Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-43241-3 — The Geology of Australia Robert Henderson , David Johnson Index More Information Index Page numbers in italic refer to Proterozoic, 97 , 104 , 106 carbonates, 43 illustrations. australite, 7 Carboniferous, 72 , 147 – 9 , 165 azurite, 44 carnelian, 39 A cassiterite, 39 abyssal seafl oor, 28 , 30 , 32 , 68 B cave, 62 – 4 , 218 , 247 , 248 acritarch, 104 , 105 back arc basin, 32 , 111 , 120 – 30 , 137 ages, 64 active continental margin, 32 , 111 , banded iron formation, 90 , 94 – 7 , deposits, 64 122 , 123 , 125 , 126 , 132 104 , 199 cement, 53 Adelaide Rift Complex, 91 , 105 , barite, 44 Cenozoic, 73 , 199 – 219 , 251 107 , 136 , 241 basalt, 32 , 35, 47 , 48 , 79 cerussite, 44 aeromagnetic mapping, 8 , 10 Archean, 90 , 96 , 104 chain silicates, 43 agate, 39 Cambrian, 132 , 252 chalcedony, 39 age, timescale unit, 73 Carboniferous-Permian, 127 , 157 chalcopyrite, 42 albite, 43 Cenozoic, 170 , 200 , 203 , 208 , chalk, 54 ammonite, 189 , 190 , 343 251 – 67 chenier, 296 , 297 amphibole, 43 , 47 , 144 Jurassic-Cretaceous, 252 , 276 chert, 54, 104 , 123 , 124 , 127 amygdule, 46 plug, 254 , 257 , 259 chlorite, 43 , 57 andesite, 47, 48 , 252 seafl oor, 27 , 28 , 29 , 33 , 39 , 111 , chrysoprase, 39 anorthite, 43 265 , 276 circum-Antarctic current, 197 , 211 apatite, 44 , 226 , 231 , 242 , 269 Silurian-Devonian, 123 , 124 citrine, 39 aquifer, 192 wall, 258 clay, 52 aragonite, 224 bauxite, 203 clay minerals, 43 , 44 , 186 arc beach erosion, 290 , 291 – 2 cleavage, rock, 55 , 56 continental, 30 beach ridge, 200 climate, 89 island, 30 , 111 , 119 , 122 , 126 , bed rock, 51 , 52 , 53 , 94 , 175 , 226 Australian, 16 – 18 129 , 137 belemnite, 189 , 190 , 338 , 343 change, 341 magmatic, 30 , 32 , 57 , 111 , 115 , Benioff zone, 29 past, 337 – 41 121 – 7 , 139 , 148 , 165 , 171 , biotite, 43 , 57 , 142 , 143 club moss. See fossil: lycophyte 172 , 184 , 186 black shale, 138 , 140 coal, 54 , 127 , 160 , 179 , 186 , 208– 9 , volcanic, 28 , 30 breccia, 36 , 38 338 archaeocyathid, 136 , 228 , 241 , 243 formation, 158 – 64 Archean, 87 , 89 – 97 , 103 , 203 , 241 , C coalseam gas, 166 332 calcareous algae, 135 , 156 , 228 , 233 , coastline, 282 arsenical pyrites, 42 316 , 317 Australian, 304 artesian bore, 191 , 192 , 193 calcite, 43 , 44 , 224 , 231 , 241 depositional, 283 , 287 artesian spring, 63 , 190 , 192 , 193 calcrete, 58 erosional, 282 , 283 – 6 ash, 46 , 47 , 49 , 50 caldera, 157 , 303 columnar jointing, 158 , 183 , 256 ash fl ow, 50 Cambrian, 71 , 88 , 132 – 7 , 142 , 241 , concretion, 53 , 224 , 225 asthenosphere, 25 , 26 , 28 , 29 , 35 , 87 243 conglomerate, 53 atmosphere, 26 , 338 , 341 , 342 carbon dating, 64 , 82 , 83 , 258 , 312 , continental collision, 13 , 29 , 32 , 91 , Archean, 97, 104 318 , 325 97 , 98 , 99 , 110 , 330 , 331 , 332 Hadean, 86 carbonate mud, 135 continental drift, 13 , 27 , 29 , 328 , 329 369 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-43241-3 — The Geology of Australia Robert Henderson , David Johnson Index More Information continental growth, 113 , 114 , 137 , diatomite, 227 , 262 F 138 diatreme, 46 , 183 fault, 12 , 14 , 36 , 37 continental shelf, 32 , 67 , 273 – 82 , dinosaur, 174 , 178 , 181 , 182 , 186 , normal, 