 – 7 156 , 185 fi ssion-track age, 269 fringing, 306 , 307 , 310 – 13 , 323 duricrust, 58 , 60 , 61, 199 , 200 , 203 Flinders Ranges, 12, 19 , 105 , 106 , shelf, 306 , 307 , 313 , 314 , 315 dyke, 45, 46 , 158 , 260 , 262 , 265 114 , 118 , 136 , 155 , 242 , 243 , 334 cordierite, 142 fl int, 39 core, Earth’s, 23, 87 E fl owstone, 63 corestone, 58 Earth fl uorite, 44 corundum, 39 age, 86 – 7 fold, 36 , 37, 55 , 56, 119 , 121 , 143 , craton, 5 , 10 , 11 , 90, 99 formation, 85 – 6 144 North Australian, 88 , 90 , 91, 98, heat loss, 88 – 9 isoclinal, 37 330 , 332 , 334 internal structure, 23 – 6 recumbent, 37 South Australian, 88 , 89 , 90 , 91, magnetic fi eld, 25, 79, 81 foliation, 55, 56 98 , 330 , 334 rotation, 87, 88 foraminifera, 227 , 338 West Australian, 88, 89, 90, 91, earthquakes forearc basin, 32, 122 , 123 , 124 , 98 , 330, 332 , 334 Australian, 14, 15 – 16 126 , 127 , 130 , 335 Cretaceous, 72 , 183 – 9, 195 , 202 , magnitude, 14 foreland basin, 35, 113 , 126 , 128 203 , 276 occurrence, 12, 15 fossil, 221 crust, Earth’s, 23, 87 Ediacaran, 75 , 104 , 106 , 243 age signifi cance, 70 – 3 continental, 26 fossils, 105 amphibian, 177 , 178 , 179 , 211 , oceanic, 26 Eocene, 73 236 , 247 , 248 crystalline rocks, 5 eon, timescale unit, 75 angiosperm, 187 , 188 , 204 , 205 , Curie point, 79 epoch, timescale unit, 73 233 , 234 cyanobacteria, 102 , 104 , 135 , 223 era, timescale unit, 75 arthropod, 231 , 232 , 244 cyclone, 308 erosion, 62 bat, 210 , 240 , 247 , 248 eucalypt, 204 , 205 , 213 , 234 , 344 bird, 189 , 205 , 206 , 211 , 240 , D eukaryote, 104 , 241 248 dacite, 47 , 48 evaporite, 54 brachiopod, 156 , 231 , 242 , 243 , deep-sea fan, 68 evaporite minerals, 136 338 , 342 delta, 67 , 163 , 168 , 169 , 287 evolution, 70 bryozoan, 156 , 228 , 242 desert, 16 , 212 , 213 , 216 exclusive economic zone, 8 , 280 , coral, 53, 136 , 156 , 229 , 242 , 342 Gibson, 214 281 cycad, 162 , 180 , 187 , 233 Great Sandy, 214 , 289 , 295 extensional basin, 122 , 124 , 126 , echinoderm, 156 , 207 , 229 , 230 , Great Victoria, 204 , 214 , 216 127 , 130 , 139 , 165 242 , 243 sandy, 66 , 214 , 215 extinction, 223 , 342 Ediacaran, 105 , 106 , 243 Simpson, 204 , 214 , 216 Cretaceous-Cenozoic, 173 , feather, 188 , 240 stony, 66 , 205 , 214 , 216 195 , 198 , 199 , 209 , 210 , 211 , fern, 162 , 175 , 177 , 178 , 180 , Tanami, 214 230 187 , 188 , 205 , 233 Devonian, 72 , 139 , 141, 142 megafauna, 207 fi sh, 130 , 177 , 181 , 189 , 190 , diagenesis, 52 , 221 , 223 Permian-Triassic, 171 , 173 – 4 , 205 , 234 – 6 , 243 , 244 , 248 , diamond, 38 , 40 , 41 , 260 , 261 229 , 230 , 231 , 232 262

370 INDEX

ginkgo, 175 , 343 Proterozoic, 97, 99 – 100 , 105 Great Escarpment, 262 , 263 , gymnosperm, 162 , 175 , 177 , glacier, 66 , 149 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 267 – 9 180 , 181 , 187 , 188 , 204 , 205 , 156 , 211 greenhouse, 339 , 340 , 342 , 343 233 , 234 , 343 glendonite, 155 , 185 greenhouse gas, 174 , 338 , 341 insect, 181 , 188, 231 , 232, 248 Glossopteris , 161 , 162 , 173 , 343 greenstone, 48 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 95 lycophyte, 139 , 162 , 175 , 177 , gneiss, 56 , 91, 144 gypsum, 44, 136 , 217 180 , 188 , 233 gold nugget, 38 marsupial, 205 , 206 , 211 , 219 , gold rush, 2 H 240, 241 , 246 , 247 , 248 , 249 goldfi eld, 91, 93 Hadean, 87 mollusc, 53 , 156 , 173, 185 , 189 , Gondwana, 110 , 117 , 131 , 148 , 171 , half-life, 75, 76, 77 , 82, 88 230 , 231 , 242 172 , 174 , 177 , 212 , 273 , 274 , 328 , halides, 44 moss, 162 , 187 , 188 , 233 329 , 330 , 336 , 337 , 343 , 344 halite, 44 , 219 platypus, 189, 210 , 211, 241 , amalgamation, 109 , 110 , 331 , Hamersley Ranges, 19 , 95 248 , 249 334 hematite, 97, 203 pollen, 178 , 180, 183, 187, 205 , breakup, 128 , 172 , 182 , 184 , 195 , Holocene, 73 209 , 211 , 216 , 234 196 , 275 , 320 , 336 , 337 hornblende, 143 preservation, 224 – 6 fauna and fl ora, 156, 204 , 209 , hornfels, 55 Protista, 227 211 , 237 , 240 , 244 , 342 , 343 horse latitudes, 16, 205 , 213 reptile, 173 , 178 , 188 , 189 , 190 , glaciation, 149 , 152 , 155 horst, 275 205 , 206 , 211 , 237 – 9 , 246 , 248 graben, 276 , 277 hot spring, 257 sphenophyte, 141 , 162, 175 , granite, 113 , 143 hotspot, 47, 48, 254 , 267 188 , 233 Archean, 89, 90, 91, 92 , 93 , 97 volcanism, 33, 48, 79, 132 , sponge, 136 , 228, 243 Cambrian, 115 253 fracture zone, 28 , 31 , 47 Carboniferous-Triassic, 126 , hydrocarbons, 184 127 , 148 , 158 , 170 , 335 hydrosphere, 26 G Cenozoic, 254 hydrothermal vent, 27 gabbro, 254 Cretaceous, 336 galena, 39 , 42 Devonian, 122 , 125 I garnet, 43 , 57 , 142 , 260 , 261 emplacement, 94 icehouse, 149 , 153 , 237 , 320 , 340 gemstone, 40 , 259 , 260 I-type, 143 ice-sheet, 149 , 155 , 159 , 211 , 213 , geochemistry, 21 Ordovician, 118 278 , 320 geological mapping, 8 , 69 Proterozoic, 98 ice-shelf, 66 geological relationships, 77 , 78 Silurian, 121 , 122 , 139 , 145 ichthyosaur, 189 , 237 geological timescale, 70 – 5 S-type, 142 igneous rocks, 45 – 51 calibration, 74 graphite, 38 classifi cation, 46 establishment, 72 graptolite, 140 , 226 , 243 , 342 felsic, 32, 47 geology defi ned, 20 gravity anomaly, 270 intermediate, 32 , 46 geomorphology, 21 Great Artesian Basin, 37 , 40 , 63 , mafi c, 47 geophysics, 21 179 , 185 , 186 , 190 – 3 , 246 , 336 illite, 43 glacial erratic, 67 , 150, 151 Great Barrier Reef, 207 , 212 , 275 , ilmenite, 39 glacial striation, 66 , 151 278, 289 , 307 – 25 Indo-Australian Plate, 12, 13 , Carboniferous-Permian, 150, damage and threats, 309 , 310 , 254 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 317, 323 –5 inverted topography, 200 , 257 Proterozoic, 99 , 101 , 338 deposits, 315 , 317 isostasy, 32 , 34 , 112 , 128 , 142 , glaciation, 89 , 149 , 165 , 338 , 341 formation, 319 – 22 269 Carboniferous-Permian, 130 , growth, 312 , 315 , 317 – 18 isotope, 74 , 75 , 77 147 , 156 Great Divide, 18, 19 , 176 , 251 , 252 , carbon, 82 , 173 , 193 Pleistocene, 212, 213 264 , 267 – 70 , 337 chlorine, 193