37 , 112 , 148 , 275 , 278 319 , 320 188 , 189 , 238 , 239 , 246 reverse, 37 continental slope and rise, 32 , 52 , diorite, 254 strike-slip, 37 , 124 67 , 274 , 275 , 277 , 319 divergent plate boundary, 27 – 9 , 47 thrust, 37 , 113 , 126 , 168 convergent plate boundary, 15 , 28 , dolerite sill, 182 transform, 31 , 37 , 276 29 – 31 , 33 , 110 , 115 , 119 , 132 , dolomite, 43 , 54 , 96 , 101 , 135 feldspar, 43 , 44 , 47 , 133 , 144 148 , 184 , 334 dropstone, 99 , 150 , 151 , 153, 155 , ferricrete, 58 , 60 , 203 coral reef, 244 , 245 , 294 , 305 – 7 156 , 185 fi ssion-track age, 269 fringing, 306 , 307 , 310 – 13 , 323 duricrust, 58 , 60 , 61 , 199 , 200 , 203 Flinders Ranges, 12 , 19 , 105 , 106 , shelf, 306 , 307 , 313 , 314 , 315 dyke, 45 , 46 , 158 , 260 , 262 , 265 114 , 118 , 136 , 155 , 242 , 243 , 334 cordierite, 142 fl int, 39 core, Earth’s, 23 , 87 E fl owstone, 63 corestone, 58 Earth fl uorite, 44 corundum, 39 age, 86 – 7 fold, 36 , 37 , 55 , 56 , 119 , 121 , 143 , craton, 5 , 10 , 11 , 90 , 99 formation, 85 – 6 144 North Australian, 88 , 90 , 91 , 98 , heat loss, 88 – 9 isoclinal, 37 330 , 332 , 334 internal structure, 23 – 6 recumbent, 37 South Australian, 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , magnetic fi eld, 25 , 79 , 81 foliation, 55 , 56 98 , 330 , 334 rotation, 87 , 88 foraminifera, 227 , 338 West Australian, 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , earthquakes forearc basin, 32 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 98 , 330 , 332 , 334 Australian, 14 , 15 – 16 126 , 127 , 130 , 335 Cretaceous, 72 , 183 – 9 , 195 , 202 , magnitude, 14 foreland basin, 35 , 113 , 126 , 128 203 , 276 occurrence, 12 , 15 fossil, 221 crust, Earth’s, 23 , 87 Ediacaran, 75 , 104 , 106 , 243 age signifi cance, 70 – 3 continental, 26 fossils, 105 amphibian, 177 , 178 , 179 , 211 , oceanic, 26 Eocene, 73 236 , 247 , 248 crystalline rocks, 5 eon, timescale unit, 75 angiosperm, 187 , 188 , 204 , 205 , Curie point, 79 epoch, timescale unit, 73 233 , 234 cyanobacteria, 102 , 104 , 135 , 223 era, timescale unit, 75 arthropod, 231 , 232 , 244 cyclone, 308 erosion, 62 bat, 210 , 240 , 247 , 248 eucalypt, 204 , 205 , 213 , 234 , 344 bird, 189 , 205 , 206 , 211 , 240 , D eukaryote, 104 , 241 248 dacite, 47 , 48 evaporite, 54 brachiopod, 156 , 231 , 242 , 243 , deep-sea fan, 68 evaporite minerals, 136 338 , 342 delta, 67 , 163 , 168 , 169 , 287 evolution, 70 bryozoan, 156 , 228 , 242 desert, 16 , 212 , 213 , 216 exclusive economic zone, 8 , 280 , coral, 53 , 136 , 156 , 229 , 242 , 342 Gibson, 214 281 cycad, 162 , 180 , 187 , 233 Great Sandy, 214 , 289 , 295 extensional basin, 122 , 124 , 126 , echinoderm, 156 , 207 , 229 , 230 , Great Victoria, 204 , 214 , 216 127 , 130 , 139 , 165 242 , 243 sandy, 66 , 214 , 215 extinction, 223 , 342 Ediacaran, 105 , 106 , 243 Simpson, 204 , 214 , 216 Cretaceous-Cenozoic, 173 , feather, 188 , 240 stony, 66 , 205 , 214 , 216 195 , 198 , 199 , 209 , 210 , 211 , fern, 162 , 175 , 177 , 178 , 180 , Tanami, 214 230 187 , 188 , 205 , 233 Devonian, 72 , 139 , 141, 142 megafauna, 207 fi sh, 130 , 177 , 181 , 189 , 190 , diagenesis, 52 , 221 , 223 Permian-Triassic, 171 , 173 – 4 , 205 , 234 – 6 , 243 , 244 , 248 , diamond, 38 , 40 , 41 , 260 , 261 