INDEX 371

oxygen, 156 , 173 , 185 , 207 , 228 , lithosphere, 25, 26, 28, 34, 87 mid-ocean ridge, 13 , 27, 28, 29, 33 , 278 , 338 , 340 lithosphere plate, 28, 196 47 , 80 , 111 , 276 , 328 sulphur, 216 , 217 See also plate migmatite, 56, 144 uranium and lead, 75, 76 , 77 lithostatic load, 57 mineral isotopic dating, 86 Lord Howe Seamounts, 252 , 267 cleavage, 38 colour, 38 J M crystal form, 38 , 39 , 44 jacobsite, 39 maar, 256 , 264 hardness, 38 jade, 43 MacDonnell Ranges, 19 , 332 , 336 lustre, 38 joint, 37 Macquarie Arc, 119 , 120 , 121 mineralisation Jurassic, 72 , 179 – 82 magma, 45 Archean, 93 magnetic Carboniferous-Permian, K anomaly, 27, 28 , 79 , 80 , 81 158 Kanawinka Escarpment, 12 , 202 chron, 80 Devonian, 125 kaolinite, 43 polarity reversal, 25, 79, 80 , 81, Ordovician, 120 karst, 62 , 124 , 247 203 , 216 Proterozoic, 98 Kata Tjuta, 132, 133 , 134 magnetite, 39, 79, 97 Silurian, 119 Kimberley, 132 , 136 , 229 , 235 , 244 , malachite, 44 minerals, 38– 44, 45 332 mantle, Earth’s, 23, 87, 260 Miocene, 73 kimberlite, 40 mantle convection, 25 , 26 , 88 Moho, 24, 25, 269 King Leopold Ranges, 19 mantle plume, 25, 33, 47, 48, 182 , Mohs scale, 38 komatiite, 89 , 90, 91 – 3 , 332 252 , 253 , 254 , 255 , 265 , 266 molybdenum, 42 kyanite, 57 marble, 56 monazite, 44, 143 , 144 mass spectrometry, 75 monolith, 132 , 176 L matrix, 52 monotreme, 240 , 246 labyrinthodont, 177 , 178 , 236 megafauna, 206 , 219 , 237 , 240 , 241 , Moon, 6 , 86, 87 lahar, 50 247 moraine, 66 Lake Eyre, 12 , 18, 204 , 214 , 215 , mélange, 31, 123 , 124 Mount Kosciuszko, 18 , 66 , 267 , 216 , 237 , 337 mesa, 59, 176 , 201 , 257 , 258 276 Lake Eyre Basin, 199 , 205 , 240 , 247 Mesozoic, 72 mountain belt, 35 lamination, 51 , 94, 175 , 226 metamorphic grade, 144 mountain building, 111 , 112 , 132 , Larapintine Seaway, 132 metamorphic rocks, 45 , 54 – 7 , 113 , 139 , 148 , 165 , 172 large igneous province, 34, 182 , 120 mud, 52 252 metamorphism, 56 – 7 , 143 – 5 mud cracks, 53 , 172 laterite, 58 Archean, 93 mudstone, 53, 185 Laurentia, 98 , 99 , 107 , 110 Cambrian, 115 , 143 Murray Basin, 200 , 202 , 203 , 204 , lava, 45 , 47 , 48 , 49 contact, 55 208 , 270 , 337 ﬁ eld, 252 , 253 grade, 57 muscovite, 43, 142 tube, 48 , 62 , 258 , 259 , 265 Ordovician, 120 Musgrave Ranges, 19 life, origin of, 100 – 6 Permian, 126 , 128 limestone, 53 , 54, 62, 135 , 230 , 335 , Proterozoic, 98, 99 N 341 regional, 55 Neogene, 73 Cambrian, 243 , 247 , 248 Silurian, 119 , 120 , 143 , 144 nephrite, 43 Cenozoic, 212 , 213 , 217 , 218 meteorite, 6 , 7 , 86 , 101 , 173 , 219 , 288 Nothofagus , 204 , 205 , 208 , 209 , 211 , micritic, 135 , 136 , 138 methane clathrate, 174 344 Ordovician, 120 mica, 43, 47, 56, 144 Nullarbor Plain, 7 , 12, 208 , 217 – 19, Silurian-Devonian, 122 , 124 , microbially induced sedimentary 290 125, 130 , 229 structure, 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 Nuna, 330

372 INDEX

O paleontology, 21 Proterozoic, 87, 97 – 107 obsidian, 46 Paleo-Paciﬁ c Ocean, 107 , 110 , 132 , pumice, 49, 50, 283 Ocean Drilling Program, 9 , 28 , 29 137 , 335 pyrite, 42, 164 , 168 , 226 ocean trench, 28 , 29 , 30 Paleozoic, 72 pyroclastic deposits, 46 oil shale, 185 , 209 Pangea, 148 , 195 , 274 , 328 , 329 , pyrolusite, 39 Oligocene, 73 , 211 330 , 331 , 335 , 336 , 337 , 339 , pyrope, 43 olivine, 42 , 47 , 92 , 111 , 260 , 261 342 , 343 pyroxene, 43, 47, 92 ooze, 68 passive continental margin, 32 , 33 , calcareous, 68 , 227 107 , 137 Q siliceous, 68 , 111 , 227 peatland, 159 , 161 , 162 , 163 , quartz, 39, 44, 47 opal, 39 , 40 , 41 186 Quaternary, 73 optically stimulated luminescence pelagic sediment, 52 dating, 83 , 215 , 241 peridot, 42 , 260 , 261 R Ordovician, 72 , 118 , 137 –41 , 142 period, timescale unit, 71 , 72 , 75 radioactive decay, 73 – 6 , 82, 88, 89 orocline, 129 Permian, 72, 148 – 70 radiolarians, 111 , 138 , 227 orogen, 113 , 114 Petermann Ranges, 19 , 133 , 134 , radiometric dating, 80 , 81 – 3 , 144 , Delamerian, 107 , 113, 116 , 117 , 334, 336 214 , 248 118, 120 petroleum and gas, 54 , 277 realgar, 42 Lachlan, 113 , 114, 116 , 117 , 122, petrology, 21 , 44 red beds, 137 , 172 , 173 , 338 , 340 124 , 127 Phanerozoic, 75 , 174 regolith, 38, 58, 60, 61 Mossman, 113 , 114 , 122 – 4 , 135 phosphates, 44 remnant magnetism, 27, 28, 29, 39, New England, 113 , 114 , 117 , Pilbara, 87 , 89, 90, 95, 98, 104 , 155 , 79 , 81 , 158 125 – 9, 168 241, 295 , 330 rhyolite, 47, 48, 50, 252 , 253 , 254 , Thomson, 113 , 118 , 122 , 124 , pillow lava, 48 260 125 , 127 pioneer geologists, 3 , 223 rift, 29, 32, 47, 107 , 148 , 172 , 184 , orogenic belt, 6 , 10 , 11 , 57 , 110 plagioclase feldspar, 43, 47 275 , 276 , 278 , 319 , 337 orogeny, 111, 112 , 113 , 114 , 116 planetesimal, 86, 87 ripple mark, 53 , 94, 106 Alice Springs, 134 , 332 , 336 plate river drainage basin, 62, 267 , 268 , Benambran, 114 , 116 , 117 , 118 , boundary, 12, 37, 113 , 121 , 155 , 290 , 323 120 , 121 , 122 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 270 coastal, 18, 19 142 movement, 32, 33, 34 Lake Eyre and desert, 19 Delamerian, 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , tectonics, 11 , 13 , 16 , 27 – 33 , Murray-Darling, 18, 19 137 , 142 , 334 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , western salt lake, 19 Grenville, 98 , 99 174 Riversleigh, 237 , 240 , 246 , 247 – 9 Hunter-Bowen, 114, 124 , 126 , plateau, 59 , 176 , 199 , 257 , 267 , 268 rock phosphate, 137 128 , 129 , 172, 175 , 176 , 335 offshore, 33 , 67 , 111 , 125 , 128 , rock platform, 284 , 286 Kanimblan, 114 , 118 , 154 , 335 186 , 208 , 274 , 275 , 319 , 320 , rock systems of Australia, 333 Petermann, 134 , 137 , 336 336 Gondwanan, 334 Proterozoic, 98 Pleistocene, 73 island Australia, 337 Tabberabberan, 114, 122 , 124, plesiosaur, 188 , 189 , 238 Pangean, 335 125 , 126 , 130, 139 , 142, 335 Pliocene, 73 Pangean breakup, 336 orthoclase, 43 pliosaur, 189 , 238 pre-Rodinian, 331 oxides, 38 pluton, 45 Rodinian, 332 plutonic rocks, 45, 46, 113 rock types, 44 – 56 P porphyroblast, 55 Rodinia, 99 , 110 , 274 , 330 Paleocene, 72 , 73 porphyry, 45 amalgamation, 91 , 98 , 137 Paleogene, 73 Precambrian, 75 breakup, 107 , 110 , 117 , 121 , paleomagnetic chronology, 79 – 81 prokaryote, 101 , 102 , 104 330 , 334