229 , 230 , 231 , 232 262 370 INDEX © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-43241-3 — The Geology of Australia Robert Henderson , David Johnson Index More Information ginkgo, 175 , 343 Proterozoic, 97 , 99 – 100 , 105 Great Escarpment, 262 , 263 , gymnosperm, 162 , 175 , 177 , glacier, 66 , 149 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 267 – 9 180 , 181 , 187 , 188 , 204 , 205 , 156 , 211 greenhouse, 339 , 340 , 342 , 343 233 , 234 , 343 glendonite, 155 , 185 greenhouse gas, 174 , 338 , 341 insect, 181 , 188 , 231 , 232, 248 Glossopteris , 161 , 162 , 173 , 343 greenstone, 48 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 95 lycophyte, 139 , 162 , 175 , 177 , gneiss, 56 , 91 , 144 gypsum, 44 , 136 , 217 180 , 188 , 233 gold nugget, 38 marsupial, 205 , 206 , 211 , 219 , gold rush, 2 H 240 , 241 , 246 , 247 , 248 , 249 goldfi eld, 91 , 93 Hadean, 87 mollusc, 53 , 156 , 173 , 185 , 189 , Gondwana, 110 , 117 , 131 , 148 , 171 , half-life, 75, 76, 77 , 82, 88 230 , 231 , 242 172 , 174 , 177 , 212 , 273 , 274 , 328 , halides, 44 moss, 162 , 187 , 188 , 233 329 , 330 , 336 , 337 , 343 , 344 halite, 44 , 219 platypus, 189 , 210 , 211 , 241 , amalgamation, 109 , 110 , 331 , Hamersley Ranges, 19 , 95 248 , 249 334 hematite, 97 , 203 pollen, 178 , 180 , 183, 187 , 205 , breakup, 128 , 172 , 182 , 184 , 195 , Holocene, 73 209 , 211 , 216 , 234 196 , 275 , 320 , 336 , 337 hornblende, 143 preservation, 224 – 6 fauna and fl ora, 156, 204 , 209 , hornfels, 55 Protista, 227 211 , 237 , 240 , 244 , 342 , 343 horse latitudes, 16 , 205 , 213 reptile, 173 , 178 , 188 , 189 , 190 , glaciation, 149 , 152 , 155 horst, 275 205 , 206 , 211 , 237 – 9 , 246 , 248 graben, 276 , 277 hot spring, 257 sphenophyte, 141 , 162 , 175 , granite, 113 , 143 hotspot, 47 , 48 , 254 , 267 188 , 233 Archean, 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 97 volcanism, 33 , 48 , 79 , 132 , sponge, 136 , 228 , 243 Cambrian, 115 253 fracture zone, 28 , 31 , 47 Carboniferous-Triassic, 126 , hydrocarbons, 184 127 , 148 , 158 , 170 , 335 hydrosphere, 26 G Cenozoic, 254 hydrothermal vent, 27 gabbro, 254 Cretaceous, 336 galena, 39 , 42 Devonian, 122 , 125 I garnet, 43 , 57 , 142 , 260 , 261 emplacement, 94 icehouse, 149 , 153 , 237 , 320 , 340 gemstone, 40 , 259 , 260 I-type, 143 ice-sheet, 149 , 155 , 159 , 211 , 213 , geochemistry, 21 Ordovician, 118 278 , 320 geological mapping, 8 , 69 Proterozoic, 98 ice-shelf, 66 geological relationships, 77 , 78 Silurian, 121 , 122 , 139 , 145 ichthyosaur, 189 , 237 geological timescale, 70 – 5 S-type, 142 igneous rocks, 45 – 51 calibration, 74 graphite, 38 classifi cation, 46 establishment, 72 graptolite, 140 , 226 , 243 , 342 felsic, 32 , 47 geology defi ned, 20 gravity anomaly, 270 intermediate, 32 , 46 geomorphology, 21 Great Artesian Basin, 37 , 40 , 63 , mafi c, 47 geophysics, 21 179 , 185 , 186 , 190 – 3 , 246 , 336 illite, 43 glacial erratic, 67 , 150 , 151 Great Barrier Reef, 207 , 212 , 275 , ilmenite, 39 glacial striation, 66 , 151 278 , 289 , 307 – 25 Indo-Australian Plate, 12 , 13 , Carboniferous-Permian, 150 , damage and threats, 309 , 310 , 254 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 317 , 323 – 5 inverted topography, 200 , 257 Proterozoic,