INDEX 373

roll back, 111, 113 , 116 , 122 sillimanite, 57 T root, mountain belt, 34 silt, 52 talc, 38 , 43 rose quartz, 39 Silurian, 72, 137 , 139 Tasman Orogenic Zone, 113 – 29 ruby, 39 , 41 , 260 , 261 sinkhole, 62 , 63 Tasman Seamounts, 34, 48, 252 , rutile, 39 slate, 56 266 smectite, 43 tectonics, 11 , 27 S snowball Earth, 341 tektite, 7 , 219 salinisation, 204 soil, 60 – 1 , 203 , 204 , 216 , 251 , till, 66 , 150 , 153 salt, 136 , 193 , 204 , 216 , 219 , 338 253 tillite, 66 , 99, 101 , 151 , 153 , 211 , salt lake, 199 , 200 , 205 , 213 , 216 soil profi le, 58, 155 338 sand, 52 Solar System, 6 trace fossil, 223 , 226 , 242 , 243 , 244 sand dune, 66 , 212 , 213 , 214 , 215 , South Tasman Rise, 197 , 275 trachyte, 254 , 260 216 , 290 , 294 , 296 , 298 speleothem, 63 transform plate boundary, 31 sandstone, 53 spessartine, 43 Triassic, 72 , 173 , 174 –8 sapphire, 39 , 41, 259 , 260 , 261 sphalerite, 42 trilobite, 136 , 231 , 232 , 241 , 242 , satin spar, 44 sphene, 143 243 , 342 schist, 56 , 112 spinel, 39 tsunami, 286 , 288 – 9 scoria, 48 spinifex texture, 92, 93 tufa, 63, 64, 193 , 247 scoria cone, 255, 256 stack, 284 , 285 , 286 , 300 tuff, 46 sea level, 149 , 184 , 200 , 207 , 212 , stalactite, 62 , 63 , 219 turbidite, 30, 68, 120 , 137 , 138 214 , 273 , 277 , 278 – 82 , 283 , 300 , stalagmite, 62, 63 , 219 turbidity current, 30, 67, 138 , 275 , 307 , 311 , 315 , 318 , 319 , 321 – 3 , staurolite, 57 319 341 steatite, 43 seafl oor stibnite, 42 U age, 80 – 2 strain measurement, 14 ultramafi c rocks, 91, 111 , 117 , 120 , drilling, 9 , 125 stratigraphic column, 71 122 , 126 , 128 , 137 , 270 spreading, 28 , 32, 33 , 81, 107 , stratigraphic succession, 71, 72, 73 Uluru, 132 , 133 , 134 132 , 148 , 172 , 184 , 196 , 269 , stress, crustal, 34 – 8 unconformity, 70 , 77, 79 , 167 , 170 , 276 , 328 stromatolite, 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 180 , 203 seamount, 33 , 252 , 265 , 266 135 , 241 uplift, 32 sediment, 51 , 52 stromatoporoid, 136 , 156 , 228 , 243 , uvarovite, 43 sedimentary basin, 5 , 9 , 11 , 35 244 sedimentary rocks, 5 , 45 , 51 – 4 subduction, 30, 49, 110 , 113 , 115 , V seismic profi le, 8 , 10 , 28, 67, 91, 118 , 121 , 132 , 137 , 252 varve, 154 116 , 120 , 276 , 277 , 278 , 301 , 302 complex, 31 , 57 , 111 , 121 , vesicle, 46 seismic wave, 23 , 25 122 , 123 , 124 , 126 , 127 , volcanic explosivity index, 47 Selwyn Block, 120 129 , 335 volcanic plug, 46 serpentine, 43 , 111 , 112 , 121 , 128 zone, 13, 28 , 29, 31, 111 , 121 , volcanics, 46 sheet silicate, 43 288 Archean, 91, 93, 97 SHRIMP, 76 , 144 , 295 submarine canyon, 67, 275 , 314 , Cambrian, 114 , 115 siderite, 43 319 Carboniferous-Permian, 127 silcrete, 58 , 200 , 201 subsidence, 32 Ordovician, 118 , 119 silica, 39 , 226 sulphates, 44 Silurian-Devonian, 122 , 125 , silicate structure, 42 sulphides, 42 127 silicates, 42 superposition, 70, 130 volcanism, 251 , 338 , 341 silicic plug, 253 , 254 , 260 , 262 Sydney-Bowen Basin, 126 , 127 , Archean, 93 siliciclastic sediment, 52 128 , 130 , 148 , 155 , 165 , 166 – 70 , Carboniferous-Permian, 148 , sill, 45 , 46 , 158 , 183 174 , 176 156 , 157 , 165 , 168 , 335

374 INDEX

Cenozoic, 303 258 , 259 , 260 , 261 , 262 , 263 , Wolfe Creek Crater, 6 , 7 Proterozoic, 107 264 , 303 Wollemi pine, 181 Triassic-Cretaceous, 172 , 177 , eruption prediction, 51 183, 186 , 336 occurrence, 25 , 47 , 48 Y volcano, 33 , 45 , 47 –51 , 147 , 155 , Yilgarn, 89, 90, 91, 98, 155 , 330 251 W andesitic to rhyolitic, 48 – 50 watershed, 62 Z Archean, 93 weathered zone, 58 zircon, 42, 76, 77 , 87 , 143 , 144 , 259 , basaltic, 47 – 8 weathering, 58 – 61, 141 260 , 295 central, 252 , 253, 254 , 255 , 256, within-plate volcanics, 33 – 5 , 252 zone, timescale unit, 73

INDEX 375